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61 KiB
61 KiB
NLTK - Similar Words¶
In [1]:
import nltk
In [3]:
txt = open('unt.txt').read()
In [48]:
import random
In [ ]:
In [ ]:
Tokens¶
In [4]:
tokens = nltk.word_tokenize(txt) print(tokens)
['Undecidability', 'Silvia', 'Bottiroli', 'Multiplying', 'the', 'Visible', 'The', 'word', '[', 'i', ']', 'undecidable', '[', 'i', ']', 'appears', 'in', '[', 'i', ']', 'Six', 'Memos', 'for', 'the', 'Next', 'Millennium', '[', 'i', ']', 'written', 'by', 'Italo', 'Calvino', 'in', '1985', 'for', 'his', 'Charles', 'Eliot', 'Norton', 'poetry', 'lectures', 'at', 'Harvard', 'University', '.', 'In', 'the', 'last', 'months', 'of', 'his', 'life', 'Calvino', 'worked', 'feverishly', 'on', 'these', 'lectures', ',', 'but', 'died', 'in', 'the', 'process', '.', 'In', 'the', 'five', 'memos', 'he', 'left', 'behind', ',', 'he', 'did', 'not', 'only', 'open', 'up', 'on', 'values', 'for', 'a', 'future', 'millennium', 'to', 'come', 'but', 'also', 'seemed', 'to', 'envision', 'future', 'as', 'a', 'darkness', 'that', 'withholds', 'many', 'forms', 'of', 'visibility', 'within', '.', 'Calvino', '’', 's', 'fourth', 'memo', ',', '[', '1', ']', '[', 'i', ']', 'Visibility', '[', 'i', ']', ',', 'revolves', 'around', 'the', 'capacity', 'of', 'literature', 'to', 'generate', 'images', 'and', 'to', 'create', 'a', 'kind', 'of', '“', 'mental', 'cinema', '”', 'where', 'fantasies', 'can', 'flow', 'continuously', '.', 'Calvino', 'focuses', 'on', 'the', 'imagination', 'as', '“', 'the', 'repertory', 'of', 'what', 'is', 'potential', ';', 'what', 'is', 'hypothetical', ';', 'what', 'does', 'not', 'exist', 'and', 'has', 'never', 'existed', ';', 'and', 'perhaps', 'will', 'never', 'exist', 'but', 'might', 'have', 'existed.', '”', '[', '2', ']', 'The', 'main', 'concern', 'that', 'he', 'brings', 'forth', 'lies', 'within', 'the', 'relation', 'between', 'contemporary', 'culture', 'and', 'imagination', ':', 'the', 'risk', 'to', 'definitely', 'lose', ',', 'in', 'the', 'overproduction', 'of', 'images', ',', 'the', 'power', 'of', 'bringing', 'visions', 'into', 'focus', 'with', 'our', 'eyes', 'shut', 'and', 'in', 'fact', 'of', '“', '[', 'i', ']', 'thinking', '[', 'i', ']', 'in', 'terms', 'of', 'images.', '”', '[', '3', ']', 'In', 'the', 'last', 'pages', 'of', 'the', 'lecture', ',', 'he', 'proposes', 'a', 'shift', 'from', 'understanding', 'the', 'fantastic', 'world', 'of', 'the', 'artist', ',', 'not', 'as', 'indefinable', ',', 'but', 'as', '[', 'i', ']', 'undecidable', '[', 'i', ']', '.', 'With', 'this', 'word', ',', 'Calvino', 'means', 'to', 'define', 'the', 'coexistence', 'and', 'the', 'relation', ',', 'within', 'any', 'literary', 'work', ',', 'between', 'three', 'different', 'dimensions', '.', 'The', 'first', 'dimension', 'is', 'the', 'artist', '’', 's', 'imagination', '–', 'a', 'world', 'of', 'potentialities', 'that', 'no', 'work', 'will', 'succeed', 'in', 'realizing', '.', 'The', 'second', 'is', 'the', 'reality', 'as', 'we', 'experience', 'it', 'by', 'living', '.', 'Finally', ',', 'the', 'third', 'is', 'the', 'world', 'of', 'the', 'actual', 'work', ',', 'made', 'by', 'the', 'layers', 'of', 'signs', 'that', 'accumulate', 'in', 'it', ';', 'compared', 'to', 'the', 'first', 'two', 'worlds', ',', 'it', 'is', '“', 'also', 'infinite', ',', 'but', 'more', 'easily', 'controlled', ',', 'less', 'refractory', 'to', 'formulation.', '”', '[', '4', ']', 'He', 'calls', 'the', 'link', 'between', 'these', 'three', 'worlds', '“', 'the', 'undecidable', ',', 'the', 'paradox', 'of', 'an', 'infinite', 'whole', 'that', 'contains', 'other', 'infinite', 'wholes.', '”', '[', '5', ']', 'For', 'Calvino', ',', 'artistic', 'operations', 'involve', ',', 'by', 'the', 'means', 'of', 'the', 'infinity', 'of', 'linguistic', 'possibilities', ',', 'the', 'infinity', 'of', 'the', 'artist', '’', 's', 'imagination', ',', 'and', 'the', 'infinity', 'of', 'contingencies', '.', 'Therefore', ',', '“', '[', 'the', ']', 'attempts', 'to', 'escape', 'the', 'vortex', 'of', 'multiplicity', 'are', 'useless.', '”', '[', '6', ']', 'In', 'his', 'fifth', 'memo', ',', 'he', 'subsequently', 'focuses', 'on', '[', 'i', ']', 'multiplicity', '[', 'i', ']', 'as', 'a', 'way', 'for', 'literature', 'to', 'comprehend', 'the', 'complex', 'nature', 'of', 'the', 'world', 'that', 'for', 'the', 'author', 'is', 'a', 'whole', 'of', 'wholes', ',', 'where', 'the', 'acts', 'of', 'watching', 'and', 'knowing', 'also', 'intervene', 'in', 'the', 'observed', 'reality', 'and', 'alter', 'it', '.', 'Calvino', 'is', 'particularly', 'fascinated', 'by', 'literary', 'works', 'that', 'are', 'built', 'upon', 'a', 'combinatory', 'logic', 'or', 'that', 'are', 'readable', 'as', 'different', 'narratives', '.', 'The', 'lecture', 'revolves', 'around', 'some', 'novels', 'that', 'contain', 'multiple', 'worlds', 'and', 'make', 'space', 'for', 'the', 'readers', '’', 'imaginations', '.', 'The', 'common', 'source', 'to', 'all', 'these', 'experiments', 'seems', 'to', 'rely', 'in', 'the', 'understanding', 'of', 'the', 'contemporary', 'novel', '“', 'as', 'an', 'encyclopedia', ',', 'as', 'a', 'method', 'of', 'knowledge', ',', 'and', ',', 'above', 'all', ',', 'as', 'a', 'network', 'of', 'connections', 'between', 'the', 'events', ',', 'the', 'people', ',', 'and', 'the', 'things', 'of', 'the', 'world.', '”', '[', '7', ']', 'Therefore', ',', 'let', '’', 's', 'think', 'visibility', 'and', 'multiplicity', 'together', ',', 'as', ':', 'a', 'multiplication', 'of', 'visibilities', '.', 'They', 'are', 'traits', 'specific', 'to', 'artistic', 'production', 'and', 'define', 'a', 'context', 'for', 'the', 'undecidable', ',', 'or', 'rather', 'for', 'undecidability', ',', 'as', 'the', 'quality', 'of', 'being', 'undecidable', '.', 'Calvino', 'seems', 'to', 'suggest', 'that', 'literature', '[', '8', ']', 'can', 'be', 'particularly', 'productive', 'of', 'futures', ',', 'if', 'it', 'makes', 'itself', 'visible', 'and', 'multiple', '.', 'Which', 'is', 'to', 'say', ',', 'if', 'it', 'doesn', '’', 't', 'give', 'up', 'on', 'involving', 'radically', 'different', 'realities', 'into', 'its', 'operation', 'modes', 'and', 'doesn', '’', 't', 'fade', 'out', 'from', 'the', 'scene', 'of', 'the', '‘', 'real', '’', 'world', '.', 'We', 'might', 'stretch', 'this', 'line', 'of', 'thought', 'a', 'bit', 'further', 'and', 'propose', 'that', 'art', '’', 's', 'potentiality', 'is', 'that', 'of', 'multiplying', 'the', 'visible', 'as', 'an', 'actual', 'counterstrategy', 'to', 'the', 'proliferation', 'of', 'images', 'that', 'surrounds', 'us', '.', 'A', 'strategy', 'that', 'is', 'capable', 'of', 'producing', 'different', 'conditions', 'of', 'visibility', '.', 'Embracing', 'what', 'we', 'are', 'capable', 'to', 'see', 'but', 'also', 'think', 'and', 'imagine', ',', 'to', 'fantasise', 'and', 'conceptualise', ';', 'and', 'bringing', 'into', 'existence', 'different', 'configurations', 'of', 'public', 'spaces', ',', 'collective', 'subjectivities', ',', 'and', 'social', 'gatherings', '.', 'Actual', 'and', 'Potential', 'Worlds', 'In', 'fact', ',', 'undecidability', 'is', 'a', 'specific', 'force', 'at', 'work', 'that', 'consciously', 'articulates', ',', 'redefines', ',', 'or', 'alters', 'the', 'complex', 'system', 'of', 'links', ',', 'bounds', ',', 'and', 'resonances', 'between', 'different', 'potential', 'and', 'actual', 'worlds', '.', 'In', 'this', 'sense', ',', 'undecidability', 'is', 'a', 'quality', 'specific', 'to', 'some', 'artworks', 'within', 'which', 'the', 'three', 'worlds', 'that', 'Calvino', 'describes', 'meet', 'and', 'yet', 'remain', 'untouched', ',', 'autonomous', ',', 'and', 'recognizable', '.', 'An', 'artwork', 'can', 'indeed', 'create', 'a', 'magnetic', 'field', 'where', 'different', 'actual', 'worlds', 'coexist', 'and', ',', 'by', 'living', 'next', 'to', 'each', 'other', 'yet', 'not', 'sharing', 'a', 'common', 'horizon', ',', 'generate', 'a', 'potential', 'world', '.', 'Then', '‘', 'potential', '’', 'does', 'not', 'mean', '‘', 'possible.', '’', 'In', 'fact', ',', 'if', 'something', 'is', 'possible', 'when', 'it', 'contains', 'and', 'under', 'certain', 'terms', 'performs', 'the', 'possibility', 'of', 'its', 'actualisation', ',', 'a', 'world', 'is', 'potential', 'when', 'it', 'can', 'maintain', 'its', 'potentiality', 'and', 'never', 'actualize', 'itself', 'into', 'one', 'actual', 'form', '.', 'In', 'particular', ',', 'the', 'potentiality', 'generated', 'by', 'undecidable', 'artworks', 'is', 'grounded', 'in', 'a', 'logic', 'of', 'addition', 'and', 'contradiction', 'that', 'is', 'specific', 'of', 'art', '.', 'A', 'logic', 'of', '‘', 'and…', 'and…', 'and…', '’', 'as', 'opposite', 'to', 'the', 'logic', 'of', '‘', 'either…', 'or…', '’', 'that', 'seems', 'to', 'rule', 'reality', '.', 'Artworks', 'are', 'places', 'where', 'contradictory', 'realities', 'can', 'coexist', 'without', 'withdrawing', 'or', 'cancelling', 'each', 'other', 'out', '.', 'They', 'can', 'be', 'sites', 'of', 'existence', 'and', 'of', 'experience', 'where', 'images', 'let', 'go', 'of', 'their', 'representational', 'nature', 'and', 'just', 'exist', 'as', 'such', '.', 'None', 'of', 'the', 'images', 'of', 'an', 'artwork', 'are', 'being', 'more', 'or', 'less', 'real', 'than', 'the', 'others', ',', 'no', 'matter', 'whether', 'they', 'come', 'as', 'pieces', 'of', 'reality', 'or', 'as', 'products', 'of', 'individual', 'or', 'collective', 'fantasies', '.', 'It', 'is', 'the', 'art', '(', 'work', ')', 'as', 'such', 'that', 'creates', 'a', 'ground', 'where', 'all', 'the', 'images', 'that', 'come', 'into', 'visibility', 'share', 'the', 'same', 'gradient', 'of', 'reality', ',', 'no', 'matter', 'whether', 'they', 'harmoniously', 'coexist', 'or', 'are', 'radically', 'conflicting', '.', 'If', 'every', 'work', 'builds', 'up', 'complete', 'systems', 'that', 'are', 'offered', 'to', 'its', 'visitors', 'or', 'spectators', 'to', 'enter', 'into', '–', 'if', 'the', 'invitation', 'of', 'art', 'is', 'often', 'that', 'of', 'losing', 'the', 'contact', 'with', 'known', 'worlds', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'slip', 'into', 'others', '–', 'something', 'radically', 'different', 'happens', 'within', 'an', 'art', 'that', 'practices', 'its', 'undecidability', '.', 'Here', ',', 'spectators', 'are', 'invited', 'to', 'enter', 'the', 'work', '’', 's', 'fictional', 'world', 'carrying', 'with', 'themselves', 'the', 'so-called', 'real', 'world', 'and', 'all', 'their', 'other', 'fictional', 'worlds', ';', 'a', 'space', 'is', 'created', 'where', 'all', 'these', 'worlds', 'are', 'equally', 'welcomed', '.', 'The', 'artwork', 'may', 'then', 'be', 'navigated', 'either', 'by', 'only', 'choosing', 'one', 'layer', 'of', 'reality', ',', 'or', 'by', 'continuously', 'stepping', 'from', 'one', 'world', 'to', 'another', '–', 'different', 'dimensions', 'are', 'made', 'available', 'without', 'any', 'form', 'of', 'hierarchy', 'or', 'predicted', 'relations', '.', 'Such', 'dynamics', 'seems', 'to', 'occur', 'in', 'performative', 'works', 'in', 'particular', ',', 'as', 'the', 'contemporaneity', 'of', 'production', ',', 'consumption', ',', 'and', 'experience', 'that', 'is', 'typical', 'of', 'performance', 'intensifies', 'the', 'possibility', 'of', 'undecidable', 'links', 'between', 'different', 'realities', '.', 'Moreover', ',', 'in', 'the', 'live', 'arts', 'the', 'curatorial', 'context', 'is', 'normally', 'visible', 'as', 'well', 'and', 'provides', 'one', 'more', 'layer', 'to', 'the', 'work', 'by', 'framing', 'or', 'mediating', 'it', '.', 'Azdora', 'A', 'good', 'example', 'of', 'an', 'undecidable', 'artwork', 'is', 'Markus', 'Öhrn', '’', 's', '[', 'i', ']', 'Azdora', '[', 'i', ']', ',', 'a', 'long-term', 'project', 'that', 'was', 'initiated', 'and', 'coproduced', 'by', 'Santarcangelo', 'Festival', 'in', '2015', '.', 'As', 'the', 'festival', 'artistic', 'director', 'at', 'that', 'time', 'I', 'had', 'the', 'chance', 'to', 'follow', 'and', 'support', 'the', 'project', '.', 'The', 'work', 'was', 'triggered', 'by', 'the', 'encounter', 'between', 'the', 'artist', ',', 'in', 'Santarcangelo', 'for', 'a', 'research', 'residency', ',', 'and', 'the', 'feminine', 'condition', 'present', 'in', 'traditional', 'family', 'structures', 'in', 'this', 'region', 'of', 'Italy', '.', 'In', 'particular', ',', 'what', 'struck', 'him', 'was', 'the', 'figure', 'of', 'the', '‘', 'azdora', ',', '’', 'a', 'dialect', 'word', 'that', 'means', 'the', '‘', 'holder', '’', 'of', 'the', 'house', 'and', 'of', 'the', 'family', '–', 'the', 'woman', 'who', 'is', 'in', 'charge', 'of', 'the', 'domestic', 'life', 'and', 'of', 'the', 'labours', 'of', 'care', '.', 'This', 'figure', 'is', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'time', 'powerful', ',', 'subordinate', ',', 'and', 'even', 'repressed', ':', 'through', 'her', 'devotion', ',', 'she', 'is', 'sacrificed', 'to', 'the', 'family', 'and', 'to', 'the', 'care', 'of', 'the', 'relationships', 'that', 'keep', 'it', 'together', '.', 'Interested', 'in', 'investigating', 'this', 'feminine', 'figure', 'and', 'the', 'possibility', 'that', 'it', 'suggests', 'of', 'a', 'matriarchal', 'societal', 'structure', ',', 'the', 'artist', 'made', 'a', 'call', 'for', '‘', 'azdoras', '’', 'to', 'work', 'together', 'with', 'him', 'on', 'the', 'creation', 'of', 'a', 'series', 'of', 'rituals', 'and', 'later', 'on', 'a', 'concert', '.', 'Both', 'the', 'rituals', 'and', 'the', 'concert', 'revolve', 'around', 'the', 'possibility', 'of', 'emancipation', 'and', 'the', 'exploration', 'of', 'the', 'wild', ',', 'even', 'destructive', 'side', 'of', 'the', 'figure', 'of', 'the', 'Azdora', '.', 'Twenty-eight', 'women', 'committed', 'to', 'a', 'long-term', 'project', 'together', 'with', 'Markus', 'Öhrn', 'and', 'dived', 'into', 'his', 'imagery', 'and', 'artistic', 'world', 'made', 'of', 'diverse', 'ingredients', 'among', 'which', 'were', 'the', 'tattoo', 'culture', ',', 'the', 'cult', 'of', 'bodybuilding', ',', 'and', 'the', 'noise', 'music', 'practice', '.', 'At', 'the', 'same', 'time', ',', 'the', '‘', 'azdoras', '’', 'were', 'asked', 'to', 'bring', 'in', 'their', 'own', 'ingredients', ';', 'imageries', ',', 'concerns', ',', 'and', 'desires', '.', 'Together', 'with', 'the', 'artist', 'and', 'the', 'female', 'musician', '?', 'Alos', 'and', 'with', 'the', 'mediation', 'of', 'the', 'festival', ',', 'they', 'embarked', 'into', 'the', 'adventure', 'of', 'entering', 'a', 'place', 'that', 'did', 'not', 'exist', 'yet', ',', 'creating', 'a', 'new', 'set', 'of', 'rules', 'and', 'behaviours', 'for', 'themselves', 'and', 'for', 'the', 'spectators', 'who', 'would', 'eventually', 'join', 'their', 'rituals', ',', 'attend', 'their', 'noise', 'concert', ',', 'or', 'bump', 'into', 'their', 'interventions', 'in', 'the', 'public', 'space', 'during', 'the', 'festival', 'period', '.', 'Similar', 'to', 'other', 'artistic', 'projects', 'that', 'one', 'could', 'trace', 'back', 'to', 'the', 'practice', 'of', 'undecidability', ',', '[', 'i', ']', 'Azdora', '[', 'i', ']', 'mingles', 'different', 'realities', 'and', 'fantastic', 'worlds', 'and', 'also', 'activates', 'a', 'participatory', 'dynamic', ',', 'yet', 'preserving', '“', 'the', 'grey', '[', 'i', ']', 'artistic', '[', 'i', ']', 'work', 'of', 'participatory', 'art.', '”', '[', '9', ']', 'In', 'other', 'words', ',', 'it', 'creates', 'and', 'protects', 'a', 'space', 'of', 'indeterminacy', '.', 'In', 'fact', ',', '[', 'i', ']', 'Azdora', '[', 'i', ']', 'is', 'at', 'the', 'same', 'time', 'a', 'performative', 'picture', ',', 'an', 'artistic', 'fantasy', ',', 'a', 'community', 'theatre', 'work', ',', 'an', 'emancipatory', 'process', ',', 'an', 'ongoing', 'workshop', ',', 'a', 'social', 'ritual', ',', 'and', 'a', 'concert', '.', 'Furthermore', ',', 'from', 'the', 'project', 'a', 'documentary', 'movie', 'and', 'a', 'sociological', 'survey', 'have', 'been', 'produced', ',', '[', '10', ']', 'multiplying', 'the', 'possibility', 'to', 'access', 'the', 'work', 'from', 'different', 'angles', 'and', 'via', 'different', 'formats', '.', 'If', 'the', 'coexistence', 'of', 'different', 'media', 'already', 'implies', 'different', 'angles', ',', 'durations', ',', 'discourses', ',', 'and', 'forms', 'of', 'spectatorship', ',', 'the', 'performance', 'itself', 'keeps', 'an', 'undecidable', 'bound', 'between', 'its', 'real', 'and', 'fictional', 'ontologies', '.', 'The', 'performative', 'work', 'of', '[', 'i', ']', 'Azdora', '[', 'i', ']', 'is', 'then', 'intrinsically', '‘', 'political', '’', 'according', 'to', 'Rancière', 'definition', 'of', '‘', 'metapolitics', ':', '’', 'a', 'destabilising', 'action', 'that', 'produces', 'a', 'conflict', 'vis', 'à', 'vis', 'what', 'is', 'thinkable', 'and', 'speakable', '.', '[', 'i', ']', 'Azdora', '[', 'i', ']', 'allows', 'different', 'interpretations', 'and', 'produces', 'conflicting', 'discourses', ',', 'yet', 'remaining', 'untouched', '.', 'This', 'does', 'not', 'necessarily', 'mean', 'complete', 'though', 'as', ',', 'on', 'the', 'contrary', ',', 'it', 'is', 'generating', 'a', 'multiplicity', 'of', 'different', 'gazes', 'that', 'are', 'all', 'legitimate', 'and', 'complete', 'but', 'yet', 'do', 'not', 'exhaust', 'the', 'work', '.', 'This', 'is', 'what', 'makes', 'the', 'performance', 'itself', 'unfulfilled', 'and', 'thus', 'incomplete', 'and', 'open', '.', 'A', 'Multiplicity', 'of', 'Gazes', 'An', 'undecidable', 'artwork', 'is', ',', 'in', 'other', 'words', ',', 'a', 'site', 'where', 'different', 'and', 'even', 'contradictory', 'individual', 'experiences', 'unfold', 'and', 'coexist', ',', 'with', 'no', 'hierarchical', 'structure', 'and', 'no', 'orchestration', '.', 'It', 'is', 'a', 'site', 'where', 'spectators', '’', 'gazes', 'are', 'not', 'composed', 'into', 'a', 'common', 'horizon', 'but', 'are', 'let', 'free', 'to', 'wildly', 'engage', 'with', 'all', 'the', 'realities', 'involved', ',', 'connecting', 'or', 'not', 'connecting', 'them', ',', 'and', 'in', 'the', 'end', 'to', 'experience', 'part', 'of', 'the', 'complex', '‘', 'whole', 'of', 'wholes', '’', 'that', 'is', 'the', 'artwork', '(', 'while', 'being', 'aware', 'or', 'unaware', 'of', 'the', 'existence', 'of', 'other', 'wholes', 'and', 'of', 'other', 'gazes', ')', '.', 'What', 'is', 'peculiar', 'to', 'this', 'kind', 'of', 'artworks', 'then', ',', 'and', 'what', 'within', 'them', 'can', 'produce', 'an', 'understanding', 'of', 'the', 'place', 'of', 'art', 'and', 'of', 'its', 'politics', 'today', ',', 'is', 'that', 'they', 'generate', 'a', 'multiplicity', 'of', 'gazes', 'and', 'of', 'forms', 'of', 'spectatorship', 'that', 'also', 'coexist', 'one', 'next', 'to', 'the', 'other', 'without', 'mediating', 'between', 'their', 'own', 'positions', 'and', 'points', 'of', 'view', '.', 'The', 'multiplicity', 'of', 'gazes', 'produced', 'and', 'gathered', 'by', 'undecidable', 'artworks', 'does', 'not', 'compose', 'itself', 'into', 'a', 'community', ',', 'as', 'there', 'is', 'no', '‘', 'common', '’', 'present', '.', 'Rather', ',', 'it', 'generates', 'a', 'radical', 'collectivity', 'based', 'on', 'multiplicity', 'and', 'on', 'conflicting', 'positions', 'that', 'are', 'not', 'called', 'to', 'any', 'form', 'of', 'negotiation', ',', 'but', 'just', 'to', 'a', 'cohabitation', 'of', 'the', 'space', 'of', 'the', 'work', '.', 'Spectators', 'and', 'their', 'views', 'and', 'imaginations', 'are', 'acknowledged', 'as', 'equal', 'parts', 'of', 'a', 'collective', 'body', 'that', 'exist', 'next', 'to', 'each', 'other', '.', 'They', 'don', '’', 't', 'fuse', 'in', 'one', 'common', 'thought', 'and', 'don', '’', 't', 'see', 'or', 'reflect', 'one', 'common', 'image', ',', 'yet', 'effect', 'each', 'other', 'by', 'their', 'sheer', 'presence', 'and', 'existence', ',', 'operating', 'as', 'a', 'prism', 'that', 'multiplies', 'the', 'reality', 'it', 'reflects', '.', 'A', 'space', 'of', 'communication', 'is', 'opened', 'here', 'that', 'is', 'not', 'meant', 'for', 'unilateral', 'or', 'bilateral', 'exchanges', ',', 'but', 'rather', 'for', 'a', 'circulation', 'of', 'information', 'and', 'interpretations', '–', 'both', 'of', 'fictions', 'and', 'projections', '.', 'A', 'circulation', 'over', 'which', 'no', 'one', '–', 'not', 'even', 'the', 'artist', '–', 'exercises', 'a', 'full', 'control', '.', 'The', 'place', 'of', 'the', 'author', 'is', 'then', 'challenged', 'and', 'responsibility', 'is', 'shared', 'with', 'the', 'audience', 'not', 'as', 'a', 'participant', ',', '[', '11', ']', 'but', 'rather', 'as', 'an', 'unknowable', 'and', 'undecidable', 'collective', 'body', 'that', 'receives', ',', 'reverberates', ',', 'and', 'twists', 'it', '.', 'Multiple', 'forms', 'of', 'public', 'spaces', 'and', 'collective', 'subjectivities', 'thus', 'arise', 'and', 'start', 'inhabiting', 'a', 'productive', 'time', 'that', 'goes', 'much', 'beyond', 'the', 'artwork', 'itself', 'and', 'is', 'still', 'loaded', 'by', 'the', 'specific', 'geography', 'of', 'infinities', 'that', 'it', 'has', 'produced', '.', 'The', 'kind', 'of', 'collective', 'body', 'that', 'undecidability', 'produces', 'could', 'of', 'course', 'be', 'seen', 'as', 'an', 'image', 'of', 'a', 'possible', 'or', 'future', 'societal', 'structure', ',', 'but', 'it', 'is', 'rather', 'an', 'enigmatic', 'subject', ':', 'it', 'is', 'not', 'there', 'to', 'actualize', 'itself', 'but', 'to', 'keep', 'being', 'a', 'sheer', ',', 'glimmering', 'potentiality', '.', 'Indeed', ',', 'as', 'a', 'practice', 'of', 'undecidability', ',', 'art', 'produces', 'a', 'collectivity', ',', 'a', 'future', 'time', ',', 'and', 'an', 'elsewhere', ',', 'but', 'does', 'not', 'claim', 'any', 'agency', 'over', 'them', '.', 'It', 'rather', 'operates', 'in', 'a', 'regime', 'of', 'prefiguration', ',', '[', '12', ']', 'which', 'is', 'to', 'say', 'it', 'does', 'not', 'tend', 'towards', 'a', 'pre-existing', ',', 'visible', 'image', '.', 'On', 'the', 'contrary', ',', 'it', 'proceeds', 'in', 'the', 'darkness', 'in', 'order', 'to', 'produce', 'different', 'forms', 'of', 'visibility', 'within', 'it', '.', 'Undecidability', 'could', 'then', 'be', 'detached', 'from', 'art', 'and', 'applied', 'to', 'curation', ',', 'instituting', 'processes', 'or', 'even', 'to', 'politics', 'at', 'large', ':', 'the', 'unfolding', 'of', 'its', 'resonances', 'and', 'consequences', 'already', 'opens', 'this', 'possibility', 'and', 'even', 'beckons', 'it', '.', 'Nevertheless', ',', 'acknowledging', 'it', 'as', 'specific', 'to', 'art', ',', 'and', 'thus', 'as', 'a', 'means', 'without', 'ends', ',', 'seems', 'to', 'better', 'protect', 'the', 'inner', 'nature', 'and', 'the', 'intact', 'potentiality', 'of', 'a', 'quality', 'that', 'does', 'not', 'make', 'itself', 'available', 'for', 'any', 'use', 'and', 'does', 'not', 'serve', 'any', 'agenda', ',', 'but', 'stays', 'autonomous', 'and', 'operates', 'by', 'creating', 'its', 'own', 'conditions', 'all', 'over', 'again', '.', 'Ultimately', ',', 'a', 'political', 'dimension', 'does', 'spring', 'from', 'an', 'art', 'that', 'practices', 'its', 'undecidability', 'and', 'from', 'its', 'encounter', 'with', 'a', 'multiplicity', 'of', 'gazes', '.', 'Preserving', 'it', 'is', 'possible', 'also', 'by', 'curating', 'the', 'relation', 'between', 'the', 'artworks', 'and', 'their', 'spectators', 'and', 'by', 'setting', 'the', 'conditions', 'for', 'an', 'intensity', 'that', 'can', 'last', 'in', 'time', 'and', 'reverberate', 'much', 'wider', 'and', 'much', 'longer', 'than', 'in', 'the', 'actual', 'shared', 'space', 'and', 'time', 'of', 'the', 'performance', '.', 'Through', 'the', 'combination', 'of', 'the', 'encounter', 'between', 'undecidable', 'art', ',', 'multiplicity', 'of', 'gazes', ',', 'and', 'a', 'curatorial', 'dimension', 'a', 'condition', 'of', 'existence', 'is', 'produced', 'that', 'is', 'intrinsically', 'and', 'utterly', 'political', 'as', 'it', 'is', ',', 'with', 'Samuel', 'Beckett', '’', 's', 'words', 'in', '[', 'i', ']', 'The', 'Unnamable', '[', 'i', ']', ',', 'about', 'being', '“', 'all', 'these', 'words', ',', 'all', 'these', 'strangers', ',', 'this', 'dust', 'of', 'words', ',', 'with', 'no', 'ground', 'for', 'their', 'settling', '”', '.', 'Footnotes', ':', '1', '.', 'Out', 'of', 'five', ',', 'the', 'sixth', 'lecture', 'was', 'never', 'written', ',', 'as', 'the', 'author', 'died', 'suddenly', 'and', 'the', 'series', 'remained', 'unfinished', ',', 'and', 'yet', 'published', 'with', 'its', 'original', ',', 'and', 'now', 'misleading', ',', 'title', '.', '2', '.', 'Italo', 'Calvino', ',', '[', 'i', ']', 'Visibility', ',', 'in', 'Six', 'Memos', 'for', 'the', 'Next', 'Millennium', '[', 'i', ']', ',', 'Harvard', 'University', 'Press', ',', 'Cambridge', '1988', ',', 'p.', '91', '.', '3.', 'ibid', ',', 'p.', '92', '.', '4.', 'ibid', ',', 'p.', '97', '.', '5.', 'ibid', '.', '6.', 'ibid', ',', 'p.', '98', '.', '7', '.', 'Italo', 'Calvino', ',', 'Multiplicity', ',', '[', 'i', ']', 'Six', 'Memos', 'for', 'the', 'Next', 'Millennium', '[', 'i', ']', ',', 'cit.', ',', 'p.', '105', '.', '8', '.', 'Or', '‘', 'art', '’', 'which', 'is', 'the', 'term', 'I', 'will', 'use', 'below', 'for', 'the', 'rest', 'of', 'this', 'essay', '.', '9', '.', 'Claire', 'Bishop', ',', '[', 'i', ']', 'Artificial', 'Hells', '.', 'Participatory', 'Art', 'and', 'the', 'Politics', 'of', 'Spectatorship', '[', 'i', ']', ',', 'Verso', ',', 'London-New', 'York', '2012', ',', 'p.', '33', '.', '10', '.', 'Respectively', 'by', 'the', 'independent', 'filmmaker', 'Sarah', 'Barberis', 'and', 'by', 'the', 'researcher', 'Laura', 'Gemini', 'at', 'the', 'Urbino', 'University', '.', '11', '.', 'An', 'active', 'group', 'of', 'spectators', 'invited', 'to', 'exercise', 'their', 'agency', 'over', 'the', 'artwork', '12', '.', 'See', 'Valeria', 'Graziano', ',', '[', 'i', ']', 'Prefigurative', 'Practices', ':', 'Raw', 'Materials', 'for', 'a', 'Political', 'Positioning', 'of', 'Art', ',', 'Leaving', 'the', 'Avant-garde', '[', 'i', ']', ',', 'in', 'Elke', 'van', 'Campenhout', 'and', 'Lilia', 'Mestre', '(', 'ed', '.', ')', ',', 'Turn', ',', 'Turtle', '!', 'Reenacting', 'the', 'Institute', ',', 'Alexander', 'Verlag', ',', 'Berlin', '2016', ',', 'pp', '.', '158-172', '.']
NLTK Text object¶
In [5]:
text = nltk.Text(tokens) print(text)
<Text: Silvia Bottiroli Multiplying the Visible The word [ i>
similarities¶
In [6]:
# With a small next step ... similar = text.similar("undecidability")
real potentiality resonances spectatorship original
In [31]:
# And searching for contexts ... contexts = text.common_contexts(["real"])
the_world less_than its_and
In [32]:
contexts2 = text.common_contexts(["potentiality"])
s_is its_and the_generated glimmering_indeed intact_of
In [33]:
contexts3 = text.common_contexts(["resonances"])
and_between its_and
In [34]:
contexts4 = text.common_contexts(["spectatorship"])
of_the of_that of_i
In [36]:
contexts5 = text.common_contexts(["original"])
its_and
In [38]:
contexts6 = text.common_contexts(["undecidability"])
*START*_silvia for_as fact_is sense_is its_here of_i that_produces of_art it_could its_and
concordance¶
In [43]:
# This is what you did with Michael before the break ... concordance1 = text.concordance("real", width=180)
Displaying 4 of 4 matches: erent realities into its operation modes and doesn ’ t fade out from the scene of the ‘ real ’ world . We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art ’ s nature and just exist as such . None of the images of an artwork are being more or less real than the others , no matter whether they come as pieces of reality or as products of in re invited to enter the work ’ s fictional world carrying with themselves the so-called real world and all their other fictional worlds ; a space is created where all these worlds forms of spectatorship , the performance itself keeps an undecidable bound between its real and fictional ontologies . The performative work of [ i ] Azdora [ i ] is then intrinsi
In [29]:
concordance2 = text.concordance("potentiality", width=180)
Displaying 5 of 5 matches:
orld . We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art ’ s potentiality is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferatio
he possibility of its actualisation , a world is potential when it can maintain its potentiality and never actualize itself into one actual form . In particular , the potentiality
potentiality and never actualize itself into one actual form . In particular , the potentiality generated by undecidable artworks is grounded in a logic of addition and contradict
ubject : it is not there to actualize itself but to keep being a sheer , glimmering potentiality . Indeed , as a practice of undecidability , art produces a collectivity , a future
s as a means without ends , seems to better protect the inner nature and the intact potentiality of a quality that does not make itself available for any use and does not serve any
In [11]:
concordance3 = text.concordance("resonances")
Displaying 2 of 2 matches: ex system of links , bounds , and resonances between different potential and a s at large : the unfolding of its resonances and consequences already opens th
In [25]:
concordance4 = text.concordance("spectatorship", width=200)
Displaying 3 of 3 matches: of different media already implies different angles , durations , discourses , and forms of spectatorship , the performance itself keeps an undecidable bound between its real and fictional ontologie rt and of its politics today , is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and po s essay . 9 . Claire Bishop , [ i ] Artificial Hells . Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship [ i ] , Verso , London-New York 2012 , p. 33 . 10 . Respectively by the independent filmmake
In [22]:
concordance5 = text.concordance("original", width=260)
Displaying 1 of 1 matches: sixth lecture was never written , as the author died suddenly and the series remained unfinished , and yet published with its original , and now misleading , title . 2 . Italo Calvino , [ i ] Visibility , in Six Memos for the Next Millennium [ i ] , Harvard Un
In [44]:
list(concordance1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-44-15b93369784b> in <module> ----> 1 list(concordance1) TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not iterable
In [45]:
li_real = ['Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world.', 'Here, spectators are invited to enter the work’s fictional world carrying with themselves the so-called real world and all their other fictional worlds; a space is created where all these worlds are equally welcomed.', 'Here, spectators are invited to enter the work’s fictional world carrying with themselves the so-called real world and all their other fictional worlds; a space is created where all these worlds are equally welcomed.', 'If the coexistence of different media already implies different angles, durations, discourses, and forms of spectatorship, the performance itself keeps an undecidable bound between its real and fictional ontologies. ']
In [46]:
print(li_real)
['Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world.', 'Here, spectators are invited to enter the work’s fictional world carrying with themselves the so-called real world and all their other fictional worlds; a space is created where all these worlds are equally welcomed.', 'Here, spectators are invited to enter the work’s fictional world carrying with themselves the so-called real world and all their other fictional worlds; a space is created where all these worlds are equally welcomed.', 'If the coexistence of different media already implies different angles, durations, discourses, and forms of spectatorship, the performance itself keeps an undecidable bound between its real and fictional ontologies. ']
In [49]:
random.choice(li_real)
Out[49]:
'Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world.'
In [50]:
li_potentiality =['We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art’s potentiality is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferation of images that surrounds us. ', 'In fact, if something is possible when it contains and under certain terms performs the possibility of its actualisation, a world is potential when it can maintain its potentiality and never actualize itself into one actual form.', 'In particular, the potentiality generated by undecidable artworks is grounded in a logic of addition and contradiction that is specific of art.', 'The kind of collective body that undecidability produces could of course be seen as an image of a possible or future societal structure, but it is rather an enigmatic subject: it is not there to actualize itself but to keep being a sheer, glimmering potentiality.', 'Nevertheless, acknowledging it as specific to art, and thus as a means without ends, seems to better protect the inner nature and the intact potentiality of a quality that does not make itself available for any use and does not serve any agenda, but stays autonomous and operates by creating its own conditions all over again. ']
In [51]:
random.choice(li_potentiality)
Out[51]:
'We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art’s potentiality is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferation of images that surrounds us. '
In [52]:
li_resonances = ['In fact, undecidability is a specific force at work that consciously articulates, redefines, or alters the complex system of links, bounds, and resonances between different potential and actual worlds.', 'Undecidability could then be detached from art and applied to curation, instituting processes or even to politics at large: the unfolding of its resonances and consequences already opens this possibility and even beckons it.']
In [53]:
random.choice(li_resonances)
Out[53]:
'Undecidability could then be detached from art and applied to curation, instituting processes or even to politics at large: the unfolding of its resonances and consequences already opens this possibility and even beckons it.'
In [54]:
li_spectatorship = ['If the coexistence of different media already implies different angles, durations, discourses, and forms of spectatorship, the performance itself keeps an undecidable bound between its real and fictional ontologies.', 'What is peculiar to this kind of artworks then, and what within them can produce an understanding of the place of art and of its politics today, is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and points of view.']
In [55]:
random.choice(li_spectatorship)
Out[55]:
'What is peculiar to this kind of artworks then, and what within them can produce an understanding of the place of art and of its politics today, is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and points of view.'
In [56]:
li_original = ['Out of five, the sixth lecture was never written, as the author died suddenly and the series remained unfinished, and yet published with its original, and now misleading, title.']
In [57]:
print(li_original)
['Out of five, the sixth lecture was never written, as the author died suddenly and the series remained unfinished, and yet published with its original, and now misleading, title.']
In [60]:
li_total = ['Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world.', 'We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art’s potentiality is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferation of images that surrounds us.', 'Undecidability could then be detached from art and applied to curation, instituting processes or even to politics at large: the unfolding of its resonances and consequences already opens this possibility and even beckons it.', 'What is peculiar to this kind of artworks then, and what within them can produce an understanding of the place of art and of its politics today, is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and points of view.']
In [61]:
random.shuffle(li_total)
In [62]:
print(li_total)
['What is peculiar to this kind of artworks then, and what within them can produce an understanding of the place of art and of its politics today, is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and points of view.', 'Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world.', 'Undecidability could then be detached from art and applied to curation, instituting processes or even to politics at large: the unfolding of its resonances and consequences already opens this possibility and even beckons it.', 'We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art’s potentiality is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferation of images that surrounds us.']
In [1]:
sentence_whole = "What is peculiar to this kind of artworks then, and what within them can produce an understanding of the place of art and of its politics today, is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and points of view. Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world. Undecidability could then be detached from art and applied to curation, instituting processes or even to politics at large: the unfolding of its resonances and consequences already opens this possibility and even beckons it. We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art’s potentiality is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferation of images that surrounds us."
In [2]:
type(sentence_whole)
Out[2]:
str
In [21]:
sentence_swap1 = sentence_whole.replace("potentiality", "resonances")
In [22]:
print(sentence_swap1)
What is peculiar to this kind of artworks then, and what within them can produce an understanding of the place of art and of its politics today, is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and points of view. Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world. Undecidability could then be detached from art and applied to curation, instituting processes or even to politics at large: the unfolding of its resonances and consequences already opens this possibility and even beckons it. We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art’s resonances is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferation of images that surrounds us.
In [23]:
sentence_swap2 = sentence_whole.replace("potentiality", "real")
In [24]:
print(sentence_swap2)
What is peculiar to this kind of artworks then, and what within them can produce an understanding of the place of art and of its politics today, is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and points of view. Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world. Undecidability could then be detached from art and applied to curation, instituting processes or even to politics at large: the unfolding of its resonances and consequences already opens this possibility and even beckons it. We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art’s real is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferation of images that surrounds us.
In [25]:
sentence_swap3 = sentence_whole.replace("potentiality", "spectatorship")
In [26]:
print(sentence_swap3)
What is peculiar to this kind of artworks then, and what within them can produce an understanding of the place of art and of its politics today, is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and points of view. Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world. Undecidability could then be detached from art and applied to curation, instituting processes or even to politics at large: the unfolding of its resonances and consequences already opens this possibility and even beckons it. We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art’s spectatorship is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferation of images that surrounds us.
In [27]:
sentence_swap4 = sentence_whole.replace("potentiality", "original")
In [28]:
print(sentence_swap4)
What is peculiar to this kind of artworks then, and what within them can produce an understanding of the place of art and of its politics today, is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and points of view. Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world. Undecidability could then be detached from art and applied to curation, instituting processes or even to politics at large: the unfolding of its resonances and consequences already opens this possibility and even beckons it. We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art’s original is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferation of images that surrounds us.
In [29]:
myTuple = (sentence_swap1, sentence_swap2, sentence_swap3, sentence_swap4)
In [58]:
total = "\n\t\t".join(myTuple)
In [59]:
type(total)
Out[59]:
str
In [66]:
print(total)
What is peculiar to this kind of artworks then, and what within them can produce an understanding of the place of art and of its politics today, is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and points of view. Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world. Undecidability could then be detached from art and applied to curation, instituting processes or even to politics at large: the unfolding of its resonances and consequences already opens this possibility and even beckons it. We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art’s resonances is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferation of images that surrounds us. What is peculiar to this kind of artworks then, and what within them can produce an understanding of the place of art and of its politics today, is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and points of view. Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world. Undecidability could then be detached from art and applied to curation, instituting processes or even to politics at large: the unfolding of its resonances and consequences already opens this possibility and even beckons it. We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art’s real is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferation of images that surrounds us. What is peculiar to this kind of artworks then, and what within them can produce an understanding of the place of art and of its politics today, is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and points of view. Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world. Undecidability could then be detached from art and applied to curation, instituting processes or even to politics at large: the unfolding of its resonances and consequences already opens this possibility and even beckons it. We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art’s spectatorship is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferation of images that surrounds us. What is peculiar to this kind of artworks then, and what within them can produce an understanding of the place of art and of its politics today, is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and points of view. Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world. Undecidability could then be detached from art and applied to curation, instituting processes or even to politics at large: the unfolding of its resonances and consequences already opens this possibility and even beckons it. We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art’s original is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferation of images that surrounds us.
In [67]:
f = open('total.html', 'w')
In [68]:
f.write(total)
Out[68]:
3664
In [72]:
import PyPDF2
In [74]:
from PyPDF2 import PdfFileReader, PdfFileWriter
In [76]:
!pdftk pdf/potentiality2.pdf background pdf/potentiality.pdf output pdf/con.pdf
Error: Unable to find file. Error: Failed to open PDF file: pdf/potentiality2.pdf Errors encountered. No output created. Done. Input errors, so no output created.
In [77]:
!pdftk pdf/potentiality2.pdf stamp pdf/potentiality.pdf output pdf/result.pdf
Error: Unable to find file. Error: Failed to open PDF file: pdf/potentiality2.pdf Errors encountered. No output created. Done. Input errors, so no output created.
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In [ ]:
In [61]:
from weasyprint import HTML, CSS from weasyprint.fonts import FontConfiguration
In [ ]:
In [ ]:
In [ ]:
In [ ]:
In [17]:
sentence_swap1_bold = sentence_swap1.replace("resonances", "<strong>resonances</strong>")
In [18]:
print(sentence_swap1_bold)
What is peculiar to this kind of artworks then, and what within them can produce an understanding of the place of art and of its politics today, is that they generate a multiplicity of gazes and of forms of spectatorship that also coexist one next to the other without mediating between their own positions and points of view. Which is to say, if it doesn’t give up on involving radically different realities into its operation modes and doesn’t fade out from the scene of the ‘real’ world. Undecidability could then be detached from art and applied to curation, instituting processes or even to politics at large: the unfolding of its <strong>resonances</strong> and consequences already opens this possibility and even beckons it. We might stretch this line of thought a bit further and propose that art’s <strong>resonances</strong> is that of multiplying the visible as an actual counterstrategy to the proliferation of images that surrounds us.
In [19]:
f = open('ag.html', 'w')
In [20]:
f.write(sentence_swap1_bold)
Out[20]:
949
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Read on¶
https://www.nltk.org/book/ch01.html#searching-text (recommended!)
In [ ]: