launch commit

master
poni 4 years ago
parent a0e90022db
commit 616dd5d9b1

3
.gitignore vendored

@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
.ipynb_checkpoints
_kindofbin
.ipynb_checkpoints
build

@ -79,8 +79,28 @@ figcaption {
color: black;
}
a:link {
text-decoration: none;
}
a:visited {
text-decoration: none;
}
a:hover {
text-decoration: none;
}
a:active {
text-decoration: none;
}
/* Reveal */
span.home{
cursor: pointer;
}
span.reveal {
cursor: pointer !important;
}

@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
<body>
<main>
<section id="title">
<span class="home"><a href = "../">🌍</a></span>
<figure id="visual" class="left-aligned">
<img src="./images/title.jpg">
</figure>
<br>
<br>

@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css">
<title></title>
</head>
<a href="../"> ↪ go back </a>
<body>
<div class="images">
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++<br>
+|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|+<br>
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+|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|+++|++|++|+++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|++<br>
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=+++++=++=+++=++=++=+++++=++++++++++++++++++++<br>
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+|++|++|++|++|++|++|+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|=+++++++++++++++++++++++=+++++++++++++++++++=++=++=+++++=+++++++++++++++++=++++++=++++++++++|++|++<br>
+++++++++++++++++++++++|+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=++=====+=+=+=+===+==+==+++++=+==++=++=+=+==+=+=+==+=+=+=+=+=+=+++=++=+++++++++++++++++<br>
+++++++++++++++++++++++=+++++++++++=++=++++++++++|=|+++++++=+++=+==++|+++++==+=++=+=+==========+==========+===+==+====+===+=+=+=+++=+++++++++++++++|=|<br>
+|++|++|++|++|++|++|++|=+++=+=++===+=++++=+==+========++++++==;===++++|+====|+++++==+=++==;;=+++=++==++===================================++++++++++++<br>
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+|++|+++++++++====;;:=++||""~==i|||{|+|==|; |> lvopv21ovnnvsvvioii%ilIi=iIi=|i|i+=i> :.::==|:;==>= =:|=+=;::.:;=:=:;=::--::=======:=: :=:=:=====;;;===<br>
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++++++++++|=+==;;:::-...:.:. ......=|izi1}>=v2|;==i||=;:+"!?<span class="water">##WATER.#W#A#TE#R#W#ATER.#WAT#E#RWA#TE#R#W#A#TE</span>(_=.:=:........... . .||)']sv =:==i lvi|i|l<br>
+|=|=|+++|+===|=+=::..::.....-.....-=|(v= |{>:====-=n}===: ..-+!?<span class="water">##WATE#R#W#A#TE#R#W#ATER#WAT#ER.#W#A#T#E#R</span>`+ . .. .. . ... - := ..:|](==..:= >:=i|=||<br>
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+++++++++===|======= >:;.......=::|>:+||i>i|*1q%:==::vv==;=+;:-:: =;_ i||<span class="water">*WATER.WATER.WATER.</span>!^-...=:;;-/- .+".,:-..--------....-==|=v;:;as}..>+|:=|=+<br>
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++|=|=+++===|++=+==|==--+:._..;=e;|=:==|i-a:.=;:=a>=vau#ws+_::==;::nZ....m.ZY../Z".......... -:...=2=:+~:.......... .`-`-......:=..|=;=a}:-::=|==|i=++<br>
++++++++++|==+|+===|::;::.:"|=oia(.a::.i^=e:|)====v{1Xm!{(=n.:.:||.,,,.........;`.......;:: =;:=>+v-+::,_. :_..------......:;=a;+.-||=_a;-.===|=ii=|==<br>
+|=++++++++=+++=====:::::.::|_%I!+++=+>}:I(:v%`::|;.%==;vswc_:=%v==i..............:...`:_:;/+=:>=+ . -a`. ..-.......--.-..:+a(=%:=,--++::.;=;+====+++|<br>
+++++|++|+++=+===|;|:i>;;;:-:=|.=>a._=,..:c.{;:av+I-:{iauZ!:=.....ai.......#..1:`..;.:::+==a{v:~:.l:..=;:_:-.: _--......+..,a|%`>---::|::+=======|===+<br>
+++|=+++++|=||=|===;;=|+=:;.---=|2I~={r.:=-:=|=s,.-:==+_ac+!|"=..}n.......;.?'- ..;..=..`..._.;;l. .:_.,,:.:`.:-_./../_.::>=I||=- :::;:i:;==+======+++<br>
+|++++++|++++==++|==;:i=;;=;;.::=~ .=>:,..:>%:>....---.:>^,"~:;._svIq,.?A"i=|- . .:~-: .::+;. ~..> :`. -- ....=- -: .=|.. =>=:;::.:+;;;:;=;=+=|=+++++=<br>
++++++|+++++++|=+========;==+:i..a>`-+Ii=.-`..........:=.a,i;vi|+deuYVwmmeof+`..../..:/..:>_a :`.._.-._.=;:= . :...-=i=.:;::=i======:::=|====+=+|=++++<br>
+++++++++++++++++=>=======:=;==..-`....:,...:au,:;-`..as'=++:_;a+Y1+aaX)3f)'_-.//...);:.~=,=~..=:|~;.=..:=_%. =+`..:=;.|=li;:_=>=:=:;;=;;;===+++=++++|<br>
+|++|+++|=|=|=++++|=+i===:;:==;:....:.::--.;:-^./==::.:v.a>)E a/_d>aa=!ajp_:,>..=--.a==:.o=/.;-_=;>:==:_,:)aai:;.:::;=:;=:|::>=iiIi===;=+==+=+++++++++<br>
+++++++|=+++++|=+=========+=+=+~-...- ..::;:-=--=v%.-;%`:: - ;a)+?("r-_33}^;=u;://i)".-., ..__%;%==>:====::>=_i==:::===::|::a>||=>=>===+=+=+++++++|+++<br>
++++++++++++++=++++|==|=|=|=+;-.:;...,. >`:..:.=}".::.::==,=ai;.._%..IYY$2-vp~`.:_,.:`...::.===:1:==>=|~=|ai>*i====::;:;a;==>=|======+=+=+++++++++++++<br>
+|++|++++|++|++|+++=++=|====+=:||=;..=-.:-....=:`-:|::..=:+.-:an>YYX+`aade{d( .=-2;...:`.: =|..:=;:i=|-_=v}i%=++::::.i%|+=|==|===|+|++++++++++++|=|=+|<br>
+++++++|+++++++++++|+===|===|;=2i>^:--._:_,.:==..:"`.;-.~.::-+{*':=; .:3#::uc .==e`:-`..._.vui-a>=+:a=||I}|:=:=;l:::=:====+=a===||==++++++++++++++++++<br>
+++++++++++++++++++||++===|Il^.ai_.%:_}C=)+=a>a...:.--.:=:`.:.._/-aS(:%mmqc3Wc(_c`._, ..- :-::u*::+=::==+====;==a=|;=++===|==+++|==+|=+++++|++|+++++++<br>
+|++|++++++|++|+||=|++=|=+=|=_%(ai+|=>=v(.:a%=;=. =ia;- ... :=;-`+=`=_i3r}"=32-.s;_;..:==.=|=)+=i=s::::;:====+;;;;;|==|==++||++++++|=+|=++++++++++|+++<br>
+++++++|++|=++++|+|+|=|=;==;i%a}~:=*!+|-.|=v=n-:.;n?Xi-a>%|=:;. :.+.-*m(`|::a>av>C......-=*. :_p==|>=;====>======++==||==+===++|=++++++++|=+++++++++++<br> <br>
<div class="title" > Guatavita Lagoon, CUN, COL <div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

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@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
<span class="chapters"> I </span>
<p><span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">purpose</span> <span class="IN"> <--></span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">following</span> <span class="NN">text</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="JJ">present</span> <span class="CC" onClick="myFunction"><--> <span class="popCC" id= "myPopup1">and</span> </span> <span class="VB">preserve</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">concept</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NNP">ATATA:</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">composition</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="CD">two</span> <span class="NNS">ideograms</span> <a class="fig" href="figs/symbols.html"><sup>(fig.1)</sup></a> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Mhuysqa</span> <span class="JJ">dead</span> <span class="NN">language.</span> <span class="NNP">ATATA</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">defined</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBP">give</span> <span class="PRP">myself</span> <span class="CC" ><--></span> <span class="PRP">you</span> <span class="VBP">give</span> <span class="PRP">yourself,</span> <span class="VB"></span> <span class="WRB">where</span> <span class="VBG">giving</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="NN">act</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NN">receiving,</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="PRP">you</span> <span class="VBP">do</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NNS">others</span> <a class="link" href = "../OTHERNESS/"> O</a> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">also</span> <span class="VBG">affecting</span> <span class="PRP">yourself.</span> <span class="DT">This</span> <span class="NN">exercise</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NN">reciprocity</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="RB">very</span> <span class="JJ">important</span> <span class="NN">vibration</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NN">nobody</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">live</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NNS">others,</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="VBZ">includes</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NN">living</span> <span class="NNS">creatures</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="WP">whom</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="NN">share</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Earth.</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">Colombian</span> <span class="NN">student</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="JJ">ancient</span> <span class="NN">history,</span> <span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">experience</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="NN">concept</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="NNS">years</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="VBG">learning</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">wholesome</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NN">living</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">indigenous</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="DT">both</span> <span class="NNP">Colombia</span> <span class="CC" ><--></span> <span class="NNP">Mexico.</span></p>
<p><span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">purpose</span> <a href="index_text.html"><span class="IN"><--></span></a> <a href="index_text.html"><span class="popCC">?</span></a> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">following</span> <span class="NN">text</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="JJ">present</span> <span class="CC" onClick="myFunction"><--></span> <span class="VB">preserve</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">concept</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NNP">ATATA:</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">composition</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="CD">two</span> <span class="NNS">ideograms</span> <a class="fig" href="figs/symbols.html"><sup>(fig.1)</sup></a> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Mhuysqa</span> <span class="JJ">dead</span> <span class="NN">language.</span> <span class="NNP">ATATA</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">defined</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBP">give</span> <span class="PRP">myself</span> <span class="CC" ><--></span> <span class="PRP">you</span> <span class="VBP">give</span> <span class="PRP">yourself,</span> <span class="VB"></span> <span class="WRB">where</span> <span class="VBG">giving</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="NN">act</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NN">receiving,</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="PRP">you</span> <span class="VBP">do</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NNS">others</span> <a class="link" href = "../OTHERNESS/"> O</a> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">also</span> <span class="VBG">affecting</span> <span class="PRP">yourself.</span> <span class="DT">This</span> <span class="NN">exercise</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NN">reciprocity</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="RB">very</span> <span class="JJ">important</span> <span class="NN">vibration</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NN">nobody</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">live</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NNS">others,</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="VBZ">includes</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NN">living</span> <span class="NNS">creatures</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="WP">whom</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="NN">share</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Earth.</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">Colombian</span> <span class="NN">student</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="JJ">ancient</span> <span class="NN">history,</span> <span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">experience</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="NN">concept</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="NNS">years</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="VBG">learning</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">wholesome</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="NN">living</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">indigenous</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="IN" ><--></span> <span class="DT">both</span> <span class="NNP">Colombia</span> <span class="CC" ><--></span> <span class="NNP">Mexico.</span></p>
<p> <span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="PRP">my</span> <span class="NNP">PhD</span> <span class="NN">research</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBD">experienced</span> <span class="CC"><--></span> <span class="VBD">looked</span> <span class="RBR">further</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Mhuysqa</span> <span class="CC"><--></span> <span class="NNP">Mayan</span> <span class="NN">legacy.</span> <span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="RB">then</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBD">realized</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">devastating</span> <span class="NN">reality</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">currently</span> <span class="VBG">affecting</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">quality</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="NN">food.</span> <span class="EX">There</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">systematic</span> <span class="NN">problem</span> <span class="VBN">caused</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">green</span> <span class="NN">revolution;</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="JJ">radical</span> <span class="NNS">changes</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">local</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="NN">cultivation</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">use</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="NNS">inputs</span> <span class="VBN">made</span> <span class="CC"><--></span> <span class="VBN">sold</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="JJ">big</span> <span class="JJ">global</span> <span class="NNS">corporations</span> <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="VBG">creating</span> <span class="NN">dependency</span> <span class="RB">as</span> <span class="RB">well</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="VBG">poisoning</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">seeds,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">soil,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">water</span> <span class="CC"><--></span> <span class="RB">therefore</span> <span class="PRP">our</span> <span class="JJ">own</span> <span class="NNS">bodies.</span> <span class="RB">Meanwhile,</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">response</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="COM">,</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ"></span> <span class="JJ">undercurrent</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="VBG">developing</span> <span class="RB">everywhere</span> <span class="JJ"></span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="VBG">living</span> <span class="CC"><--></span> <span class="VBG">cultivating</span> <span class="VBG">according</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="JJ">new</span> <span class="CC"><--></span> <span class="JJ">past</span> <span class="NNS">principles</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="JJ">global</span> <span class="NNS">corporations,</span> <span class="VBG">recovering</span> <span class="NN">solidarity,</span> <span class="NN">hope</span> <a class="link" href = "../HOPE/"> H,</a> <span class="NN">life,</span> <span class="NN">food,</span> <span class="CC"><--></span> <span class="JJ">bio-diversifying</span> <span class="NNS">forms</span> <span class="IN"><--></span> <span class="VBG">being.</span>
</p>

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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>A LIQUID MANIFESTO</title>
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<h1>A LIQUID MANIFESTO</h1>
<p>1. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ">uncertain</span> <span class="NN">realm</span>. <span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NNS">concepts</span> <span class="VBN">needed</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">realise</span> <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="NN">potential</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="RB">yet</span> <span class="VBN">existed</span> <span class="IN">until</span> <span class="RB">now</span>. <span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">hypercomplexity</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">hyperobject-ness</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">liquid</span> <span class="NNS">terrains</span> <span class="VBZ">exceeds</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">ability</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">observe</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="VB">comprehend</span> <span class="PRP">them</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">totality</span>. <span class="RB">Indeed</span>, <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="RB">typically</span> <span class="VBP">recognise</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="NN">living</span> <span class="NNS">things</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="NNS">by-products</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">liquid</span> <span class="NNS">processes</span>. </p>
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>2. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">worldview</span>. <span class="DT">A</span> <span class="NN">phantasmagoria</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">effects</span>>, <span class="NN">disobedient</span> <span class="NNS">substances</span>, <span class="JJ">evasive</span> <span class="NNS">strategies</span>, <span class="NNS">dalliances</span>, <span class="NNS">skirmishes</span>, <span class="NNS">flirtations</span>, <span class="NNS">addictions</span>, <span class="JJ">quantum</span> <span class="NN">phenomena</span>, <span class="JJ">unexpected</span> <span class="NNS">twists</span>, <span class="JJ">sudden</span> <span class="NNS">turns</span>, <span class="JJ">furtive</span> <span class="NNS">exchanges</span>, <span class="RB">sly</span> <span class="NNS">manoeuvres</span>, <span class="IN">blind</span> <span class="NNS">alleys</span>, <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">exuberant</span> <span class="NNS">digressions</span>. <span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">reduced</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="JJ">simple</span> <span class="NNS">ciphers</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">process</span>, <span class="NN">substance</span>, <span class="NN">method</span>, <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="NN">technology</span>. <span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RBR">more</span> <span class="IN">than</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">set</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">particular</span> <span class="NNS">materials</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">comprise</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">recognizable</span> <span class="NN">body</span>. <span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RBR">more</span> <span class="IN">than</span> <span class="JJ">vital</span> <span class="NNS">processes</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="VBN">shaped</span> <span class="VBG">according</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="JJ">specific</span> <span class="NN">contexts</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">subjective</span> <span class="NNS">encounters</span>. <span class="CC">Yet</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">recognise</span> <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="NN">coherence</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">lives</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">beings</span>, <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBP">remain</span> <span class="JJ">cogent</span> <span class="IN">despite</span> <span class="JJ">incalculable</span> <span class="JJ">persistent</span> <span class="NNS">changes</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="NNS">flows</span>,<span class="NNS">ambiguities</span>, <span class="JJ">transitional</span> <span class="NNS">states</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBG">tipping</span> <span class="NNS">points</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="VBG">bring</span> <span class="RB">about</span> <span class="JJ">radical</span> <span class="NN">transformation</span> <span class="IN">within</span> <span class="JJ">physical</span> <span class="NNS">systems</span>.</p>
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>3. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">kind</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="FW">metabolic</span> <span class="PRP$">weather</span>. <span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">dynamic</span> <span class="JJ">substrate</span> - <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="NN">hyperbody</span> - <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">permeates</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">atmosphere</span>, <span class="JJ">liquid</span> <span class="NNS">environments</span>, <span class="NNS">soils</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNP">Earth's</span> <span class="NN">crust</span>. <span class="CC"></span> <span class="NNP">Metabolic</span> <span class="VBP">weather</span> <span class="JJ"></span> <span class="NNS">refers</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="JJ">complex</span> <span class="NN">physical</span>, <span class="NN">chemical</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">even</span> <span class="JJ">biological</span> <span class="NNS">outcomes</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="VBN">provoked</span> <span class="WRB">when</span> <span class="NNS">fields</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">matter</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">edge</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">chaos</span> <span class="NN">collide</span>. <span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">vector</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">infection</span>, <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="NN">expression</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">recalcitrant</span> <span class="NN">materiality</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">principle</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">ecopoiesis</span>, <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBZ">underpins</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">process</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">living</span>, <span class="JJ">lifelike</span> <span class="NNS">events</span> - <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">even</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="PRP">itself</span>. <span class="DT">These</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="NNS">forms</span> <span class="VBP">arise</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="NN">energy</span> <span class="NNS">gradients</span>, <span class="NN">density</span> <span class="NNS">currents</span>, <span class="JJ">katabatic</span> <span class="NNS">flows</span>, <span class="NNS">whirlwinds</span>, <span class="NN">dust</span> <span class="NNS">clouds</span>, <span class="NN">pollution</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">myriad</span> <span class="NNS">expressions</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">matter</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">detail</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> (<span class="JJ">earthy</span>, <span class="JJ">liquid</span>, <span class="JJ">gaseous</span>) <span class="NNS">terrains</span>. </p>
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>4. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="JJ">immortal</span>. <span class="VBG">Arising</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="JJ">unique</span> <span class="JJ">planetary</span> <span class="NNS">conditions</span>, <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="NNS">ingredients</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="RB">continually</span> <span class="JJ">re-incorporated</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="JJ">active</span> <span class="JJ">metabolic</span> <span class="NN">webs</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="NNS">cycles</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">death</span>. <span class="JJS">Most</span> <span class="JJ">deceased</span> <span class="NN">liquid</span> <span class="NN">matter</span> <span class="VBZ">lies</span> <span class="NN">quiescent</span>, <span class="RB">patiently</span> <span class="VBG">waiting</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="NN">reanimation</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">persistent</span> <span class="NN">metabolisms</span> <span class="IN">within</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NNS">soils</span>.
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>5. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="VBZ">exceeds</span> <span class="JJ">rhetoric</span>. <span class="PRP$">Its</span> <span class="NNS">concepts</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">embodied</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">experimentally</span> <span class="VBD">tested</span> <span class="VBG">using</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">trans-disciplinary</span> <span class="NN">approach</span>, <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBZ">draws</span> <span class="IN">upon</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">range</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">conceptual</span> <span class="NNS">lenses</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">techniques</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">involve</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">liquid</span> <span class="NN">realm</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="JJ">own</span> <span class="JJ"></span> <span class="NN">voice</span> <span class="NNS"></span>. <span class="IN">From</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">perspectives</span> <span class="VBP">liquid</span> <span class="NNS">technologies</span> <span class="VBP">emerge</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">capable</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">generating</span> <span class="JJ">new</span> <span class="NNS">kinds</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">artefacts</span>, <span class="IN">like</span> <span class="NNP">Bütschli</span> <span class="NNS">droplets</span>, <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">liquid</span> <span class="NN">chemical</span> <span class="NNS">assemblages</span> <span class="JJ">capable</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="RB">surprisingly</span> <span class="JJ">lifelike</span> <span class="NNS">behaviours</span>. <span class="DT">These</span> <span class="NNS">agents</span> <span class="VBP">exceed</span> <span class="NN">rhetoric</span>, <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">possess</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="JJ">own</span> <span class="NN">agency</span>, <span class="NNS">semiotics</span>, <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">choreographic</span> <span class="NNS">impulses</span>, <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBP">allow</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="NN">value</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">engage</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NN">discourse</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="PRP">them</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NNS">terms</span>. <span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">difficulty</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">slippages</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NN">meaning</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">volition</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="VBG">participating</span> <span class="NNS">bodies</span> <span class="VBZ">creates</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">possibility</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">en</span> <span class="VBG">evolving</span> <span class="JJ">poly-vocal</span> <span class="NNS">dialectics</span>.
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>6. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="NNS">provokes</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ">expanded</span> <span class="NN">notion</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">consciousness</span>. <span class="PRP$">Its</span> <span class="NN">thinking</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">molecular</span> <span class="NN">sea</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">possibilities</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">resist</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">rapid</span> <span class="NN">decay</span> <span class="NNS">towards</span> <span class="JJ">thermodynamic</span> <span class="NN">equilibrium</span>. <span class="IN">In</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="JJ">vital</span> <span class="NNS">moments</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="VBZ">indulges</span> <span class="DT">every</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class="NN">tactic</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">persist</span>, <span class="VBG">acquiring</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">rich</span> <span class="NN">palette</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">natural</span> <span class="NNS">resources</span>, <span class="NN">food</span> <span class="NNS">sources</span>, <span class="NN">waste</span> <span class="NNS">materials</span>, <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">energy</span> <span class="NNS">fields</span>. <span class="DT">These</span> <span class="JJ">material</span> <span class="NNS">alliances</span> <span class="VBP">necessitate</span> <span class="NNS">decisions</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">do</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">require</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">coordinating</span> <span class="NN">centre</span>, <span class="IN">like</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">brain</span>.
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>7. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="NN">non-bodies</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="IN">without</span> <span class="JJ">formal</span> <span class="NNS">boundaries</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="RB">constantly</span> <span class="VBG">changing</span>.
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>8. <span class="JJ">Liquid</span> <span class="NNS">bodies</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">paradoxical</span> <span class="NNS">structures</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">possess</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="JJ">own</span> <span class="NN">logic</span>. <span class="IN">Although</span> <span class="JJ">classical</span> <span class="NNS">laws</span> <span class="MD">may</span> <span class="VB">approximate</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">behaviour</span>, <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">predict</span> <span class="PRP">them</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">tangible</span> <span class="NNS">expressions</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">nonlinear</span> <span class="NN">material</span> <span class="NNS">systems</span>, <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBP">exist</span> <span class="IN">outside</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">current</span> <span class="NNS">frames</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">reference</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="JJ">global</span> <span class="JJ">industrial</span> <span class="NN">culture</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="VBN">steeped</span> <span class="IN">in</span>. <span class="NNS">Aspects</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">existence</span> <span class="NN">stray</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">unconventional</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">liminal</span> <span class="NN">realms</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">auras</span>, <span class="NN">quantum</span> <span class="NNS">physics</span>, <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">ectoplasms</span>. <span class="IN">In</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">realms</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">appreciated</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="JJ">objective</span> <span class="NN">measurement</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">invite</span> <span class="JJ">subjective</span> <span class="NN">engagement</span>, <span class="IN">like</span> <span class="JJ">poetic</span> <span class="NNS">trysts</span>. <span class="PRP$">Their</span> <span class="JJ">diversionary</span> <span class="NNS">tactics</span> <span class="VBP">give</span> <span class="NN">rise</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="RB">very</span> <span class="VBZ">acts</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">life</span>, <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">capacity</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">heal</span>, <span class="VB">adapt</span>, <span class="NN">self-repair</span>, <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">empathize</span>.
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>9.<span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NNS">bodies</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">pluri-pontent</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">capable</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="NNS">acts</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">transformation</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">de-simplify</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">matter</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">being</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">body</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="JJ">visceral</span> <span class="NNS">entanglements</span>. <span class="IN">While</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Bête</span> <span class="NNP">Machine</span> <span class="VBZ">depends</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ">abstracted</span> <span class="NN">understanding</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">anatomy</span> <span class="VBN">founded</span> <span class="IN">upon</span> <span class="NNS">generalizations</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">ideals</span>, <span class="JJ">liquid</span> <span class="NNS">bodies</span> <span class="VBP">resist</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">tropes</span>.
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>10. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="VBZ">bodies</span> <span class="VBZ">discuss</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">mode</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">existence</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">constantly</span> <span class="VBG">changing</span> <span class="RB"></span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">cumulative</span> <span class="NNS">outcomes</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">error</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="CC">but</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="RB">highly</span> <span class="VBN">choreographed</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">continuous</span> <span class="NN">spectrum</span> <span class="NN">stream</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">events</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">arise</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">physical</span> <span class="NNS">interactions</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">matter</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">internalize</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="NNS">bodies</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="NNS">manifolds</span> <span class="IN">within</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">substance</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">assert</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">identity</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="JJ">environmental</span> <span class="NN">contexts</span>. <span class="JJ">Such</span> <span class="NNS">entanglements</span> <span class="VBD">invoke</span> <span class="JJ">marginal</span> <span class="NNS">relations</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="JJ">multiple</span> <span class="NNS">agencies</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBP">exceed</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">classical</span> <span class="NN">logic</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">objects</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">inseparable</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">context</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBP">offer</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">thinking</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBG">experimenting</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">conventions</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">making</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBG">being</span> <span class="VBN">embodied</span>.
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>11. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="VBZ">bodies</span> <span class="VBP">invite</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">articulate</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">fuzziness</span>, <span class="NNS">paradoxes</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">uncertainties</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">living</span> <span class="NN">realm</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="RB">still</span> <span class="RB">instantly</span> <span class="JJ">recognizable</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">named</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="NN">tornado</span>, <span class="NN">cirrus</span>, <span class="NN">soil</span>, <span class="NN">embryo</span>, <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="NN">biofilm</span>. <span class="DT">These</span> <span class="NNS">contradictions</span> <span class="VBP"></span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">form</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">constancy</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="NN">encourage</span> <span class="JJ">alternative</span> <span class="NNS">readings</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="WRB">how</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="NN">order</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">sort</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">world</span>, <span class="WP$">whose</span> <span class="JJ">main</span> <span class="NN">methodology</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="VBG">relating</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="NN">body</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">another</span>. <span class="RB">Indeed</span>, <span class="JJ">protean</span> <span class="NN">liquid</span> <span class="NNS">bodies</span> <span class="VBP">help</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="VBP">understand</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="IN">while</span> <span class="JJ">universalisms</span>, <span class="NNS">averages</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">generalizations</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">useful</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="VBG">producing</span> <span class="NNS">maps</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="VBG">being</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">world</span>, <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">neglect</span> <span class="JJ">specific</span> <span class="NNS">details</span>, <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBP"></span> <span class="VBG">bring</span> <span class="NN">forth</span> <span class="VBD"></span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">materiality</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">environment</span>.
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>12. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NNS">bodies</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">political</span> <span class="NNS">agents</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">re-define</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">boundaries</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">conditions</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="NN">existence</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">context</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">dynamic</span>, <span class="JJ">unruly</span> <span class="NNS">environments</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">propose</span> <span class="JJ">alternative</span> <span class="NNS">modes</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">living</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="RB">radically</span> <span class="VBN">transformed</span>, <span class="JJ">monstrous</span>, <span class="NN">coherent</span>, <span class="JJ">raw</span> - <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">selectively</span> <span class="VBN">permeated</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="JJ">nurturing</span> <span class="NNS">media</span>.
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>13. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="VBZ">bodies</span> <span class="VBP">invite</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">understand</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="VBG">being</span> <span class="IN">beyond</span> <span class="JJ">relational</span> <span class="NN">thinking</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">invent</span> <span class="NNS">monsters</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">defy</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="VBG">existing</span> <span class="NNS">forms</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">categorization</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">make</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">new</span> <span class="NN">kind</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">corporeality</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="VBP">remain</span> <span class="WRB">when</span> <span class="JJ">mechanical</span> <span class="NNS">explanations</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="RB">no</span> <span class="RBR">longer</span> <span class="NN">account</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">experiences</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">recognise</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="VBG">being</span> <span class="JJ">alive</span>'.
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
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<title>A LIQUID MANIFESTO</title>
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<h1>A LIQUID MANIFESTO</h1>
<p>1. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ">uncertain</span> <span class="NN">realm</span>. <span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NNS">concepts</span> <span class="VBN">needed</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">realise</span> <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="NN">potential</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="RB">yet</span> <span class="VBN">existed</span> <span class="IN">until</span> <span class="RB">now</span>. <span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">hypercomplexity</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">hyperobject-ness</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">liquid</span> <span class="NNS">terrains</span> <span class="VBZ">exceeds</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">ability</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">observe</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="VB">comprehend</span> <span class="PRP">them</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">totality</span>. <span class="RB">Indeed</span>, <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="RB">typically</span> <span class="VBP">recognise</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="NN">living</span> <span class="NNS">things</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="NNS">by-products</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">liquid</span> <span class="NNS">processes</span>. </p>
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<p>2. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">worldview</span>. <span class="DT">A</span> <span class="NN">phantasmagoria</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">effects</span>>, <span class="NN">disobedient</span> <span class="NNS">substances</span>, <span class="JJ">evasive</span> <span class="NNS">strategies</span>, <span class="NNS">dalliances</span>, <span class="NNS">skirmishes</span>, <span class="NNS">flirtations</span>, <span class="NNS">addictions</span>, <span class="JJ">quantum</span> <span class="NN">phenomena</span>, <span class="JJ">unexpected</span> <span class="NNS">twists</span>, <span class="JJ">sudden</span> <span class="NNS">turns</span>, <span class="JJ">furtive</span> <span class="NNS">exchanges</span>, <span class="RB">sly</span> <span class="NNS">manoeuvres</span>, <span class="IN">blind</span> <span class="NNS">alleys</span>, <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">exuberant</span> <span class="NNS">digressions</span>. <span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">reduced</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="JJ">simple</span> <span class="NNS">ciphers</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">process</span>, <span class="NN">substance</span>, <span class="NN">method</span>, <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="NN">technology</span>. <span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RBR">more</span> <span class="IN">than</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">set</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">particular</span> <span class="NNS">materials</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">comprise</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">recognizable</span> <span class="NN">body</span>. <span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RBR">more</span> <span class="IN">than</span> <span class="JJ">vital</span> <span class="NNS">processes</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="VBN">shaped</span> <span class="VBG">according</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="JJ">specific</span> <span class="NN">contexts</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">subjective</span> <span class="NNS">encounters</span>. <span class="CC">Yet</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">recognise</span> <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="NN">coherence</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">lives</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">beings</span>, <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBP">remain</span> <span class="JJ">cogent</span> <span class="IN">despite</span> <span class="JJ">incalculable</span> <span class="JJ">persistent</span> <span class="NNS">changes</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="NNS">flows</span>,<span class="NNS">ambiguities</span>, <span class="JJ">transitional</span> <span class="NNS">states</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBG">tipping</span> <span class="NNS">points</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="VBG">bring</span> <span class="RB">about</span> <span class="JJ">radical</span> <span class="NN">transformation</span> <span class="IN">within</span> <span class="JJ">physical</span> <span class="NNS">systems</span>.</p>
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<p>3. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">kind</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="FW">metabolic</span> <span class="PRP$">weather</span>. <span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">dynamic</span> <span class="JJ">substrate</span> - <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="NN">hyperbody</span> - <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">permeates</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">atmosphere</span>, <span class="JJ">liquid</span> <span class="NNS">environments</span>, <span class="NNS">soils</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNP">Earth's</span> <span class="NN">crust</span>. <span class="CC"></span> <span class="NNP">Metabolic</span> <span class="VBP">weather</span> <span class="JJ"></span> <span class="NNS">refers</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="JJ">complex</span> <span class="NN">physical</span>, <span class="NN">chemical</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">even</span> <span class="JJ">biological</span> <span class="NNS">outcomes</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="VBN">provoked</span> <span class="WRB">when</span> <span class="NNS">fields</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">matter</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">edge</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">chaos</span> <span class="NN">collide</span>. <span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">vector</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">infection</span>, <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="NN">expression</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">recalcitrant</span> <span class="NN">materiality</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">principle</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">ecopoiesis</span>, <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBZ">underpins</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">process</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">living</span>, <span class="JJ">lifelike</span> <span class="NNS">events</span> - <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">even</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="PRP">itself</span>. <span class="DT">These</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="NNS">forms</span> <span class="VBP">arise</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="NN">energy</span> <span class="NNS">gradients</span>, <span class="NN">density</span> <span class="NNS">currents</span>, <span class="JJ">katabatic</span> <span class="NNS">flows</span>, <span class="NNS">whirlwinds</span>, <span class="NN">dust</span> <span class="NNS">clouds</span>, <span class="NN">pollution</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">myriad</span> <span class="NNS">expressions</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">matter</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">detail</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> (<span class="JJ">earthy</span>, <span class="JJ">liquid</span>, <span class="JJ">gaseous</span>) <span class="NNS">terrains</span>. </p>
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<p>4. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="JJ">immortal</span>. <span class="VBG">Arising</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="JJ">unique</span> <span class="JJ">planetary</span> <span class="NNS">conditions</span>, <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="NNS">ingredients</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="RB">continually</span> <span class="JJ">re-incorporated</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="JJ">active</span> <span class="JJ">metabolic</span> <span class="NN">webs</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="NNS">cycles</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">death</span>. <span class="JJS">Most</span> <span class="JJ">deceased</span> <span class="NN">liquid</span> <span class="NN">matter</span> <span class="VBZ">lies</span> <span class="NN">quiescent</span>, <span class="RB">patiently</span> <span class="VBG">waiting</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="NN">reanimation</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">persistent</span> <span class="NN">metabolisms</span> <span class="IN">within</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NNS">soils</span>.
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<p>5. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="VBZ">exceeds</span> <span class="JJ">rhetoric</span>. <span class="PRP$">Its</span> <span class="NNS">concepts</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">embodied</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">experimentally</span> <span class="VBD">tested</span> <span class="VBG">using</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">trans-disciplinary</span> <span class="NN">approach</span>, <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBZ">draws</span> <span class="IN">upon</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">range</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">conceptual</span> <span class="NNS">lenses</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">techniques</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">involve</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">liquid</span> <span class="NN">realm</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="JJ">own</span> <span class="JJ"></span> <span class="NN">voice</span> <span class="NNS"></span>. <span class="IN">From</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">perspectives</span> <span class="VBP">liquid</span> <span class="NNS">technologies</span> <span class="VBP">emerge</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">capable</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">generating</span> <span class="JJ">new</span> <span class="NNS">kinds</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">artefacts</span>, <span class="IN">like</span> <span class="NNP">Bütschli</span> <span class="NNS">droplets</span>, <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">liquid</span> <span class="NN">chemical</span> <span class="NNS">assemblages</span> <span class="JJ">capable</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="RB">surprisingly</span> <span class="JJ">lifelike</span> <span class="NNS">behaviours</span>. <span class="DT">These</span> <span class="NNS">agents</span> <span class="VBP">exceed</span> <span class="NN">rhetoric</span>, <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">possess</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="JJ">own</span> <span class="NN">agency</span>, <span class="NNS">semiotics</span>, <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">choreographic</span> <span class="NNS">impulses</span>, <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBP">allow</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="NN">value</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">engage</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NN">discourse</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="PRP">them</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NNS">terms</span>. <span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">difficulty</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">slippages</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NN">meaning</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">volition</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="VBG">participating</span> <span class="NNS">bodies</span> <span class="VBZ">creates</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">possibility</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">en</span> <span class="VBG">evolving</span> <span class="JJ">poly-vocal</span> <span class="NNS">dialectics</span>.
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<p>6. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="NNS">provokes</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ">expanded</span> <span class="NN">notion</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">consciousness</span>. <span class="PRP$">Its</span> <span class="NN">thinking</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">molecular</span> <span class="NN">sea</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">possibilities</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">resist</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">rapid</span> <span class="NN">decay</span> <span class="NNS">towards</span> <span class="JJ">thermodynamic</span> <span class="NN">equilibrium</span>. <span class="IN">In</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="JJ">vital</span> <span class="NNS">moments</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="VBZ">indulges</span> <span class="DT">every</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class="NN">tactic</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">persist</span>, <span class="VBG">acquiring</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">rich</span> <span class="NN">palette</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">natural</span> <span class="NNS">resources</span>, <span class="NN">food</span> <span class="NNS">sources</span>, <span class="NN">waste</span> <span class="NNS">materials</span>, <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">energy</span> <span class="NNS">fields</span>. <span class="DT">These</span> <span class="JJ">material</span> <span class="NNS">alliances</span> <span class="VBP">necessitate</span> <span class="NNS">decisions</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">do</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">require</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">coordinating</span> <span class="NN">centre</span>, <span class="IN">like</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">brain</span>.
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<p>7. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="NN">non-bodies</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="IN">without</span> <span class="JJ">formal</span> <span class="NNS">boundaries</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="RB">constantly</span> <span class="VBG">changing</span>.
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<p>8. <span class="JJ">Liquid</span> <span class="NNS">bodies</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">paradoxical</span> <span class="NNS">structures</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">possess</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="JJ">own</span> <span class="NN">logic</span>. <span class="IN">Although</span> <span class="JJ">classical</span> <span class="NNS">laws</span> <span class="MD">may</span> <span class="VB">approximate</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">behaviour</span>, <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">predict</span> <span class="PRP">them</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">tangible</span> <span class="NNS">expressions</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">nonlinear</span> <span class="NN">material</span> <span class="NNS">systems</span>, <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBP">exist</span> <span class="IN">outside</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">current</span> <span class="NNS">frames</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">reference</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="JJ">global</span> <span class="JJ">industrial</span> <span class="NN">culture</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="VBN">steeped</span> <span class="IN">in</span>. <span class="NNS">Aspects</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">existence</span> <span class="NN">stray</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">unconventional</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">liminal</span> <span class="NN">realms</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">auras</span>, <span class="NN">quantum</span> <span class="NNS">physics</span>, <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">ectoplasms</span>. <span class="IN">In</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">realms</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">appreciated</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="JJ">objective</span> <span class="NN">measurement</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">invite</span> <span class="JJ">subjective</span> <span class="NN">engagement</span>, <span class="IN">like</span> <span class="JJ">poetic</span> <span class="NNS">trysts</span>. <span class="PRP$">Their</span> <span class="JJ">diversionary</span> <span class="NNS">tactics</span> <span class="VBP">give</span> <span class="NN">rise</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="RB">very</span> <span class="VBZ">acts</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">life</span>, <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">capacity</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">heal</span>, <span class="VB">adapt</span>, <span class="NN">self-repair</span>, <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">empathize</span>.
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<p>9.<span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NNS">bodies</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">pluri-pontent</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">capable</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="NNS">acts</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">transformation</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">de-simplify</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">matter</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">being</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">body</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="JJ">visceral</span> <span class="NNS">entanglements</span>. <span class="IN">While</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Bête</span> <span class="NNP">Machine</span> <span class="VBZ">depends</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ">abstracted</span> <span class="NN">understanding</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">anatomy</span> <span class="VBN">founded</span> <span class="IN">upon</span> <span class="NNS">generalizations</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">ideals</span>, <span class="JJ">liquid</span> <span class="NNS">bodies</span> <span class="VBP">resist</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">tropes</span>.
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<p>10. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="VBZ">bodies</span> <span class="VBZ">discuss</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">mode</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">existence</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">constantly</span> <span class="VBG">changing</span> <span class="RB"></span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">cumulative</span> <span class="NNS">outcomes</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">error</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="CC">but</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="RB">highly</span> <span class="VBN">choreographed</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">continuous</span> <span class="NN">spectrum</span> <span class="NN">stream</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">events</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">arise</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">physical</span> <span class="NNS">interactions</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">matter</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">internalize</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="NNS">bodies</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="NNS">manifolds</span> <span class="IN">within</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">substance</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">assert</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">identity</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="JJ">environmental</span> <span class="NN">contexts</span>. <span class="JJ">Such</span> <span class="NNS">entanglements</span> <span class="VBD">invoke</span> <span class="JJ">marginal</span> <span class="NNS">relations</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="JJ">multiple</span> <span class="NNS">agencies</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBP">exceed</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">classical</span> <span class="NN">logic</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">objects</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">inseparable</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">context</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBP">offer</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">thinking</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBG">experimenting</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">conventions</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">making</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBG">being</span> <span class="VBN">embodied</span>.
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>11. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="VBZ">bodies</span> <span class="VBP">invite</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">articulate</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">fuzziness</span>, <span class="NNS">paradoxes</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">uncertainties</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">living</span> <span class="NN">realm</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="RB">still</span> <span class="RB">instantly</span> <span class="JJ">recognizable</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">named</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="NN">tornado</span>, <span class="NN">cirrus</span>, <span class="NN">soil</span>, <span class="NN">embryo</span>, <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="NN">biofilm</span>. <span class="DT">These</span> <span class="NNS">contradictions</span> <span class="VBP"></span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">form</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">constancy</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="NN">encourage</span> <span class="JJ">alternative</span> <span class="NNS">readings</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="WRB">how</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="NN">order</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">sort</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">world</span>, <span class="WP$">whose</span> <span class="JJ">main</span> <span class="NN">methodology</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="VBG">relating</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="NN">body</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">another</span>. <span class="RB">Indeed</span>, <span class="JJ">protean</span> <span class="NN">liquid</span> <span class="NNS">bodies</span> <span class="VBP">help</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="VBP">understand</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="IN">while</span> <span class="JJ">universalisms</span>, <span class="NNS">averages</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">generalizations</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">useful</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="VBG">producing</span> <span class="NNS">maps</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="VBG">being</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">world</span>, <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">neglect</span> <span class="JJ">specific</span> <span class="NNS">details</span>, <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBP"></span> <span class="VBG">bring</span> <span class="NN">forth</span> <span class="VBD"></span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">materiality</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">environment</span>.
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>12. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="NNS">bodies</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">political</span> <span class="NNS">agents</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">re-define</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">boundaries</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">conditions</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="NN">existence</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">context</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">dynamic</span>, <span class="JJ">unruly</span> <span class="NNS">environments</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">propose</span> <span class="JJ">alternative</span> <span class="NNS">modes</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">living</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="RB">radically</span> <span class="VBN">transformed</span>, <span class="JJ">monstrous</span>, <span class="NN">coherent</span>, <span class="JJ">raw</span> - <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">selectively</span> <span class="VBN">permeated</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="JJ">nurturing</span> <span class="NNS">media</span>.
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<p>13. <span class="NNP">Liquid</span> <span class="VBZ">bodies</span> <span class="VBP">invite</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">understand</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="VBG">being</span> <span class="IN">beyond</span> <span class="JJ">relational</span> <span class="NN">thinking</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">invent</span> <span class="NNS">monsters</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">defy</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="VBG">existing</span> <span class="NNS">forms</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">categorization</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">make</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">new</span> <span class="NN">kind</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">corporeality</span>. <span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="VBP">remain</span> <span class="WRB">when</span> <span class="JJ">mechanical</span> <span class="NNS">explanations</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="RB">no</span> <span class="RBR">longer</span> <span class="NN">account</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">experiences</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">recognise</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="VBG">being</span> <span class="JJ">alive</span>'.
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
</body>

@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
MANIFESTO Liquid life is an uncertain realm. The concepts needed to realise its potential have not yet existed until now. The hypercomplexity and hyperobject-ness of liquid terrains exceeds our ability to observe or comprehend them in their totality. Indeed, what we typically recognise as living things are by-products of liquid processes.
Liquid life is a worldview. A phantasmagoria of effects, disobedient substances, evasive strategies, dalliances, skirmishes, flirtations, addictions, quantum phenomena, unexpected twists, sudden turns, furtive exchanges, sly manoeuvres, blind alleys, and exuberant digressions. It cannot be reduced into simple ciphers of process, substance, method, or technology. It is more than a set of particular materials that comprise a recognizable body. It is more than vital processes that are shaped according to specific contexts and subjective encounters. Yet we recognise its coherence through the lives of beings, which remain cogent despite incalculable persistent changes such as flows, ambiguities, transitional states and tipping points that bring about radical transformation within physical systems.
Liquid life is a kind of metabolic weather. It is a dynamic substrate - or hyperbody - that permeates the atmosphere, liquid environments, soils and Earths crust. Metabolic weather refers to complex physical, chemical and even biological outcomes that are provoked when fields of matter at the edge of chaos collide. It is a vector of infection, an expression of recalcitrant materiality and a principle of ecopoiesis, which underpins the process of living, lifelike events and even life itself. These life forms arise from energy gradients, density currents, katabatic flows, whirlwinds, dust clouds, pollution and the myriad expressions of matter that detail our (earthy, liquid, gaseous) terrains.
Liquid life is immortal. Arising from our unique planetary conditions, its ingredients are continually re-incorporated into active metabolic webs through cycles of life and death. Most deceased liquid matter lies quiescent, patiently waiting for its reanimation through the persistent metabolisms within our soils. Liquid life exceeds rhetoric. Its concepts can be embodied and experimentally tested using a trans-disciplinary approach, which draws upon a range of conceptual lenses and techniques to involve the liquid realm with its own voice. From these perspectives liquid technologies emerge that are capable of generating new kinds of artefacts, like Bütschli droplets, which are liquid chemical assemblages capable of surprisingly lifelike behaviours. These agents exceed rhetoric, as they possess their own agency, semiotics, and choreographic impulses, which allow us to value and engage in discourse with them on their terms. The difficulty and slippages in meaning and volition between participating bodies creates the possibility of en evolving poly-vocal dialectics.
Liquid life provokes an expanded notion of consciousness. Its thinking is a molecular sea of possibilities that resist the rapid decay towards thermodynamic equilibrium. In these vital moments it indulges every possible tactic to persist, acquiring a rich palette of natural resources, food sources, waste materials, and energy fields. These material alliances necessitate decisions that do not require a coordinating centre, like the brain. Liquid are non-bodies. They are without formal boundaries and are constantly changing.
Liquid bodies are paradoxical structures that possess their own logic. Although classical laws may approximate their behaviour, they cannot predict them. They are tangible expressions of nonlinear material systems, which exist outside of the current frames of reference that our global industrial culture is steeped in. Aspects of their existence stray into the unconventional and liminal realms of auras, quantum physics, and ectoplasms. In these realms they cannot be appreciated by objective measurement and invite subjective engagement, like poetic trysts. Their diversionary tactics give rise to the very acts of life, such as the capacity to heal, adapt, self-repair, and empathize.
Liquid bodies are pluri-pontent. They are capable of many acts of transformation. They de-simplify the matter of being a body through their visceral entanglements. While the Bête Machine depends on an abstracted understanding of anatomy founded upon generalizations and ideals, liquid bodies resist these tropes. Liquid bodies discuss a mode of existence that is constantly changing not as the cumulative outcomes of error but as a highly choreographed and continuous spectrum stream of events that arise from the physical interactions of matter. They internalize other bodies as manifolds within their substance and assert their identity through their environmental contexts. Such entanglements invoke marginal relations between multiple agencies and exceed the classical logic of objects. They are inseparable from their context and offer ways of thinking and experimenting with the conventions of making and being embodied.
Liquid bodies invite us to articulate the fuzziness, paradoxes and uncertainties of the living realm. They are still instantly recognizable and can be named as tornado, cirrus, soil, embryo, or biofilm. These contradictions of form and constancy encourage alternative readings of how we order and sort the world, whose main methodology is through relating one body to another. Indeed, protean liquid bodies help us understand that while universalisms, averages and generalizations are useful in producing maps of our being in the world, they neglect specific details, which bring forth the materiality of the environment. Liquid bodies are political agents. They re-define the boundaries and conditions for existence in the context of dynamic, unruly environments. They propose alternative modes of living that are radically transformed, monstrous, coherent, raw and selectively permeated by their nurturing media.
Liquid bodies invite us to understand our being beyond relational thinking and invent monsters that defy all existing forms of categorization to make possible a new kind of corporeality. They are what remain when mechanical explanations can no longer account for the experiences that we recognise as being alive.

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@ -1,264 +0,0 @@
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# NLTK - Frequency Distribution"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"https://www.nltk.org/book/ch01.html#frequency-distributions"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"import nltk\n",
"import random"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"LIQUID BODIES ARE POLITICAL AGENTS. THEY RE-DEFINE THE BOUNDARIES AND CONDITIONS FOR EXISTENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF DYNAMIC, UNRULY ENVIRONMENTS. THEY PROPOSE ALTERNATIVE MODES OF LIVING THAT ARE RADICALLY TRANSFORMED, MONSTROUS, COHERENT, RAW AND SELECTIVELY PERMEATED BY THEIR NURTURING MEDIA.\n",
"\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"lines = open('manifesto.txt').readlines()\n",
"sentence = random.choice(lines)\n",
"print(sentence)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Tokens"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"['LIQUID', 'BODIES', 'ARE', 'POLITICAL', 'AGENTS', '.', 'THEY', 'RE-DEFINE', 'THE', 'BOUNDARIES', 'AND', 'CONDITIONS', 'FOR', 'EXISTENCE', 'IN', 'THE', 'CONTEXT', 'OF', 'DYNAMIC', ',', 'UNRULY', 'ENVIRONMENTS', '.', 'THEY', 'PROPOSE', 'ALTERNATIVE', 'MODES', 'OF', 'LIVING', 'THAT', 'ARE', 'RADICALLY', 'TRANSFORMED', ',', 'MONSTROUS', ',', 'COHERENT', ',', 'RAW', '', 'AND', 'SELECTIVELY', 'PERMEATED', 'BY', 'THEIR', 'NURTURING', 'MEDIA', '.']\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"tokens = nltk.word_tokenize(sentence)\n",
"print(tokens)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Frequency Distribution"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"<FreqDist with 29 samples and 295 outcomes>\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"# frequency of characters\n",
"fd = nltk.FreqDist(sentence)\n",
"print(fd)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 5,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[(' ', 40), ('E', 33), ('T', 22), ('N', 22), ('I', 21), ('R', 19), ('O', 17), ('A', 17), ('D', 13), ('S', 12), ('L', 10), ('C', 8), ('U', 7), ('H', 7), ('Y', 7), ('M', 7), ('F', 5), ('P', 4), (',', 4), ('V', 4), ('B', 3), ('G', 3), ('.', 3), ('X', 2), ('Q', 1), ('-', 1), ('W', 1), ('', 1), ('\\n', 1)]\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"print(fd.most_common(50))"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 6,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"<FreqDist with 38 samples and 48 outcomes>\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"# frequency of words\n",
"fd = nltk.FreqDist(tokens)\n",
"print(fd)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 7,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[(',', 4), ('.', 3), ('ARE', 2), ('THEY', 2), ('THE', 2), ('AND', 2), ('OF', 2), ('LIQUID', 1), ('BODIES', 1), ('POLITICAL', 1), ('AGENTS', 1), ('RE-DEFINE', 1), ('BOUNDARIES', 1), ('CONDITIONS', 1), ('FOR', 1), ('EXISTENCE', 1), ('IN', 1), ('CONTEXT', 1), ('DYNAMIC', 1), ('UNRULY', 1), ('ENVIRONMENTS', 1), ('PROPOSE', 1), ('ALTERNATIVE', 1), ('MODES', 1), ('LIVING', 1), ('THAT', 1), ('RADICALLY', 1), ('TRANSFORMED', 1), ('MONSTROUS', 1), ('COHERENT', 1), ('RAW', 1), ('', 1), ('SELECTIVELY', 1), ('PERMEATED', 1), ('BY', 1), ('THEIR', 1), ('NURTURING', 1), ('MEDIA', 1)]\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"print(fd.most_common(50))"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 8,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"<FreqDist with 660 samples and 1463 outcomes>\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"# frequency of a text\n",
"txt = open('manifesto.txt').read()\n",
"tokens = nltk.word_tokenize(txt)\n",
"fd = nltk.FreqDist(tokens)\n",
"print(fd)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 9,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[(',', 100), ('.', 69), ('OF', 68), ('THE', 57), ('AND', 50), ('LIQUID', 25), ('A', 25), ('ARE', 19), ('THAT', 19), ('TO', 18), ('ITS', 17), ('IN', 15), ('THEY', 15), ('IS', 14), ('THEIR', 14), ('LIFE', 11), ('', 11), ('BODIES', 11), ('IT', 10), ('AS', 9), ('WHICH', 9), ('THESE', 9), ('', 8), ('', 8), ('OUR', 7), ('THROUGH', 7), ('MATTER', 7), ('NOT', 6), ('CAN', 6), ('INTO', 6), ('FROM', 6), ('WITH', 6), ('BEING', 6), ('LIKE', 5), ('ON', 5), ('AN', 4), ('OR', 4), ('WE', 4), ('LIVING', 4), ('BE', 4), ('METABOLIC', 4), ('CHEMICAL', 4), ('FOR', 4), ('OWN', 4), ('US', 4), ('ACTS', 4), ('REALM', 3), ('YET', 3), ('THEM', 3), ('RECOGNISE', 3)]\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"print(fd.most_common(50))"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"47\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"# Requesting the frequency of a specific word\n",
"print(fd['language'])"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
}
],
"metadata": {
"kernelspec": {
"display_name": "Python 3",
"language": "python",
"name": "python3"
},
"language_info": {
"codemirror_mode": {
"name": "ipython",
"version": 3
},
"file_extension": ".py",
"mimetype": "text/x-python",
"name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
"version": "3.7.3"
}
},
"nbformat": 4,
"nbformat_minor": 4
}

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@ -1,207 +0,0 @@
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# NLTK pos-tagged HTML → PDF"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"import nltk\n",
"from weasyprint import HTML, CSS"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 5,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# open the input file\n",
"txt = open('manifesto1.txt').read()\n",
"words = nltk.word_tokenize(txt)\n",
"tagged_words = nltk.pos_tag(words)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 22,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"A0Grid_30opac-01.png manifesto.pdf\n",
"language.css\t nltk-frequency-distribution-Copy1.ipynb\n",
"manifesto1.txt\t nltk-pos-tagger-Copy1.ipynb\n",
"manifesto.css\t nltk-pos-tagging-and-weasyprint.ipynb\n",
"manifesto.html\t nltk-similar-words-Copy1.ipynb\n",
"manifestonltk.ipynb pattern-search-Copy1.ipynb\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"!ls"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 6,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# collect all the pieces of HTML\n",
"content = ''\n",
"content += '<h1>A Liquid Manifesto</h1>'\n",
"\n",
"for word, tag in tagged_words:\n",
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<h1>
LIQUID <span class="special">|</span> Rachel Armstrong
</h1>
<h3>My reclaimed word for the 21st century is liquid specifically in relationship to the character of life and as a counterpoint to the machine metaphor: the philosophical and scientific idea that the whole universe and everything in it can be understood as mechanisms, composed of the sum of fundamental components, which are hierarchically organised to perform work in a logical and predictable way.</h3>
<p><span class="special">Dualism</span><br> Rene Descartes <em>Treatise of Man</em>, described conceptual models of humans that were made up of fundamental elements a non-thinking body and a thinking soul which could exist independently from one another. He extracted the rational soul from the body in order to remove any element of mentality. In this way, the geometrical nature of bodies could be more exactly described by a new physics that reduced all natural change to the local motion of material particles. The body, denuded of the soul and mind, became known as the <em>Animal Machine</em> (or Bête Machine). Yet Descartes neglected to characterise the nature of the soul in more than its barest details. He considered it a mysterious substance where the animal spirits'<a class="ties" style="font-size: 10pt;" href = "../RESURGENCE/"> R </a> flowed from the pineal gland (the principle seat of the soul) through a network of vessels (neurons) like air. However, Descartes never developed a final theory about the relationship between the body and the soul. This brilliantly simple act of dualism created the foundations of modernity, providing the framework for scientific developments and technological advancements during the Enlightenment. The beauty of a machine is that it represents a framework for thinking and simultaneously embodies a technical system. It therefore shaped a worldview that considered matter as inert without innate energy and required animation through external agencies if it was to act. So, to animate a machine, energy, process, or spirit, is needed. Objects must reconnect with flow if they are to be lively they need a relationship with liquids and we have denied them the full range of these abilities. </p>
<p><span class="special">Flux</span><br> The pre-Socrates philosopher Heraclitus first expressed the idea of reality being in constant movement in his adage Panta Rhei: “everything flows, nothing stays.” Finally, over the course of the 20th century it was increasingly understood again that the world is situated within a condition of flux. Thinkers and innovators have responded to the liquid qualities of the world through significant shifts in our ways of thinking. For example, Ludwig von Bertalanffys notion of general systems theory informed the field of cybernetics the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. Alfred North Whiteheads focus on process placed dynamic events at the core of living phenomena,and Timothy Mortons search for designing with metabolism to generate straightforward environmental images <a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a> aims to bypass translation<a class="ties" style="font-size: 10pt;" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/"> P </a> of processual events through modes of representation. In this realm of constant change, the machine metaphor describes reality incompletely. As much as liquids have been conjured into our language in an attempt to find a better metaphorical framework to characterise life, progress has been rhetorical, as liquids themselves are not imagined or readily applied as technologies. Fluids may power machines, lubricate them, or be consumed by them. However, the behaviour of liquids is so rich and complex, that the toolsets we possess to manipulate them do not offer sufficient precision to rival mechanical potency. How can we think through liquids in ways that not only describe our present reality, but also conjure into existence an occult performativity of the material realm that acts upon the present as well as helps to imagine and shape the future?</p>
<p><span class="special">Ever-changing</span><br> Conventionally, the extraordinary properties of liquids have provoked a sense of erasure, featurelessness monstrosity in the sense they exceed our capacity to rationalise and control them by applying our modern perspectives. Liquid bodies continually <a class="ties" style="font-size: 10pt;" href = "../TENSE/">T</a> rise, undulate, entangle, fall, and exist within watery landscapes. They are often so entangled with their surroundings that it is almost impossible to see them; for neither our natural senses, nor concepts, fully convey their ever-changing nature. Defying classical conventions of organization and behaviour, liquid matter is fundamentally lively. It also simultaneously permeates and is infiltrated by its surroundings. Claude Lévi-Strauss regards the sea as uninspiring, while Roland Barthes views the ocean as a non-signifying field that bears no message. Yet, Michel Serres embraces the details of liquid bodies, specifically the subversive “nautical murmur” of the sea, which he regards as a symptom of its disturbing, pervasive vitality: “It [the sea] is at the boundaries of physics, and physics is bathed in it, it lies under the cuttings of all phenomena, a Proteus taking on any shape, the matter and flesh of manifestations. The noise — intermittence and turbulence — quarrel and racket — this sea noise is the originating rumour and murmuring, the original hate.” <a href="#fn2" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref2"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
<p>Liquid bodies are anything but banal; they are subversive, resisting control, atomization, and, ultimately, mechanization. Their fundamental unpredictability and unruly multi-potentiality evades our tendency to control and subordinate it to human desire even when industrial apparatuses are used. Indeed, we are required to continually negotiate our terms of engagement with such liquid bodies and find ourselves ill equipped to quell their monstrous transformations, or impose order upon their undifferentiated expanses. Although these rebellious characteristics are palpable, to go beyond metaphorical rhetoric requires their material nature to be named. For example, they may be recognised as fields, like badlands, as reported by fishermen, where it is difficult to navigate the water. Another example are interfaces: where oil meets water and lifelike patterns emerge, which are reminiscent of jellyfish or worms. In this way, an actual dialogue may begin that embraces the complexity and character of the liquid realm.</p>
<p>In an age of instability, where matter is at the edge of chaos, liquids persistently respond to uncertain terrains by exhibiting dynamic patterns and structures. Think of a whirlpool or tornado where repetitions of processes within a site confer persistence upon a structure, rather than being obedient to the absolute position or configuration of atoms. The operative agents of this realm are paradoxical objects<a href="#fn3" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref3"><sup>3</sup></a> that are made up of the constant flow of matter and energy. These structures can occur at many different scales and become increasingly complex with time. They do not only act independently but can also collaborate, linking together like hurricanes, to form massively distribute hubs of activity across the surface of the planet. Such hyper-structures not only form weather fronts, but also manifest as soils and forests, which exist in many niches and at multiple scales through the metabolic activity of a web of beings. Collectively, they contribute to the active forces of nature.<a class="ties" style="font-size: 10pt;" href = "../OTHERNESS/">O</a></p>
<p><span class="special">Liquid life</span><br> The notion of <em>liquid life</em> draws attention to alternative pathways that are self-organizing and self-sustaining. Liquids that act through their own agency may open up opportunities to work with the natural realm in new ways, by thinking along, with, and through liquids both as a metaphor and as a technology. In this way ideas can be tested, refined, and developed towards particular dreams, challenges, and futures. Such expanded perspectives also engage with alternative power and identity relationships that move towards inclusive, horizontal interrelations, which are consistent with an ecological era by distributing agency through continuous media, rather than the discrete atoms and packets of information that characterise mechanistic frameworks. This continuity is therefore not bounded like objects, but is expanded through immanent spaces.</p>
<p>An example is in the work of Viktor Schauberger who regarded water as an organism. He invented apparatuses for enlivening slow flowing and polluted water by inducing turbulence <a class="ties" style="font-size: 10pt;" href = "../--/">M</a> that made water livelier. The new energy provided by the vortices in these bodies of water could also be used to perform useful work, like transporting lumber. At the same time, rivers and streams were revitalised by these technologies. Such approaches dilute, decentre, and reduce the environmental impact of a particular kind of human presence in the construction of industrial processes. It also critically proposes notions of society that embrace all humans and even includes species that have become so intrinsic to our biology they are integral to our being. For example, bacterial commensals (bacterial microbiome), symbionts (pets), and even living fossils (mitochondrial bodies, viral and bacterial gene sequences in junk DNA) are fundamental to our existence; their diffusion within our flesh conferring us with unique character. As members of our fluidcommunities,<a class="ties" style="font-size: 10pt;" href = "../ECO-SWARAJ/">E</a> their rights and (potential) responsibilities are emphasised, as are notions of agency and modes of conversation. Such considerations invite alternative ideas about personhood with the potential extension to chimpanzees, dolphins, machines, land, rivers, and even planet Earth.</p>
<p>These recognitions may also extend to building coalitions for (environmental) peace and include plants (ancient trees), insects (bees and other pollinators), soil organisms (mycorrhiza), and other creatures upon which our immediate existence depends. Of course, such notions, which are woven throughout the cycles of life and death, could potentially extend indefinitely to embrace every being on the planet. However, from a lived perspective, community members are bestowed relevance through anthropological ethical concerns and values, which are played out in the construction of social groupings that are at the heart of ecological change. An ecological ethics however is necessary, so that the intimate connections <a class="ties" style="font-size: 10pt;" href = "../ATATA/">A</a> between fluid bodies and their habitats can be sorted, ordered, and valued according to the requirements and character of particular places and their communities. Yet, these groupings may no longer be recognizable according to current conventions of naming and classification in other words, an ecological shifting of our value frameworks will inevitably produce monsters namely, uncategorisable beings .</p>
<p><span class="special">Direct encounter between liquid bodies</span><br> Although existing life forms may already be read as liquid bodies, they are inevitably still framed within the conventions of the Animal Machine, which invokes discourses of efficiency, geometric perfection, hierarchies, and determinism. To circumvent these biases, an apparatus for provoking direct encounters <a class="ties" style="font-size: 10pt;" href = "../UNDECIDABILITY/">U</a> with liquid bodies is needed to produce a unique semiotic portrait of liquid life that corresponds with the dynamics of the living realm. This may be explored through poetics or graphical notations, yet all forms of representation of liquid bodies are problematic as they are incomplete enabling the liquid realm to speak in its own terms is preferable.</p>
<p>An apparatus that I have been working with since 2009, the Bütschli System, arises spontaneously from intersecting liquid fields olive oil and strong (3M) alkali. This uniquely varied, yet predictable chemical recipe, produces lifelike bodies that spontaneously move, show sensitivity to their surroundings and respond to each other.<a href="#fn4" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref4"><sup>4</sup></a> The strange, yet somewhat familiar images, symbols and behaviours that arise from the Bütschli system may be read as recognisable bodies and behaviours that arise from the tensions between interacting material fields at the edge of chaos. Yet they can be engaged and shaped by physical and chemical languages. For example, adjusting external factors that alter surface tension can induce specific movements like clustering; while changing internal factors such as adding salt solutions to the mixture, enables droplets to make sculptural formations. How these outputs are read or interpreted is established through juxtapositions against multiple <a class="ties" style="font-size: 10pt;" href = "../HOPE/">H</a> disciplines such as prose poetry, science, and design notations.</p>
<p>A human-scale example of this kind of experiment was held as a performance called “Temptations of the Nonlinear Ladder”<a href="#fn5" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref5"><sup>5</sup></a>, which was performed at the Palais de Tokyo in April 2016 for the Do Disturb Festival. An environment was constructed using a black mirror with a reflective metal disc suspended above it which generated multiple interfaces between ground, water, and air. Circus artists explored these spaces, improvising connections between them while using their bodies as liquid apparatuses. The audience was invited to gaze into the reflective surfaces that episodically appeared through the performance space and - as if they were telling the future - bestow meaning on the images they observed. In this way, the radical human bodies were transfigured at interfaces where they acquired imminent meaning becoming a language of flux.</p>
<p>Similarly, Bütschli droplets also begin to reveal a world through a liquid perspective, conjuring new words, concepts, and relationships into existence. Such notations may enable us to inhabit spaces more ecologically, understanding how we may engage the infrastructures and fabrics that enable life rather than building mechanical objects for living in. Our apparatuses for inhabitation may acquire increasingly lifelike characteristics that extend the realm of the home and city into the ecosphere, where internal and external spaces are engaged in meaningful and mutual conversation. For example, a house may be able to recycle its water and metabolically transform waste substances into useful products . This is a pursuit of the “Living Architecture”<a href="#fn6" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref6"><sup>6</sup></a> project and is envisioned as a next-generation selectively programmable bioreactor that is capable of extracting valuable resources from sunlight, wastewater, and air and then generates oxygen, proteins, and biomass. “Living Architecture” uses the standard principles of both photo-bioreactor and microbial fuel cell technologies, which are adapted to work together synergistically to clean wastewater, generate oxygen, provide electrical power, and generate useable biomass (fertilizer). The outputs of these systems are then metabolically programmed by the synthetic bioreactor to generate useful organic compounds like sugars, oils and alcohols<a href="#fn7" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref7"><sup>7</sup></a>.</p><br>
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<br> <br>
<a>
<img src='ferracina.png' width="400" height="200"><br>
<div style='text-align: center;'>IMAGE by Simone Ferracina<br><br><em>When life is considered through a liquid lens, it is no longer a deterministic, object-oriented machine but soft, protean, and integrated within a paradoxical, planetary-scale material condition that is unevenly distributed spatially but temporally continuous.</em></div>
</a><br>
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<p><em>“Liquid life arises from out of a soup, smog, a scab, fire where the incandescent heavens rain molten rock and alkali meets oil a choreography of primordial metabolic flames. Amidst the reducing atmosphere of choking toxic gases, its coming-into-being draws momentarily into focus and recedes again. The unfathomable darkness of the Hadean epoch is reincarnated here. It is drenched in thick gas clouds, unweathered dusts, and pungent vapours, which obfuscate the light. The insulating blanket of gaseous poisons protects the land against the cruel stare of ultraviolet rays and ionizing space radiation, which spite the Earths surface. Out of these volatile caustic bodies, a succession of chemical ghosts haunts the heavy atmosphere. Here, imaginary figures, like those that appear in a fevered condition, split faint light around. They wander among the auras of turbulent interfaces and thickening densities of matter, scum and crust. Over the course of half a billion years, sudden ectoplasms spew in successive acts over the darkened theatre of the planet. Charged skies, enlivened by the ionic electricity of fluids and periodically lit with photon cuts, strike blows into the ground to begin the process of chemical evolution. Dancing under ionic winds electric storms scratch at the Earth and charged tendrils of matter stand on their end. Vulgar in its becoming, the blubber slobbers on biomass with carbohydrate teeth, drooling enzymes that digest nothing but its own bite. Energetically incontinent, it acquires a cold metabolism and a watery heart. Expanding and contacting, it starts to pump universal solvent through its liquid eyes, lensing errant light into its dark thoughts. Mindless, yet finely tuned to its context, it wriggles upon times compost, chewing and chewing with its boneless jaws on nothing but the agents of death. In its structural disobedience, the misshapen mass steadily grows more organized and reluctant to succumb to decay. Patterning the air, its fingers extend like claws, obstructing its passage between the poles of oblivion. Caressing itself in gratuitous acts of procreation, the daub offers contempt for the forces of disorder, and crawls steadily towards being.”</em></p>
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<h2>
_REFERENCES
</h2>
<p>Armstrong, Rachel. <em>Vibrant Architecture. Matter as a CoDesigner of Living Structures.</em> De Gruyter Open, 2015.</p>
<p>“Living Architecture LIAR transform our habitats from inert spaces into programmable sites.” Living Architecture. 2016. Accessed September 16, 2017. http://livingarchitecture-h2020.eu/.</p>
<p>Morton, Timothy. <em>Hyperobjects: philosophy and ecology after the end of the world.</em> Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.</p>
<p>Serres, Michael. <em>Genesis.</em> Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1996.</p>
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<h2>
_GLOSSARY
</h2>
<p><span class="special">Animal machine</span> or Bête machine, is a philosophical notion from Descartes which implied the fundamental difference between animals and humans (cf. Lhomme Machine). Now this theory is strongly challenged.</p>
<p><span class="special">Componentization</span> is the process of atomizing (breaking down) resources into separate reusable packages that can be easily recombined. Componentization is the most important feature of (open) knowledge development as well as the one that is, at present, least advanced.</p>
<p><span class="special">Ecopoiesis</span> is the artificial creation of a sustainable ecosystem on a lifeless planet.</p>
<p><span class="special">Ectoplasm</span> is a supernatural viscous substance that supposedly exudes from the body of a medium during a spiritualistic trance and forms the material for the manifestation of spirits.</p>
<p><span class="special">Hyperbody</span> is a living system that exceeds conventional boundaries and definitions of existence. For example, a slime mould in its plasmodial form that looks like a membranous slug is a hyperbody; it is formed by the merging of many individual cells to form a single, coordinated giant cell.</p>
<p><span class="special">Hypercomplexity</span> is an organizational condition that is founded on the principles of complexity from which new levels of order arise from interactions between components, but that exceeds a classical understanding of complex systems through their scale, heterogeneity, distribution and capacity to transform their surroundings.</p>
<p><span class="special">Hyperobjects</span> are entities of such vast temporal and spatial dimensions that they cannot be perceived in their entirety and defeat traditional ideas about the discreteness and certainty associated with individual bodies.</p>
<p><span class="special">Katabatic</span> flows are wind currents.</p>
<p><span class="special">Microbial Fuel Cell</span> is a metabolically powered apparatus that under anaerobic conditions, converts organic matter into electricity, fresh water and oxygen.</p>
<p><span class="special">Photobioreactor</span> is a system that uses the ability of micro-organisms to convert light and carbon dioxide into biomass, like sugars, alcohol and cellulose.</p>
<hr width="100%" size="8" align="center">
<h2> _BIO </h2>
<p><span class="special">Rachel Armstrong (UK)</span> innovates and designs new materials that poses properties of living systems, that can be manipulated to form what she calls living architecture. Her research prompts a re-evaluation of how we think about our homes and cities and raises questions about sustainable development of built environment. Working in the emerging field of synthetic biology, Armstrong is at the forefront of hybrid scientific practices that seek to combine different sets of knowledge. Her pioneering work is focussed on re-opening space to the unknown, the invisible, and the unexplainable - as a way to re-engage with the present and re-enchant reality. Armstrong is Professor of Experimental Architecture at the School of Architecture, Planning, and Landscape at Newcastle University. She is a Rising Waters II Fellow with the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation (April-May 2016), TWOTY futurist 2015, Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society, and a 2010 Senior TED Fellow.<br></li>
<section class="footnotes">
<hr />
<ol>
<li id="fn1"><p>Morton, Timothy. <em>Hyperobjects: philosophy and ecology after the end of the world.</em> Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.<a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-back"></a></p></li>
<li id="fn2"><p>Serres, Michael. <em>Genesis</em>. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1996. 14.<a href="#fnref2" class="footnote-back"></a></p></li>
<li id="fn3"><p>Also termed dissipative structures by Ilya Prigogine<a href="#fnref3" class="footnote-back"></a></p></li>
<li id="fn4"><p>Armstrong, Rachel. <em>Vibrant Architecture. Matter as a CoDesigner of Living Structures</em>. De Gruyter Open, 2015.<a href="#fnref4" class="footnote-back"></a></p></li>
<li id="fn5"><p>A collaboration between Rachel Armstrong, Professor of Experimental Architecture, Newcastle University, Rolf Hughes, Professor of Artistic Research, Stockholm University of the Arts, Olle Sandberg, Director, Cirkör LAB and circus artists Methinee Wongtrakoon (contortionist) and Alexander Dam (acrobat), with technical rigging by Joel Jedström<a href="#fnref5" class="footnote-back"></a></p></li>
<li id="fn6"><p>The Living Architecture project received funding from the European Unions Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement no. 686585. It is made possible by a collaboration of experts from the universities of Newcastle, UK; the West of England (UWE Bristol); Trento, Italy; the Spanish National Research Council in Madrid; LIQUIFER Systems Group, Vienna, Austria; and Explora, Venice, Italy, that began in April 2016 and runs to April 2019.<a href="#fnref6" class="footnote-back"></a></p></li>
<li id="fn7"><p>&quot;Living Architecture LIAR transform our habitats from inert spaces into programmable sites.&quot; Living Architecture. 2016. Accessed September 16, 2017. http://livingarchitecture-h2020.eu/.<a href="#fnref7" class="footnote-back"></a></p></li>
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<span class="bottom">Otherness - <a style="position: fixed; color:blue;" href = "../">Wor(l)ds</a> </span><span class="bottom">          For The Future.<br>See</span> <a href="indexOG.html">the original Contribution</a> or go to <a href="index_nouns.html">Text as a Map</a></span> <span class="intro">
<span class="bottom">Otherness - <a style="position: fixed; color:blue;" href = "../">Wor(l)ds</a> </span><span class="bottom">          For The Future.<br>See</span> <a href="indexOG.html">the Original Contribution</a> or go to <a href="index_nouns.html">Text as a Map</a></span> <span class="intro">
<h1>
Please, notice: <br>Some of the original references to the people and places along the story have been erased to make space for your individual perspective.
</h1>
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Please, notice: <br>Some of the original references to the people and places alo
<p>Those unlike ourselves may eat different food, be unintelligible to us when speaking to those more like themselves, build different-looking homes, or, in the view of some who most fears otherness, simply live wrongly. To some, others are not only suspect, but their differences are morally unacceptable. When I first entered the <input type="place" class="place"/ style="background-color:black;color:white"> as a <input type="mission" class="mission"/ style="background-color:black;color:white">, this was my belief. Everyone needed <input type="what" class="what"/ style="background-color:black;color:white"> and if they didnt believe in him, they were deservedly going to eternal torment. In my encounter with the <input type="people" class="people"/ style="background-color:black;color:white">, though I was uneasy, I realize now, ironically, that I was actually the dangerous one, the one who came with insufficient respect, with an ego-centric and ethno-centric view of my own rightness. How fortunate for me that this gentle people disabused me of so many of my silly beliefs. Though this years-long encounter with the Pirahãs was to improve my life globally, it certainly didnt seem that way at first.</p>
<p>During my first day among the <input type="people" class="people"/ style="background-color:black;color:white"> I was taken by a young man to a fire by his hut. He pointed at a large rodent on the fire with its tongue still hanging out and a small pool of blood at the edge of the fire. The hair was burning off of the fresh kill. The young man uttered a then-unintelligible phrase: Gí obáaʔáí kohoáipi gíisai? Later I learned that this meant, “Do you know how to eat this?” And I also learned that if you dont want any offered food, you can simply say, “No, I dont know how to eat it.” No one loses face. It is an easy, polite structure that allows you to avoid foods you dont want<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../ATATA/">A</a>. Many other cultures, Western cultures for example, dont tend to be this polite. We often simply offer people things to eat and get offended if they refuse. Unlike among the <input type="people" class="people"/ style="background-color:black;color:white">, there is a more portent pressure in some Western cultures for a guest to eat whatever the host offers.</p>
<p>
<p>For almost all of us, we experience the world first through our mother. All that we touch, taste, hear, smell, see, and eventually come to know and understand begins with her and is mediated by her. As we develop of course we notice others close to our mother - our father, siblings, and others. But until our first experiences as individuals begin outside the home, our values, language<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../--/">M</a>, and ways of thinking all result from interactions with our mother and the select small group she is part of. These early apperceptions shape our subsequent lives. They lead not only to an individual sense of identity but also to a conception of what a normal identity is. This is all very comfortable. We learn early on that new behavior and new information entail effort. Why listen to dissonant jazz when the steady 4/4 beat of country or rock is familiar? Why eat haggis instead of pot roast? Comfort food is just food that requires no gaining of acquired tastes. Why learn another language? Why make friends of a different color, a different sexual orientation, or a different nationality? Why should a professor make friends with a cowboy? These efforts go against the biological preference for expending as little energy as possible and maintenance of the status quo. The work of learning about otherness is worthwhile, but this is not always obvious initially.</p>
<p>For almost all of us, we experience the world first through our mother. All that we touch, taste, hear, smell, see, and eventually come to know and understand begins with her and is mediated by her. As we develop of course we notice others close to our mother - our father, siblings, and others. But until our first experiences as individuals begin outside the home, our values, language<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../00/">M</a>, and ways of thinking all result from interactions with our mother and the select small group she is part of. These early apperceptions shape our subsequent lives. They lead not only to an individual sense of identity but also to a conception of what a normal identity is. This is all very comfortable. We learn early on that new behavior and new information entail effort. Why listen to dissonant jazz when the steady 4/4 beat of country or rock is familiar? Why eat haggis instead of pot roast? Comfort food is just food that requires no gaining of acquired tastes. Why learn another language? Why make friends of a different color, a different sexual orientation, or a different nationality? Why should a professor make friends with a cowboy? These efforts go against the biological preference for expending as little energy as possible and maintenance of the status quo. The work of learning about otherness is worthwhile, but this is not always obvious initially.</p>
<img src="Imageresearch/everett.cat.png" alt="Adult Pirahãs drawing of a cat.">
<div class="dida">
<section>
@ -55,10 +55,10 @@ Please, notice: <br>Some of the original references to the people and places alo
</section>
</div>
<p>
Linguists recognized long ago that the first rule of language is that we talk like who we talk with. And other behavioral scientists have realized that we eat like who we eat with, we create like who we think with, and we think like who we think with. Our earliest associations teach us not only how to think, create, talk, and eat, but to evaluate normal or correct thinking, talking, eating, and creating based on our narrow range of experiences. The crucial differences between others and our in-group are values, language, social roles, and knowledge structures<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a>. All else emerges from these, or so I have claimed in my own writings. <a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a> Each builds on the others as we learn them in the context of familiarity, a society of intimates (i.e. our family or our village). This leads to a conceptualization of our own identity. For example, I know in some way that I am Dan. Yet no one, not even ourselves, fully understands what it means to be ourselves. The construction of our identity<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../HOPE/">H</a> through the familiar leads us to think of what is not us, not our family, not our norm. Inevitably, as our experience expands we meet others that do not fit neatly into our expectations. These are the others.
Linguists recognized long ago that the first rule of language is that we talk like who we talk with. And other behavioral scientists have realized that we eat like who we eat with, we create like who we think with, and we think like who we think with. Our earliest associations teach us not only how to think, create, talk, and eat, but to evaluate normal or correct thinking, talking, eating, and creating based on our narrow range of experiences. The crucial differences between others and our in-group are values, language, social roles, and knowledge structures<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/manifesto.html">L</a>. All else emerges from these, or so I have claimed in my own writings. <a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a> Each builds on the others as we learn them in the context of familiarity, a society of intimates (i.e. our family or our village). This leads to a conceptualization of our own identity. For example, I know in some way that I am Dan. Yet no one, not even ourselves, fully understands what it means to be ourselves. The construction of our identity<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../HOPE/">H</a> through the familiar leads us to think of what is not us, not our family, not our norm. Inevitably, as our experience expands we meet others that do not fit neatly into our expectations. These are the others.
</p>
<p>
In 1990, <input type="friend" class="friend"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> accompanied me to several <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> villages in order to conduct a pilot study of language learning among <input type="study" class="study"/style="background-color:black;color:white">. We set up cameras on a hut, in full view, with the permission of its occupants, and started filming. We both were in the film, talking to the adults about their beliefs and childrens behavior. After we were done filming, we noticed something that we had not seen before, because it was happening behind us. A toddler, perhaps a year and half old, was playing with a sharp kitchen knife with a 30cm blade. He was swinging it nonchalantly, almost stabbing himself in his face, legs, and midsection; occasionally swinging it close to his mothers face and back. We initially assumed that the mother didnt see her toddlers dangerous toy. But then, as she was talking to another woman, the camera recorded the baby dropping the knife and starting to cry. Barely glancing backwards at her child, the mother casually leaned over, picked the knife up off the ground and handed it back to the baby, who returned gleefully to his quasi-stabbing of himself. This was a confrontation of values<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/">P</a> for Peter and myself, underscoring the otherness divide between the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> and us. Wasnt the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> mother concerned about her childs welfare? She was indeed. But to the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> a cut or non-life-threatening injury is the price that occasionally must be paid in order to learn the skills necessary to survive in the jungle. Would a Dutch mother give her child a sharp knife as a toy, believing that any piercing of the childs flesh would be compensated for by its contribution to the childs development? Could she even respect this other (m)otherness - the otherness at the root of our lives?
In 1990, <input type="friend" class="friend"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> accompanied me to several <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> villages in order to conduct a pilot study of language learning among <input type="study" class="study"/style="background-color:black;color:white">. We set up cameras on a hut, in full view, with the permission of its occupants, and started filming. We both were in the film, talking to the adults about their beliefs and childrens behavior. After we were done filming, we noticed something that we had not seen before, because it was happening behind us. A toddler, perhaps a year and half old, was playing with a sharp kitchen knife with a 30cm blade. He was swinging it nonchalantly, almost stabbing himself in his face, legs, and midsection; occasionally swinging it close to his mothers face and back. We initially assumed that the mother didnt see her toddlers dangerous toy. But then, as she was talking to another woman, the camera recorded the baby dropping the knife and starting to cry. Barely glancing backwards at her child, the mother casually leaned over, picked the knife up off the ground and handed it back to the baby, who returned gleefully to his quasi-stabbing of himself. This was a confrontation of values<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/printing/index.html">P</a> for Peter and myself, underscoring the otherness divide between the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> and us. Wasnt the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> mother concerned about her childs welfare? She was indeed. But to the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> a cut or non-life-threatening injury is the price that occasionally must be paid in order to learn the skills necessary to survive in the jungle. Would a Dutch mother give her child a sharp knife as a toy, believing that any piercing of the childs flesh would be compensated for by its contribution to the childs development? Could she even respect this other (m)otherness - the otherness at the root of our lives?
</p>
<img src="Imageresearch/piraha.annotations.png" alt="Daniel Everett's first annotations on Pirahãs spoken language, July 1995">
<div class="dida">
@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ When I first encountered the <input type="people" class="people"/style="backgrou
</section>
</div>
<p>
In other words, the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> man believed that language emerges from culture as well as the entirety of our behavior as members of a society. This is a belief I have come to as well. They felt we could not learn their language at native level unless we became also part of their culture; and native level is what matters to them, there are no prizes for merely speaking their language intelligibly. This was against everything I had been taught about language in university courses, and it underscored the gap between them and me. Languages and cultures interact symbiotically<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../--/">M</a>, each affecting the other. Our sense of self and of society emerges from our enveloping culture and from the language and accents we hear most during our childhood development<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a>. The speed of our conversations and the structures of our interactions with others are formed in local communities of people like ourselves. The most comfortable conversations are with people who sound like you, put their phrases together as you do, and who reach similar conclusions.
In other words, the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> man believed that language emerges from culture as well as the entirety of our behavior as members of a society. This is a belief I have come to as well. They felt we could not learn their language at native level unless we became also part of their culture; and native level is what matters to them, there are no prizes for merely speaking their language intelligibly. This was against everything I had been taught about language in university courses, and it underscored the gap between them and me. Languages and cultures interact symbiotically<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../00/">M</a>, each affecting the other. Our sense of self and of society emerges from our enveloping culture and from the language and accents we hear most during our childhood development<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/manifesto.html">L</a>. The speed of our conversations and the structures of our interactions with others are formed in local communities of people like ourselves. The most comfortable conversations are with people who sound like you, put their phrases together as you do, and who reach similar conclusions.
</p>
<div class="dida">
<img src="Imageresearch/goodnight.moon.png" alt="">
@ -103,10 +103,10 @@ That our sense of oneness<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; fo
</section>
</div>
<p>
Otherness, as I see it, is the spark of original thought and greater appreciation of nature<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a>, while the sense of oneness is the paradoxical goal of encounters with otherness. We need a sense of oneness of ourselves with nature to clearly see otherness, and we need otherness to build a more encompassing and panoramic sense of self and oneness with the world. Thoreau ignored society to know himself. Most of us ignore ourselves to be part of society. Thoreau eloquently expressed the loss that, being carried away by the demands of others and society, brings us to our sense of self. We think of conformity rather than our own unique identity and so blur who we are as individuals. Thoreau captured this well when he exclaimed that, “the one is more important than the million.” That is, it is only as we each individually appreciate our oneness with the world, nature, and the other as part of this oneness that we can achieve the best individual life, and thus society.<br>
Otherness, as I see it, is the spark of original thought and greater appreciation of nature<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/manifesto.html">L</a>, while the sense of oneness is the paradoxical goal of encounters with otherness. We need a sense of oneness of ourselves with nature to clearly see otherness, and we need otherness to build a more encompassing and panoramic sense of self and oneness with the world. Thoreau ignored society to know himself. Most of us ignore ourselves to be part of society. Thoreau eloquently expressed the loss that, being carried away by the demands of others and society, brings us to our sense of self. We think of conformity rather than our own unique identity and so blur who we are as individuals. Thoreau captured this well when he exclaimed that, “the one is more important than the million.” That is, it is only as we each individually appreciate our oneness with the world, nature, and the other as part of this oneness that we can achieve the best individual life, and thus society.<br>
</p>
<p>
Thoreaus hut Walden stands still as light in the heart of the forest, a small cabin where one can sit and think and read and wonder about the reasons for living. Jungle nights were this light in my life, as I sat around campfires, talking in a language that was so hard for me to learn<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/">P</a>. Albert Camus said that the biggest mystery of philosophy is why not everyone commits suicide when honestly contemplating the futility of life. As a possible answer to his own question, Camus in his essay The Myth of Sisyphus, held up poor Sisyphus <a href="#fn2" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref2"><sup>2</sup></a> as an example of a good life. Sisyphus, after all, had an objective, one that entailed a measurable daily activity that always ended in the accomplishment of getting that rock up the hill. But Thoreau perspective rejects Camuss analysis. He saw no reason to count familiarity or predictability of social life, foods, or accomplishments as among the goals of life. They teach us little and change our behavior insignificantly. His example was that we learn most when we insert ourselves as aliens in new conceptual, cultural, and social environments (in his case, the absence of society). I am convinced that our lives become richer when they are less predictable. This is not to say that our lives are always predictable in the absence of the other. Otherness renders our expectations less fixed and requires more thinking, planning, and learning.
Thoreaus hut Walden stands still as light in the heart of the forest, a small cabin where one can sit and think and read and wonder about the reasons for living. Jungle nights were this light in my life, as I sat around campfires, talking in a language that was so hard for me to learn<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/printing/index.html">P</a>. Albert Camus said that the biggest mystery of philosophy is why not everyone commits suicide when honestly contemplating the futility of life. As a possible answer to his own question, Camus in his essay The Myth of Sisyphus, held up poor Sisyphus <a href="#fn2" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref2"><sup>2</sup></a> as an example of a good life. Sisyphus, after all, had an objective, one that entailed a measurable daily activity that always ended in the accomplishment of getting that rock up the hill. But Thoreau perspective rejects Camuss analysis. He saw no reason to count familiarity or predictability of social life, foods, or accomplishments as among the goals of life. They teach us little and change our behavior insignificantly. His example was that we learn most when we insert ourselves as aliens in new conceptual, cultural, and social environments (in his case, the absence of society). I am convinced that our lives become richer when they are less predictable. This is not to say that our lives are always predictable in the absence of the other. Otherness renders our expectations less fixed and requires more thinking, planning, and learning.
</p>
<div class="dida">
<img src="Imageresearch/piraha.recordings.png" alt="Recording of a conversation between Pirahãs. The Pirahã people can communicate through humming, singing and whistling information.">
@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ Thoreaus hut Walden stands still as light in the heart of the forest, a small
</section>
</div>
<p>
The <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> would disagree. They believe that it is homogeneity that gives us comfort and keeps us strong physically and psychologically. Otherness vs. predictability, which is more desirable? In essence, we need both even if wed construct a greater sense of oneness that embraces the unexpected. The two greatest forces of preserving and constructing cultures are imitation and innovation<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a>.
The <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> would disagree. They believe that it is homogeneity that gives us comfort and keeps us strong physically and psychologically. Otherness vs. predictability, which is more desirable? In essence, we need both even if wed construct a greater sense of oneness that embraces the unexpected. The two greatest forces of preserving and constructing cultures are imitation and innovation<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/manifesto.html">L</a>.
</p>
<p>
When our environments, culturally and physically, are constant, innovation is rarely useful. Like biological mutations, cognitive and cultural innovations are usually unsuccessful. The effort to invent will usually isolate us as strange and less successful than those who merely imitate. Failed innovation in a society that most values imitation emphasizes our own otherness and provides us with little advantage. As environments change such as the ecology of the Pleistocene that so shaped our Homo ancestors, climate change today, the shifting political boundaries, or the intrusion of others into our environment innovation becomes a more important force, providing new solutions to new problems that imitation alone is unable to provide. The <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> live in an environment that has changed little over the centuries. They value conformity and imitation over innovation. Consequently their language has changed little over time. Records of their culture and language from the 18th century show a people identical to the people we encounter<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../UNDECIDABILITY/">U</a> today, three centuries later.

@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ When I first entered the <input type="place" class="place"/ style="background-co
During my first day among the <input type="people" class="people"/ style="background-color:black;color:white"> I was taken by a young man to a fire by his hut. He pointed at a large rodent on the fire with its tongue still hanging out and a small pool of blood at the edge of the fire. The hair was burning off of the fresh kill. The young man uttered a then-unintelligible phrase: Gí obáaʔáí kohoáipi gíisai? Later I learned that this meant, "Do you know how to eat this?" And I also learned that if you don't want any offered food, you can simply say, "No, I don't know how to eat it." No one loses face. It is an easy, polite structure that allows you to avoid foods you don't want<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../ATATA/">A</a>. Many other cultures, Western cultures for example, don't tend to be this polite. We often simply offer people things to eat and get offended if they refuse. Unlike among the <input type="people" class="people"/ style="background-color:black;color:white">, there is a more portent pressure in some Western cultures for a guest to eat whatever the host offers.
<p>For almost all of us, we experience the world first through our mother. All that we touch, taste, hear, smell, see, and eventually come to know and understand begins with her and is mediated by her. As we develop of course we notice others close to our mother - our father, siblings, and others. But until our first experiences as individuals begin outside the home, our values, language<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../--/">M</a>, and ways of thinking all result from interactions with our mother and the select small group she is part of. These early apperceptions shape our subsequent lives. They lead not only to an individual sense of identity but also to a conception of what a normal identity is. This is all very comfortable. We learn early on that new behavior and new information entail effort. Why listen to dissonant jazz when the steady 4/4 beat of country or rock is familiar? Why eat haggis instead of pot roast? Comfort food is just food that requires no gaining of acquired tastes. Why learn another language? Why make friends of a different color, a different sexual orientation, or a different nationality? Why should a professor make friends with a cowboy? These efforts go against the biological preference for expending as little energy as possible and maintenance of the status quo. The work of learning about otherness is worthwhile, but this is not always obvious initially.
<p>For almost all of us, we experience the world first through our mother. All that we touch, taste, hear, smell, see, and eventually come to know and understand begins with her and is mediated by her. As we develop of course we notice others close to our mother - our father, siblings, and others. But until our first experiences as individuals begin outside the home, our values, language<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../00/">M</a>, and ways of thinking all result from interactions with our mother and the select small group she is part of. These early apperceptions shape our subsequent lives. They lead not only to an individual sense of identity but also to a conception of what a normal identity is. This is all very comfortable. We learn early on that new behavior and new information entail effort. Why listen to dissonant jazz when the steady 4/4 beat of country or rock is familiar? Why eat haggis instead of pot roast? Comfort food is just food that requires no gaining of acquired tastes. Why learn another language? Why make friends of a different color, a different sexual orientation, or a different nationality? Why should a professor make friends with a cowboy? These efforts go against the biological preference for expending as little energy as possible and maintenance of the status quo. The work of learning about otherness is worthwhile, but this is not always obvious initially.
<img src="Imageresearch/everett.cat.png" alt="Adult Pirahãs drawing of a cat.">
<div class="dida">
@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ During my first day among the <input type="people" class="people"/ style="backgr
</section>
</div>
<p>
Linguists recognized long ago that the first rule of language is that we talk like who we talk with. And other behavioral scientists have realized that we eat like who we eat with, we create like who we think with, and we think like who we think with. Our earliest associations teach us not only how to think, create, talk, and eat, but to evaluate normal or correct thinking, talking, eating, and creating based on our narrow range of experiences. The crucial differences between others and our in-group are values, language, social roles, and knowledge structures<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a>. All else emerges from these, or so I have claimed in my own writings. [^1] Each builds on the others as we learn them in the context of familiarity, a society of intimates (i.e. our family or our village). This leads to a conceptualization of our own identity. For example, I know in some way that I am Dan. Yet no one, not even ourselves, fully understands what it means to be ourselves. The construction of our identity<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../HOPE/">H</a> through the familiar leads us to think of what is not us, not our family, not our norm. Inevitably, as our experience expands we meet others that do not fit neatly into our expectations. These are the others.</p>
Linguists recognized long ago that the first rule of language is that we talk like who we talk with. And other behavioral scientists have realized that we eat like who we eat with, we create like who we think with, and we think like who we think with. Our earliest associations teach us not only how to think, create, talk, and eat, but to evaluate normal or correct thinking, talking, eating, and creating based on our narrow range of experiences. The crucial differences between others and our in-group are values, language, social roles, and knowledge structures<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/manifesto.html">L</a>. All else emerges from these, or so I have claimed in my own writings. [^1] Each builds on the others as we learn them in the context of familiarity, a society of intimates (i.e. our family or our village). This leads to a conceptualization of our own identity. For example, I know in some way that I am Dan. Yet no one, not even ourselves, fully understands what it means to be ourselves. The construction of our identity<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../HOPE/">H</a> through the familiar leads us to think of what is not us, not our family, not our norm. Inevitably, as our experience expands we meet others that do not fit neatly into our expectations. These are the others.</p>
<p>In 1990, <input type="friend" class="friend"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> accompanied me to several <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> villages in order to conduct a pilot study of language learning among <input type="study" class="study"/style="background-color:black;color:white">. We set up cameras on a hut, in full view, with the permission of its occupants, and started filming. We both were in the film, talking to the adults about their beliefs and children's behavior. After we were done filming, we noticed something that we had not seen before, because it was happening behind us. A toddler, perhaps a year and half old, was playing with a sharp kitchen knife with a 30cm blade. He was swinging it nonchalantly, almost stabbing himself in his face, legs, and midsection; occasionally swinging it close to his mother's face and back. We initially assumed that the mother didn't see her toddler's dangerous toy. But then, as she was talking to another woman, the camera recorded the baby dropping the knife and starting to cry. Barely glancing backwards at her child, the mother casually leaned over, picked the knife up off the ground and handed it back to the baby, who returned gleefully to his quasi-stabbing of himself. This was a confrontation of values<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/">P</a> for Peter and myself, underscoring the otherness divide between the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> and us. Wasn't the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> mother concerned about her child's welfare? She was indeed. But to the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> a cut or non-life-threatening injury is the price that occasionally must be paid in order to learn the skills necessary to survive in the jungle. Would a Dutch mother give her child a sharp knife as a toy, believing that any piercing of the child's flesh would be compensated for by its contribution to the child's development? Could she even respect this other (m)otherness - the otherness at the root of our lives?</p>
<p>In 1990, <input type="friend" class="friend"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> accompanied me to several <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> villages in order to conduct a pilot study of language learning among <input type="study" class="study"/style="background-color:black;color:white">. We set up cameras on a hut, in full view, with the permission of its occupants, and started filming. We both were in the film, talking to the adults about their beliefs and children's behavior. After we were done filming, we noticed something that we had not seen before, because it was happening behind us. A toddler, perhaps a year and half old, was playing with a sharp kitchen knife with a 30cm blade. He was swinging it nonchalantly, almost stabbing himself in his face, legs, and midsection; occasionally swinging it close to his mother's face and back. We initially assumed that the mother didn't see her toddler's dangerous toy. But then, as she was talking to another woman, the camera recorded the baby dropping the knife and starting to cry. Barely glancing backwards at her child, the mother casually leaned over, picked the knife up off the ground and handed it back to the baby, who returned gleefully to his quasi-stabbing of himself. This was a confrontation of values<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/printing/index.html">P</a> for Peter and myself, underscoring the otherness divide between the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> and us. Wasn't the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> mother concerned about her child's welfare? She was indeed. But to the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> a cut or non-life-threatening injury is the price that occasionally must be paid in order to learn the skills necessary to survive in the jungle. Would a Dutch mother give her child a sharp knife as a toy, believing that any piercing of the child's flesh would be compensated for by its contribution to the child's development? Could she even respect this other (m)otherness - the otherness at the root of our lives?</p>
<img src="Imageresearch/piraha.annotations.png" alt="Daniel Everett's first annotations on Pirahãs spoken language, July 1995">
<div class="dida">
<section>
@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ All Pirahã people know the name of every single species of flora and fauna in t
</section>
</div>
<p>In other words, the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> man believed that language emerges from culture as well as the entirety of our behavior as members of a society. This is a belief I have come to as well. They felt we could not learn their language at native level unless we became also part of their culture; and native level is what matters to them, there are no prizes for merely speaking their language intelligibly. This was against everything I had been taught about language in university courses, and it underscored the gap between them and me. Languages and cultures interact symbiotically<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../--/">M</a>, each affecting the other. Our sense of self and of society emerges from our enveloping culture and from the language and accents we hear most during our childhood development<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a>. The speed of our conversations and the structures of our interactions with others are formed in local communities of people like ourselves. The most comfortable conversations are with people who sound like you, put their phrases together as you do, and who reach similar conclusions.</p>
<p>In other words, the <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> man believed that language emerges from culture as well as the entirety of our behavior as members of a society. This is a belief I have come to as well. They felt we could not learn their language at native level unless we became also part of their culture; and native level is what matters to them, there are no prizes for merely speaking their language intelligibly. This was against everything I had been taught about language in university courses, and it underscored the gap between them and me. Languages and cultures interact symbiotically<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../00/">M</a>, each affecting the other. Our sense of self and of society emerges from our enveloping culture and from the language and accents we hear most during our childhood development<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/manifesto.html">L</a>. The speed of our conversations and the structures of our interactions with others are formed in local communities of people like ourselves. The most comfortable conversations are with people who sound like you, put their phrases together as you do, and who reach similar conclusions.</p>
<div class="dida">
<img src="Imageresearch/goodnight.moon.png" alt="">
@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ Otherness is related to anything considered as stranger, referring both living c
</section>
</div>
<p>Otherness, as I see it, is the spark of original thought and greater appreciation of nature<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a>, while the sense of oneness is the paradoxical goal of encounters with otherness. We need a sense of oneness of ourselves with nature to clearly see otherness, and we need otherness to build a more encompassing and panoramic sense of self and oneness with the world. Thoreau ignored society to know himself. Most of us ignore ourselves to be part of society. Thoreau eloquently expressed the loss that, being carried away by the demands of others and society, brings us to our sense of self. We think of conformity rather than our own unique identity and so blur who we are as individuals. Thoreau captured this well when he exclaimed that, "the one is more important than the million." That is, it is only as we each individually appreciate our oneness with the world, nature, and the other as part of this oneness that we can achieve the best individual life, and thus society.<br>
<p>Otherness, as I see it, is the spark of original thought and greater appreciation of nature<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/manifesto.html">L</a>, while the sense of oneness is the paradoxical goal of encounters with otherness. We need a sense of oneness of ourselves with nature to clearly see otherness, and we need otherness to build a more encompassing and panoramic sense of self and oneness with the world. Thoreau ignored society to know himself. Most of us ignore ourselves to be part of society. Thoreau eloquently expressed the loss that, being carried away by the demands of others and society, brings us to our sense of self. We think of conformity rather than our own unique identity and so blur who we are as individuals. Thoreau captured this well when he exclaimed that, "the one is more important than the million." That is, it is only as we each individually appreciate our oneness with the world, nature, and the other as part of this oneness that we can achieve the best individual life, and thus society.<br>
</p>
<p>Thoreaus hut Walden stands still as light in the heart of the forest, a small cabin where one can sit and think and read and wonder about the reasons for living. Jungle nights were this light in my life, as I sat around campfires, talking in a language that was so hard for me to learn<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/">P</a>. Albert Camus said that the biggest mystery of philosophy is why not everyone commits suicide when honestly contemplating the futility of life. As a possible answer to his own question, Camus in his essay The Myth of Sisyphus, held up poor Sisyphus [^2] as an example of a good life. Sisyphus, after all, had an objective, one that entailed a measurable daily activity that always ended in the accomplishment of getting that rock up the hill. But Thoreau perspective rejects Camus's analysis. He saw no reason to count familiarity or predictability of social life, foods, or accomplishments as among the goals of life. They teach us little and change our behavior insignificantly. His example was that we learn most when we insert ourselves as aliens in new conceptual, cultural, and social environments (in his case, the absence of society). I am convinced that our lives become richer when they are less predictable. This is not to say that our lives are always predictable in the absence of the other. Otherness renders our expectations less fixed and requires more thinking, planning, and learning. </p>
<p>Thoreaus hut Walden stands still as light in the heart of the forest, a small cabin where one can sit and think and read and wonder about the reasons for living. Jungle nights were this light in my life, as I sat around campfires, talking in a language that was so hard for me to learn<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/printing/index.html">P</a>. Albert Camus said that the biggest mystery of philosophy is why not everyone commits suicide when honestly contemplating the futility of life. As a possible answer to his own question, Camus in his essay The Myth of Sisyphus, held up poor Sisyphus [^2] as an example of a good life. Sisyphus, after all, had an objective, one that entailed a measurable daily activity that always ended in the accomplishment of getting that rock up the hill. But Thoreau perspective rejects Camus's analysis. He saw no reason to count familiarity or predictability of social life, foods, or accomplishments as among the goals of life. They teach us little and change our behavior insignificantly. His example was that we learn most when we insert ourselves as aliens in new conceptual, cultural, and social environments (in his case, the absence of society). I am convinced that our lives become richer when they are less predictable. This is not to say that our lives are always predictable in the absence of the other. Otherness renders our expectations less fixed and requires more thinking, planning, and learning. </p>
<div class="dida">
<img src="Imageresearch/piraha.recordings.png" alt="Recording of a conversation between Pirahãs. The Pirahã people can communicate through humming, singing and whistling information.">
@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ Recording of a conversation between Pirahãs. The Pirahã can communicate throug
</section>
</div>
<p>The <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> would disagree. They believe that it is homogeneity that gives us comfort and keeps us strong physically and psychologically. Otherness vs. predictability, which is more desirable? In essence, we need both even if wed construct a greater sense of oneness that embraces the unexpected. The two greatest forces of preserving and constructing cultures are imitation and innovation<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a>.</p>
<p>The <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> would disagree. They believe that it is homogeneity that gives us comfort and keeps us strong physically and psychologically. Otherness vs. predictability, which is more desirable? In essence, we need both even if wed construct a greater sense of oneness that embraces the unexpected. The two greatest forces of preserving and constructing cultures are imitation and innovation<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/manifesto.html">L</a>.</p>
<p>
When our environments, culturally and physically, are constant, innovation is rarely useful. Like biological mutations, cognitive and cultural innovations are usually unsuccessful. The effort to invent will usually isolate us as strange and less successful than those who merely imitate. Failed innovation in a society that most values imitation emphasizes our own otherness and provides us with little advantage. As environments change such as the ecology of the Pleistocene that so shaped our Homo ancestors, climate change today, the shifting political boundaries, or the intrusion of others into our environment innovation becomes a more important force, providing new solutions to new problems that imitation alone is unable to provide. The <input type="people" class="people"/style="background-color:black;color:white"> live in an environment that has changed little over the centuries. They value conformity and imitation over innovation. Consequently their language has changed little over time. Records of their culture and language from the 18th century show a people identical to the people we encounter<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../UNDECIDABILITY/">U</a> today, three centuries later. </p>

@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Experience is the necessary transition to achieve the understanding of the alter
During my first day among the Pirahãs I was taken by a young man to a fire by his hut. He pointed at a large rodent on the fire with its tongue still hanging out and a small pool of blood at the edge of the fire. The hair was burning off of the fresh kill. The young man uttered a then-unintelligible phrase: Gí obáaʔáí kohoáipi gíisai? Later I learned that this meant, “Do you know how to eat this?” And I also learned that if you dont want any offered food, you can simply say, “No, I dont know how to eat it.” No one loses face. It is an easy, polite structure that allows you to avoid foods you dont want<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../ATATA/">A</a>. Many other cultures, Western cultures for example, dont tend to be this polite. We often simply offer people things to eat and get offended if they refuse. Unlike among the Pirahãs, there is a more portent pressure in some Western cultures for a guest to eat whatever the host offers.
</p>
<p>
<p>For almost all of us, we experience the world first through our mother. All that we touch, taste, hear, smell, see, and eventually come to know and understand begins with her and is mediated by her. As we develop of course we notice others close to our mother - our father, siblings, and others. But until our first experiences as individuals begin outside the home, our values, language<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../--/">M</a>, and ways of thinking all result from interactions with our mother and the select small group she is part of. These early apperceptions shape our subsequent lives. They lead not only to an individual sense of identity but also to a conception of what a normal identity is. This is all very comfortable. We learn early on that new behavior and new information entail effort. Why listen to dissonant jazz when the steady 4/4 beat of country or rock is familiar? Why eat haggis instead of pot roast? Comfort food is just food that requires no gaining of acquired tastes. Why learn another language? Why make friends of a different color, a different sexual orientation, or a different nationality? Why should a professor make friends with a cowboy? These efforts go against the biological preference for expending as little energy as possible and maintenance of the status quo. The work of learning about otherness is worthwhile, but this is not always obvious initially.</p>
<p>For almost all of us, we experience the world first through our mother. All that we touch, taste, hear, smell, see, and eventually come to know and understand begins with her and is mediated by her. As we develop of course we notice others close to our mother - our father, siblings, and others. But until our first experiences as individuals begin outside the home, our values, language<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../00/">M</a>, and ways of thinking all result from interactions with our mother and the select small group she is part of. These early apperceptions shape our subsequent lives. They lead not only to an individual sense of identity but also to a conception of what a normal identity is. This is all very comfortable. We learn early on that new behavior and new information entail effort. Why listen to dissonant jazz when the steady 4/4 beat of country or rock is familiar? Why eat haggis instead of pot roast? Comfort food is just food that requires no gaining of acquired tastes. Why learn another language? Why make friends of a different color, a different sexual orientation, or a different nationality? Why should a professor make friends with a cowboy? These efforts go against the biological preference for expending as little energy as possible and maintenance of the status quo. The work of learning about otherness is worthwhile, but this is not always obvious initially.</p>
<img src="Imageresearch/everett.cat.png" alt="Adult Pirahãs drawing of a cat.">
<div class="dida">
<section>
@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ The Pirahã language challenges simplistic application of Hocketts nearly uni
</details>
</section>
</div>
<p>Linguists recognized long ago that the first rule of language is that we talk like who we talk with. And other behavioral scientists have realized that we eat like who we eat with, we create like who we think with, and we think like who we think with. Our earliest associations teach us not only how to think, create, talk, and eat, but to evaluate normal or correct thinking, talking, eating, and creating based on our narrow range of experiences. The crucial differences between others and our in-group are values, language, social roles, and knowledge structures<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a>. All else emerges from these, or so I have claimed in my own writings. <a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a> Each builds on the others as we learn them in the context of familiarity, a society of intimates (i.e. our family or our village). This leads to a conceptualization of our own identity<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../HOPE/">H</a>. For example, I know in some way that I am Dan. Yet no one, not even ourselves, fully understands what it means to be ourselves. The construction of our identity through the familiar leads us to think of what is not us, not our family, not our norm. Inevitably, as our experience expands we meet others that do not fit neatly into our expectations. These are the others.</p>
<p>Linguists recognized long ago that the first rule of language is that we talk like who we talk with. And other behavioral scientists have realized that we eat like who we eat with, we create like who we think with, and we think like who we think with. Our earliest associations teach us not only how to think, create, talk, and eat, but to evaluate normal or correct thinking, talking, eating, and creating based on our narrow range of experiences. The crucial differences between others and our in-group are values, language, social roles, and knowledge structures&lt;a class=“link” style=“font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: wfdtf;” href = “../LIQUID/”manifesto.html&gt;L</a>. All else emerges from these, or so I have claimed in my own writings. <a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a> Each builds on the others as we learn them in the context of familiarity, a society of intimates (i.e. our family or our village). This leads to a conceptualization of our own identity<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../HOPE/">H</a>. For example, I know in some way that I am Dan. Yet no one, not even ourselves, fully understands what it means to be ourselves. The construction of our identity through the familiar leads us to think of what is not us, not our family, not our norm. Inevitably, as our experience expands we meet others that do not fit neatly into our expectations. These are the others.</p>
<p>
In 1990, Columbia University psychologist Peter Gordon accompanied me to several Pirahã villages in order to conduct a pilot study of language learning among Pirahã children. We set up cameras on a hut, in full view, with the permission of its occupants, and started filming. We both were in the film, talking to the adults about their beliefs and childrens behavior. After we were done filming, we noticed something that we had not seen before, because it was happening behind us. A toddler, perhaps a year and half old, was playing with a sharp kitchen knife with a 30cm blade. He was swinging it nonchalantly, almost stabbing himself in his face, legs, and midsection; occasionally swinging it close to his mothers face and back. We initially assumed that the mother didnt see her toddlers dangerous toy. But then, as she was talking to another woman, the camera recorded the baby dropping the knife and starting to cry. Barely glancing backwards at her child, the mother casually leaned over, picked the knife up off the ground and handed it back to the baby, who returned gleefully to his quasi-stabbing of himself. This was a confrontation of values<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/">P</a> for Peter and myself, underscoring the otherness divide between the Pirahãs and us. Wasnt the Pirahã mother concerned about her childs welfare? She was indeed. But to the Pirahãs a cut or non-life-threatening injury is the price that occasionally must be paid in order to learn the skills necessary to survive in the jungle. Would a Dutch mother give her child a sharp knife as a toy, believing that any piercing of the childs flesh would be compensated for by its contribution to the childs development? Could she even respect this other (m)otherness - the otherness at the root of our lives?
In 1990, Columbia University psychologist Peter Gordon accompanied me to several Pirahã villages in order to conduct a pilot study of language learning among Pirahã children. We set up cameras on a hut, in full view, with the permission of its occupants, and started filming. We both were in the film, talking to the adults about their beliefs and childrens behavior. After we were done filming, we noticed something that we had not seen before, because it was happening behind us. A toddler, perhaps a year and half old, was playing with a sharp kitchen knife with a 30cm blade. He was swinging it nonchalantly, almost stabbing himself in his face, legs, and midsection; occasionally swinging it close to his mothers face and back. We initially assumed that the mother didnt see her toddlers dangerous toy. But then, as she was talking to another woman, the camera recorded the baby dropping the knife and starting to cry. Barely glancing backwards at her child, the mother casually leaned over, picked the knife up off the ground and handed it back to the baby, who returned gleefully to his quasi-stabbing of himself. This was a confrontation of values<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/printing/index.html">P</a> for Peter and myself, underscoring the otherness divide between the Pirahãs and us. Wasnt the Pirahã mother concerned about her childs welfare? She was indeed. But to the Pirahãs a cut or non-life-threatening injury is the price that occasionally must be paid in order to learn the skills necessary to survive in the jungle. Would a Dutch mother give her child a sharp knife as a toy, believing that any piercing of the childs flesh would be compensated for by its contribution to the childs development? Could she even respect this other (m)otherness - the otherness at the root of our lives?
</p>
<img src="Imageresearch/piraha.annotations.png" alt="Daniel Everett's first annotations on Pirahãs spoken language, July 1995">
<div class="dida">
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ When I first encountered the Pirahãs, I learned the language by pointing and gi
</section>
</div>
<p>
In other words, the Pirahã man believed that language emerges from culture as well as the entirety of our behavior as members of a society. This is a belief I have come to as well. They felt we could not learn their language at native level unless we became also part of their culture; and native level is what matters to them, there are no prizes for merely speaking their language intelligibly. This was against everything I had been taught about language in university courses, and it underscored the gap between them and me. Languages and cultures interact symbiotically<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../--/">M</a>, each affecting the other. Our sense of self and of society emerges from our enveloping culture and from the language and accents we hear most during our childhood development<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a>. The speed of our conversations and the structures of our interactions with others are formed in local communities of people like ourselves. The most comfortable conversations are with people who sound like you, put their phrases together as you do, and who reach similar conclusions.
In other words, the Pirahã man believed that language emerges from culture as well as the entirety of our behavior as members of a society. This is a belief I have come to as well. They felt we could not learn their language at native level unless we became also part of their culture; and native level is what matters to them, there are no prizes for merely speaking their language intelligibly. This was against everything I had been taught about language in university courses, and it underscored the gap between them and me. Languages and cultures interact symbiotically<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../00/">M</a>, each affecting the other. Our sense of self and of society emerges from our enveloping culture and from the language and accents we hear most during our childhood development<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/manifesto.html">L</a>. The speed of our conversations and the structures of our interactions with others are formed in local communities of people like ourselves. The most comfortable conversations are with people who sound like you, put their phrases together as you do, and who reach similar conclusions.
</p>
<div class="dida">
<img src="Imageresearch/goodnight.moon.png" alt="">
@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ That our sense of oneness<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; fo
</section>
</div>
<p>
Otherness, as I see it, is the spark of original thought and greater appreciation of nature<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a>, while the sense of oneness is the paradoxical goal of encounters with otherness. We need a sense of oneness of ourselves with nature to clearly see otherness, and we need otherness to build a more encompassing and panoramic sense of self and oneness with the world. Thoreau ignored society to know himself. Most of us ignore ourselves to be part of society. Thoreau eloquently expressed the loss that, being carried away by the demands of others and society, brings us to our sense of self. We think of conformity rather than our own unique identity and so blur who we are as individuals. Thoreau captured this well when he exclaimed that, “the one is more important than the million.” That is, it is only as we each individually appreciate our oneness with the world, nature, and the other as part of this oneness that we can achieve the best individual life, and thus society.
Otherness, as I see it, is the spark of original thought and greater appreciation of nature<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/manifesto.html">L</a>, while the sense of oneness is the paradoxical goal of encounters with otherness. We need a sense of oneness of ourselves with nature to clearly see otherness, and we need otherness to build a more encompassing and panoramic sense of self and oneness with the world. Thoreau ignored society to know himself. Most of us ignore ourselves to be part of society. Thoreau eloquently expressed the loss that, being carried away by the demands of others and society, brings us to our sense of self. We think of conformity rather than our own unique identity and so blur who we are as individuals. Thoreau captured this well when he exclaimed that, “the one is more important than the million.” That is, it is only as we each individually appreciate our oneness with the world, nature, and the other as part of this oneness that we can achieve the best individual life, and thus society.
</p>
<div class="dida">
<img src="Imageresearch/piraha.recordings.png" alt="Recording of a conversation between Pirahãs and Daniel Everett.">
@ -114,10 +114,10 @@ Otherness, as I see it, is the spark of original thought and greater appreciatio
</section>
</div>
<p>
Thoreaus hut Walden stands still as light in the heart of the forest, a small cabin where one can sit and think and read and wonder about the reasons for living. Jungle nights were this light in my life, as I sat around campfires, talking in a language that was so hard for me to learn<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/">P</a>. Albert Camus said that the biggest mystery of philosophy is why not everyone commits suicide when honestly contemplating the futility of life. As a possible answer to his own question, Camus in his essay The Myth of Sisyphus, held up poor Sisyphus <a href="#fn2" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref2"><sup>2</sup></a> as an example of a good life. Sisyphus, after all, had an objective, one that entailed a measurable daily activity that always ended in the accomplishment of getting that rock up the hill. But Thoreau perspective rejects Camuss analysis. He saw no reason to count familiarity or predictability of social life, foods, or accomplishments as among the goals of life. They teach us little and change our behavior insignificantly. His example was that we learn most when we insert ourselves as aliens in new conceptual, cultural, and social environments (in his case, the absence of society). I am convinced that our lives become richer when they are less predictable. This is not to say that our lives are always predictable in the absence of the other. Otherness renders our expectations less fixed and requires more thinking, planning, and learning.
Thoreaus hut Walden stands still as light in the heart of the forest, a small cabin where one can sit and think and read and wonder about the reasons for living. Jungle nights were this light in my life, as I sat around campfires, talking in a language that was so hard for me to learn<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/printing/index.html">P</a>. Albert Camus said that the biggest mystery of philosophy is why not everyone commits suicide when honestly contemplating the futility of life. As a possible answer to his own question, Camus in his essay The Myth of Sisyphus, held up poor Sisyphus <a href="#fn2" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref2"><sup>2</sup></a> as an example of a good life. Sisyphus, after all, had an objective, one that entailed a measurable daily activity that always ended in the accomplishment of getting that rock up the hill. But Thoreau perspective rejects Camuss analysis. He saw no reason to count familiarity or predictability of social life, foods, or accomplishments as among the goals of life. They teach us little and change our behavior insignificantly. His example was that we learn most when we insert ourselves as aliens in new conceptual, cultural, and social environments (in his case, the absence of society). I am convinced that our lives become richer when they are less predictable. This is not to say that our lives are always predictable in the absence of the other. Otherness renders our expectations less fixed and requires more thinking, planning, and learning.
</p>
<p>
The Pirahãs would disagree. They believe that it is homogeneity that gives us comfort and keeps us strong physically and psychologically. Otherness vs. predictability, which is more desirable? In essence, we need both even if wed construct a greater sense of oneness that embraces the unexpected. The two greatest forces of preserving and constructing cultures are imitation and innovation. When our environments, culturally and physically, are constant, innovation is rarely useful. Like biological mutations, cognitive and cultural innovations are usually unsuccessful. The effort to invent will usually isolate us as strange and less successful than those who merely imitate. Failed innovation in a society that most values imitation emphasizes our own otherness and provides us with little advantage. As environments change such as the ecology of the Pleistocene that so shaped our Homo ancestors, climate change today, the shifting political boundaries, or the intrusion of others into our environment innovation<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a> becomes a more important force, providing new solutions to new problems that imitation alone is unable to provide. The Pirahãs live in an environment that has changed little over the centuries. They value conformity and imitation over innovation. Consequently their language has changed little over time. Records of their culture and language from the 18th century show a people identical to the people we encounter<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../UNDECIDABILITY/">U</a> today, three centuries later.
The Pirahãs would disagree. They believe that it is homogeneity that gives us comfort and keeps us strong physically and psychologically. Otherness vs. predictability, which is more desirable? In essence, we need both even if wed construct a greater sense of oneness that embraces the unexpected. The two greatest forces of preserving and constructing cultures are imitation and innovation. When our environments, culturally and physically, are constant, innovation is rarely useful. Like biological mutations, cognitive and cultural innovations are usually unsuccessful. The effort to invent will usually isolate us as strange and less successful than those who merely imitate. Failed innovation in a society that most values imitation emphasizes our own otherness and provides us with little advantage. As environments change such as the ecology of the Pleistocene that so shaped our Homo ancestors, climate change today, the shifting political boundaries, or the intrusion of others into our environment innovation<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/manifesto.html">L</a> becomes a more important force, providing new solutions to new problems that imitation alone is unable to provide. The Pirahãs live in an environment that has changed little over the centuries. They value conformity and imitation over innovation. Consequently their language has changed little over time. Records of their culture and language from the 18th century show a people identical to the people we encounter<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../UNDECIDABILITY/">U</a> today, three centuries later.
</p>
<div class="dida">
<img src="Imageresearch/piraha.result.png" alt="Pirahã Results">

@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Those unlike ourselves may eat different food, be unintelligible to us when spea
During my first day among the Pirahãs I was taken by a young man to a fire by his hut. He pointed at a large rodent on the fire with its tongue still hanging out and a small pool of blood at the edge of the fire. The hair was burning off of the fresh kill. The young man uttered a then-unintelligible phrase: Gí obáaʔáí kohoáipi gíisai? Later I learned that this meant, "Do you know how to eat this?" And I also learned that if you don't want any offered food, you can simply say, "No, I don't know how to eat it." No one loses face. It is an easy, polite structure that allows you to avoid foods you don't want<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../ATATA/">A</a>. Many other cultures, Western cultures for example, don't tend to be this polite. We often simply offer people things to eat and get offended if they refuse. Unlike among the Pirahãs, there is a more portent pressure in some Western cultures for a guest to eat whatever the host offers.</p>
<p>For almost all of us, we experience the world first through our mother. All that we touch, taste, hear, smell, see, and eventually come to know and understand begins with her and is mediated by her. As we develop of course we notice others close to our mother - our father, siblings, and others. But until our first experiences as individuals begin outside the home, our values, language<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../--/">M</a>, and ways of thinking all result from interactions with our mother and the select small group she is part of. These early apperceptions shape our subsequent lives. They lead not only to an individual sense of identity but also to a conception of what a normal identity is. This is all very comfortable. We learn early on that new behavior and new information entail effort. Why listen to dissonant jazz when the steady 4/4 beat of country or rock is familiar? Why eat haggis instead of pot roast? Comfort food is just food that requires no gaining of acquired tastes. Why learn another language? Why make friends of a different color, a different sexual orientation, or a different nationality? Why should a professor make friends with a cowboy? These efforts go against the biological preference for expending as little energy as possible and maintenance of the status quo. The work of learning about otherness is worthwhile, but this is not always obvious initially.
<p>For almost all of us, we experience the world first through our mother. All that we touch, taste, hear, smell, see, and eventually come to know and understand begins with her and is mediated by her. As we develop of course we notice others close to our mother - our father, siblings, and others. But until our first experiences as individuals begin outside the home, our values, language<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../00/">M</a>, and ways of thinking all result from interactions with our mother and the select small group she is part of. These early apperceptions shape our subsequent lives. They lead not only to an individual sense of identity but also to a conception of what a normal identity is. This is all very comfortable. We learn early on that new behavior and new information entail effort. Why listen to dissonant jazz when the steady 4/4 beat of country or rock is familiar? Why eat haggis instead of pot roast? Comfort food is just food that requires no gaining of acquired tastes. Why learn another language? Why make friends of a different color, a different sexual orientation, or a different nationality? Why should a professor make friends with a cowboy? These efforts go against the biological preference for expending as little energy as possible and maintenance of the status quo. The work of learning about otherness is worthwhile, but this is not always obvious initially.
<img src="Imageresearch/everett.cat.png" alt="Adult Pirahãs drawing of a cat.">
<div class="dida">
@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ regular contact with Brazilians and the Tupi-Guarani-speaking Kawahiv. <a href="
</details>
</section>
</div>
Linguists recognized long ago that the first rule of language is that we talk like who we talk with. And other behavioral scientists have realized that we eat like who we eat with, we create like who we think with, and we think like who we think with. Our earliest associations teach us not only how to think, create, talk, and eat, but to evaluate normal or correct thinking, talking, eating, and creating based on our narrow range of experiences. The crucial differences between others and our in-group are values, language, social roles, and knowledge structures<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a>. All else emerges from these, or so I have claimed in my own writings. [^1] Each builds on the others as we learn them in the context of familiarity, a society of intimates (i.e. our family or our village). This leads to a conceptualization of our own identity<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../HOPE/">H</a>. For example, I know in some way that I am Dan. Yet no one, not even ourselves, fully understands what it means to be ourselves. The construction of our identity through the familiar leads us to think of what is not us, not our family, not our norm. Inevitably, as our experience expands we meet others that do not fit neatly into our expectations. These are the others.
Linguists recognized long ago that the first rule of language is that we talk like who we talk with. And other behavioral scientists have realized that we eat like who we eat with, we create like who we think with, and we think like who we think with. Our earliest associations teach us not only how to think, create, talk, and eat, but to evaluate normal or correct thinking, talking, eating, and creating based on our narrow range of experiences. The crucial differences between others and our in-group are values, language, social roles, and knowledge structures<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/"manifesto.html>L</a>. All else emerges from these, or so I have claimed in my own writings. [^1] Each builds on the others as we learn them in the context of familiarity, a society of intimates (i.e. our family or our village). This leads to a conceptualization of our own identity<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../HOPE/">H</a>. For example, I know in some way that I am Dan. Yet no one, not even ourselves, fully understands what it means to be ourselves. The construction of our identity through the familiar leads us to think of what is not us, not our family, not our norm. Inevitably, as our experience expands we meet others that do not fit neatly into our expectations. These are the others.
<p>In 1990, Columbia University psychologist Peter Gordon accompanied me to several Pirahã villages in order to conduct a pilot study of language learning among Pirahã children. We set up cameras on a hut, in full view, with the permission of its occupants, and started filming. We both were in the film, talking to the adults about their beliefs and children's behavior. After we were done filming, we noticed something that we had not seen before, because it was happening behind us. A toddler, perhaps a year and half old, was playing with a sharp kitchen knife with a 30cm blade. He was swinging it nonchalantly, almost stabbing himself in his face, legs, and midsection; occasionally swinging it close to his mother's face and back. We initially assumed that the mother didn't see her toddler's dangerous toy. But then, as she was talking to another woman, the camera recorded the baby dropping the knife and starting to cry. Barely glancing backwards at her child, the mother casually leaned over, picked the knife up off the ground and handed it back to the baby, who returned gleefully to his quasi-stabbing of himself. This was a confrontation of values<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/">P</a> for Peter and myself, underscoring the otherness divide between the Pirahãs and us. Wasn't the Pirahã mother concerned about her child's welfare? She was indeed. But to the Pirahãs a cut or non-life-threatening injury is the price that occasionally must be paid in order to learn the skills necessary to survive in the jungle. Would a Dutch mother give her child a sharp knife as a toy, believing that any piercing of the child's flesh would be compensated for by its contribution to the child's development? Could she even respect this other (m)otherness - the otherness at the root of our lives?</p>
<p>In 1990, Columbia University psychologist Peter Gordon accompanied me to several Pirahã villages in order to conduct a pilot study of language learning among Pirahã children. We set up cameras on a hut, in full view, with the permission of its occupants, and started filming. We both were in the film, talking to the adults about their beliefs and children's behavior. After we were done filming, we noticed something that we had not seen before, because it was happening behind us. A toddler, perhaps a year and half old, was playing with a sharp kitchen knife with a 30cm blade. He was swinging it nonchalantly, almost stabbing himself in his face, legs, and midsection; occasionally swinging it close to his mother's face and back. We initially assumed that the mother didn't see her toddler's dangerous toy. But then, as she was talking to another woman, the camera recorded the baby dropping the knife and starting to cry. Barely glancing backwards at her child, the mother casually leaned over, picked the knife up off the ground and handed it back to the baby, who returned gleefully to his quasi-stabbing of himself. This was a confrontation of values<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/printing/index.html">P</a> for Peter and myself, underscoring the otherness divide between the Pirahãs and us. Wasn't the Pirahã mother concerned about her child's welfare? She was indeed. But to the Pirahãs a cut or non-life-threatening injury is the price that occasionally must be paid in order to learn the skills necessary to survive in the jungle. Would a Dutch mother give her child a sharp knife as a toy, believing that any piercing of the child's flesh would be compensated for by its contribution to the child's development? Could she even respect this other (m)otherness - the otherness at the root of our lives?</p>
<img src="Imageresearch/piraha.annotations.png" alt="Daniel Everett's first annotations on Pirahãs spoken language, July 1995">
<div class="dida">
<section>
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ All Pirahã people know the name of every single species of flora and fauna in t
</section>
</div>
<p>In other words, the Pirahã man believed that language emerges from culture as well as the entirety of our behavior as members of a society. This is a belief I have come to as well. They felt we could not learn their language at native level unless we became also part of their culture; and native level is what matters to them, there are no prizes for merely speaking their language intelligibly. This was against everything I had been taught about language in university courses, and it underscored the gap between them and me. Languages and cultures interact symbiotically<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../--/">M</a>, each affecting the other. Our sense of self and of society emerges from our enveloping culture and from the language and accents we hear most during our childhood development<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a>. The speed of our conversations and the structures of our interactions with others are formed in local communities of people like ourselves. The most comfortable conversations are with people who sound like you, put their phrases together as you do, and who reach similar conclusions. </p>
<p>In other words, the Pirahã man believed that language emerges from culture as well as the entirety of our behavior as members of a society. This is a belief I have come to as well. They felt we could not learn their language at native level unless we became also part of their culture; and native level is what matters to them, there are no prizes for merely speaking their language intelligibly. This was against everything I had been taught about language in university courses, and it underscored the gap between them and me. Languages and cultures interact symbiotically<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../00/">M</a>, each affecting the other. Our sense of self and of society emerges from our enveloping culture and from the language and accents we hear most during our childhood development<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/manifesto.html">L</a>. The speed of our conversations and the structures of our interactions with others are formed in local communities of people like ourselves. The most comfortable conversations are with people who sound like you, put their phrases together as you do, and who reach similar conclusions. </p>
<div class="dida">
<img src="Imageresearch/goodnight.moon.png" alt="">
@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ Otherness is related to anything considered as stranger, referring both living c
</section>
</div>
<p>Otherness, as I see it, is the spark of original thought and greater appreciation of nature<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a>, while the sense of oneness is the paradoxical goal of encounters with otherness. We need a sense of oneness of ourselves with nature to clearly see otherness, and we need otherness to build a more encompassing and panoramic sense of self and oneness with the world. Thoreau ignored society to know himself. Most of us ignore ourselves to be part of society. Thoreau eloquently expressed the loss that, being carried away by the demands of others and society, brings us to our sense of self. We think of conformity rather than our own unique identity and so blur who we are as individuals. Thoreau captured this well when he exclaimed that, "the one is more important than the million." That is, it is only as we each individually appreciate our oneness with the world, nature, and the other as part of this oneness that we can achieve the best individual life, and thus society. </p>
<p>Otherness, as I see it, is the spark of original thought and greater appreciation of nature<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/manifesto.html">L</a>, while the sense of oneness is the paradoxical goal of encounters with otherness. We need a sense of oneness of ourselves with nature to clearly see otherness, and we need otherness to build a more encompassing and panoramic sense of self and oneness with the world. Thoreau ignored society to know himself. Most of us ignore ourselves to be part of society. Thoreau eloquently expressed the loss that, being carried away by the demands of others and society, brings us to our sense of self. We think of conformity rather than our own unique identity and so blur who we are as individuals. Thoreau captured this well when he exclaimed that, "the one is more important than the million." That is, it is only as we each individually appreciate our oneness with the world, nature, and the other as part of this oneness that we can achieve the best individual life, and thus society. </p>
<div class="dida">
<img src="Imageresearch/piraha.recordings.png" alt="Recording of a conversation between Pirahãs and Daniel Everett.">
@ -141,9 +141,9 @@ The Pirahã people can communicate through humming, singing and whistling inform
</section>
</div>
<p>Thoreaus hut Walden stands still as light in the heart of the forest, a small cabin where one can sit and think and read and wonder about the reasons for living. Jungle nights were this light in my life, as I sat around campfires, talking in a language that was so hard for me to learn<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/">P</a>. Albert Camus said that the biggest mystery of philosophy is why not everyone commits suicide when honestly contemplating the futility of life. As a possible answer to his own question, Camus in his essay The Myth of Sisyphus, held up poor Sisyphus [^2] as an example of a good life. Sisyphus, after all, had an objective, one that entailed a measurable daily activity that always ended in the accomplishment of getting that rock up the hill. But Thoreau perspective rejects Camus's analysis. He saw no reason to count familiarity or predictability of social life, foods, or accomplishments as among the goals of life. They teach us little and change our behavior insignificantly. His example was that we learn most when we insert ourselves as aliens in new conceptual, cultural, and social environments (in his case, the absence of society). I am convinced that our lives become richer when they are less predictable. This is not to say that our lives are always predictable in the absence of the other. Otherness renders our expectations less fixed and requires more thinking, planning, and learning. </p>
<p>Thoreaus hut Walden stands still as light in the heart of the forest, a small cabin where one can sit and think and read and wonder about the reasons for living. Jungle nights were this light in my life, as I sat around campfires, talking in a language that was so hard for me to learn<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../PRACTICAL_VISION/printing/index.html">P</a>. Albert Camus said that the biggest mystery of philosophy is why not everyone commits suicide when honestly contemplating the futility of life. As a possible answer to his own question, Camus in his essay The Myth of Sisyphus, held up poor Sisyphus [^2] as an example of a good life. Sisyphus, after all, had an objective, one that entailed a measurable daily activity that always ended in the accomplishment of getting that rock up the hill. But Thoreau perspective rejects Camus's analysis. He saw no reason to count familiarity or predictability of social life, foods, or accomplishments as among the goals of life. They teach us little and change our behavior insignificantly. His example was that we learn most when we insert ourselves as aliens in new conceptual, cultural, and social environments (in his case, the absence of society). I am convinced that our lives become richer when they are less predictable. This is not to say that our lives are always predictable in the absence of the other. Otherness renders our expectations less fixed and requires more thinking, planning, and learning. </p>
<p>The Pirahãs would disagree. They believe that it is homogeneity that gives us comfort and keeps us strong physically and psychologically. Otherness vs. predictability, which is more desirable? In essence, we need both even if wed construct a greater sense of oneness that embraces the unexpected. The two greatest forces of preserving and constructing cultures are imitation and innovation. When our environments, culturally and physically, are constant, innovation is rarely useful. Like biological mutations, cognitive and cultural innovations are usually unsuccessful. The effort to invent will usually isolate us as strange and less successful than those who merely imitate. Failed innovation in a society that most values imitation emphasizes our own otherness and provides us with little advantage. As environments change such as the ecology of the Pleistocene that so shaped our Homo ancestors, climate change today, the shifting political boundaries, or the intrusion of others into our environment innovation<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/">L</a> becomes a more important force, providing new solutions to new problems that imitation alone is unable to provide. The Pirahãs live in an environment that has changed little over the centuries. They value conformity and imitation over innovation. Consequently their language has changed little over time. Records of their culture and language from the 18th century show a people identical to the people we encounter<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../UNDECIDABILITY/">U</a> today, three centuries later. </p>
<p>The Pirahãs would disagree. They believe that it is homogeneity that gives us comfort and keeps us strong physically and psychologically. Otherness vs. predictability, which is more desirable? In essence, we need both even if wed construct a greater sense of oneness that embraces the unexpected. The two greatest forces of preserving and constructing cultures are imitation and innovation. When our environments, culturally and physically, are constant, innovation is rarely useful. Like biological mutations, cognitive and cultural innovations are usually unsuccessful. The effort to invent will usually isolate us as strange and less successful than those who merely imitate. Failed innovation in a society that most values imitation emphasizes our own otherness and provides us with little advantage. As environments change such as the ecology of the Pleistocene that so shaped our Homo ancestors, climate change today, the shifting political boundaries, or the intrusion of others into our environment innovation<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../LIQUID/manifesto.html">L</a> becomes a more important force, providing new solutions to new problems that imitation alone is unable to provide. The Pirahãs live in an environment that has changed little over the centuries. They value conformity and imitation over innovation. Consequently their language has changed little over time. Records of their culture and language from the 18th century show a people identical to the people we encounter<a class="link" style="font-size: 11pt; color: blue; font-family: 'wfdtf';" href = "../UNDECIDABILITY/">U</a> today, three centuries later. </p>
<div class="dida">
<img src="Imageresearch/piraha.result.png" alt="Pirahã Results">

@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
Otherness is<br> <del>“Everything, beyond me.”</del><br> “Everything, including me.”
</h1>
<p><span class="dida">The nouns, stripped of all context, are just nouns. Otherness presumes at least two terms of comparison. What defines the identity of you and others; of all things, both tangible and intangible, are the correlations between these things themselves. Meanwhile, the ensemble of all these connections continues regenerating the reality in which we live. <br> <br> Based on these assumptions, our world is shaped by complex patterns of associations between all the things we encounter day-by-day through life experience, which are dependently inter-connected: nature, people, culture, language and knowledge. Holding the Otherness becomes the only possibility to re-imagine a well-balanced future, that would include space both for individual perspective and small-fragmented realities, which, in turn, could be eventually preserved from a ferocious innovation.</span></p>
<p><span class="dis">Otherness by <i> Jacopo Lega </i></span></p>
<p><span class="dis">Otherness by <i> Daniel L. Everett </i></span></p>
<p><span class="dis">When I was 26, I moved to the Amazon, from California, in </span><span class="noun">order</span><span class="dis"> to study the </span><span class="noun">language</span><span class="dis"> and </span><span class="noun">culture</span><span class="dis"> of a </span><span class="noun">people</span><span class="dis"> that were believed to be unrelated to any other</span><span class="noun">people</span>.<span class="dis"> I flew in a small missionary</span> <span class="noun">plane</span><span class="dis"> , a bumpy nausea-inducing</span><span class="noun">ride</span><span class="dis">, to meet the Pirahã</span><span class="noun">people</span><span class="dis"> for the first </span><span class="noun">time</span><span class="dis">. My </span><span class="noun">body</span><span class="dis"> was weak; my </span><span class="noun">brain</span><span class="dis"> was taut with </span><span class="noun">anxiety</span><span class="dis"> and </span><span class="noun">anticipation</span><span class="dis">. The Pirahãs are unrelated to any </span><span class="noun">other</span><span class="dis">. They speak a </span><span class="noun">language</span><span class="dis"> that many </span><span class="noun">linguists</span><span class="dis"> had unsuccessfully attempted to understand. My </span><span class="noun">task</span> <span class="dis">would be to understand where little understanding currently existed. This </span><span class="noun">encounter</span><span class="dis"> with these </span><span class="noun">others</span><span class="dis"> so unlike myself, was to be the defining </span><span class="noun">experience</span><span class="dis"> for the rest of my </span><span class="noun">life</span>.</p>
<p><img src="Imageresearch/piraha.brasil.w.png" alt="Acampamento Pirahã, próximo a Transamazônica. Rio Maici. Foto: Ezequias Hering, 1981"></p>
<p><span class="dis">One of the greatest </span><span class="noun">challenges</span><span class="dis"> of our </span><span class="noun">species</span><span class="dis"> is </span><span class="noun">alterity</span><span class="dis">,</span><span class="noun">otherness</span><span class="dis">. All </span><span class="noun">cultures</span><span class="dis"> for </span><span class="noun">reasons</span><span class="dis"> easy enough to understand </span><span class="noun">fear</span><span class="dis"> other </span><span class="noun">cultures</span><span class="dis">. War and conflict have defined </span><span class="noun">humans</span><span class="dis"> for nearly two million </span><span class="noun">years</span><span class="dis">. When we encounter </span><span class="noun">others</span><span class="dis"> unlike </span><span class="noun">ourselves</span><span class="dis">, we frequently become uncomfortable, suspicious. A new </span><span class="noun">neighbor</span><span class="dis"> from another </span><span class="noun">country</span><span class="dis">. A </span><span class="noun">friend</span><span class="dis"> of our</span><span class="noun">child</span><span class="dis"> who has a different </span><span class="noun">color</span><span class="dis">. Someone whose </span><span class="noun">gender</span><span class="dis"> is not a simple binary </span><span class="noun">classification</span><span class="dis">. This is an old </span><span class="noun">problem</span><span class="dis">. Jesus himself fell under suspicion for befriending a </span><span class="noun">woman</span><span class="dis"> thought to be a </span><span class="noun">prostitute</span><span class="dis">, Mary Magdalene. She was unlike the religious </span><span class="noun">people</span><span class="dis"> of Jesuss </span><span class="noun">day</span><span class="dis">. An </span><span class="noun">other</span><span class="dis">.</span></p>

@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
<span class="dida">The nouns, stripped of all context, are just nouns. Otherness presumes at least two terms of comparison. What defines the identity of you and others; of all things, both tangible and intangible, are the correlations between these things themselves. Meanwhile, the ensemble of all these connections continues regenerating the reality in which we live. <br> <br>
Based on these assumptions, our world is shaped by complex patterns of associations between all the things we encounter day-by-day through life experience, which are dependently inter-connected: nature, people, culture, language and knowledge. Holding the Otherness becomes the only possibility to re-imagine a well-balanced future, that would include space both for individual perspective and small-fragmented realities, which, in turn, could be eventually preserved from a ferocious innovation.</span>
<span class="dis">Otherness by <i> Jacopo Lega </i></span>
<span class="dis">Otherness by <i> Daniel L. Everett </i></span>
<span class="dis">When I was 26, I moved to the Amazon, from California, in </span><span class="noun">order</span><span class="dis"> to study the </span><span class="noun">language</span><span class="dis"> and </span><span class="noun">culture</span><span class="dis"> of a </span><span class="noun">people</span><span class="dis"> that were believed to be unrelated to any other</span><span class="noun">people</span>.<span class="dis"> I flew in a small missionary</span> <span class="noun">plane</span><span class="dis"> , a bumpy nausea-inducing</span><span class="noun">ride</span><span class="dis">, to meet the Pirahã</span><span class="noun">people</span><span class="dis"> for the first </span><span class="noun">time</span><span class="dis">. My </span><span class="noun">body</span><span class="dis"> was weak; my </span><span class="noun">brain</span><span class="dis"> was taut with </span><span class="noun">anxiety</span><span class="dis"> and </span><span class="noun">anticipation</span><span class="dis">. The Pirahãs are unrelated to any </span><span class="noun">other</span><span class="dis">. They speak a </span><span class="noun">language</span><span class="dis"> that many </span><span class="noun">linguists</span><span class="dis"> had unsuccessfully attempted to understand. My </span><span class="noun">task</span> <span class="dis">would be to understand where little understanding currently existed. This </span><span class="noun">encounter</span><span class="dis"> with these </span><span class="noun">others</span><span class="dis"> so unlike myself, was to be the defining </span><span class="noun">experience</span><span class="dis"> for the rest of my </span><span class="noun">life</span>.

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<p style="color:blue">Sadness :(<p>
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<h1>Practical Vision</h1>
<h2>Jalada</h2>
<h2>very ugly,sad,boring v0.0.1</h2>
<div id="conts">
<span class="DT">A</span> <span class="JJ">few</span> <span class="NNS">weeks</span> <span class="RB">back</span> <span class="NN">someone</span> <span class="VBD">told</span> <span class="PRP">me</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ">exceptional</span> <span class="NN">achievement</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">short</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">translated</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">dozen</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBD">had</span> <span class="RB">never</span> <span class="RB">really</span> <span class="VBN">thought</span> <span class="IN">about</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBP">am</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VBN">drawn</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">long</span> <span class="NN">tradition</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">scholarship</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">literary</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="MD">could</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">quantify</span> <span class="PRP$">his</span> <span class="NN">statement</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">any</span> <span class="NN">way</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">For</span> <span class="PRP">me</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="NNS">words</span> <span class="VBD">came</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">big</span> <span class="NN">compliment</span> <span class="VBN">given</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">scope</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class="VBN">done</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="NNP">Collective</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">past</span> <span class="NN">year</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">area</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">use</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">facilities</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">pan-African</span> <span class="NN">collective</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">young</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNS">writers</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="IN">over</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NN">continent</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBP">am</span> <span class="NN">member</span> <span class="RB">as</span> <span class="RB">well</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="VBG">managing</span> <span class="NN">editor</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBD">began</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="CD">2013</span> <span class="IN">during</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">workshop</span> <span class="VBN">convened</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="JJ">renowned</span> <span class="NN">editor</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Ellah</span> <span class="NNP">Wakatama</span> <span class="NNP">Allfrey</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBD">had</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">lively</span> <span class="NN">conversation</span> <span class="IN">among</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">participants</span> <span class="IN">about</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="JJ">young</span> <span class="NNP">African</span> <span class="NNS">creatives</span> <span class="VBP">drawn</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="JJ">different</span> <span class="JJ">geographical</span> <span class="NNS">locations</span> <span class="MD">could</span> <span class="VB">do</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">resources</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">valued</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NN">knowledge</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">web</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">connections</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">So</span> <span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="VBN">born</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">From</span> <span class="IN">wherever</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">were</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">worked</span> <span class="RB">together</span> <span class="NN">online</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="VBD">seemed</span> <span class="IN">like</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">virtual</span> <span class="NN">office</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">All</span> <span class="PRP">you</span> <span class="VBN">needed</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">do</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="VB">post</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">message</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">another</span> <span class="NN">member</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">take</span> <span class="NN">action</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NNP">Internet</span> <span class="VBD">became</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="NN">enabler</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">collaboration</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">resource</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">production</span> <span class="NN">process</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="NN">magazine</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP$">Our</span> <span class="JJ">first</span> <span class="JJ">thematic</span> <span class="NN">issue</span> <span class="VBD">tackled</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">often-underexplored</span> <span class="NN">subject</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">mental</span> <span class="NN">health</span> <span class="IN">within</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NN">context</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP$">Our</span> <span class="JJ">second</span> <span class="NN">anthology</span> <span class="VBD">focused</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="NNS">stories</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">fictionalized</span> <span class="JJ">sexual</span> <span class="NNS">experiences</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBD">broke</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">implied</span> <span class="NN">modesty</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="JJ">fictional</span> <span class="NNS">boundaries</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="RB">also</span> <span class="VBD">did</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="NN">anthology</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="NNP">Afrofutures</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">publication</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBD">allowed</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="NNPS">Africans</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">capture</span> <span class="JJ">multiple</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">alternative</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">imagining</span> <span class="NNS">futures</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NNP">Translation</span> <span class="NNP">Issue</span> <span class="RB">Then</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">embarked</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="NN">project</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">aimed</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="JJ">short</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBN">translated</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="RB">as</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">Since</span> <span class="NNP">March</span> <span class="CD">2016</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="WRB">when</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="RB">first</span> <span class="VBD">published</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="NN">[</span> <span class="NN">i</span> <span class="VBP">]</span> <span class="NNP">Ituĩka</span> <span class="NNP">Rĩa</span> <span class="NNP">Mũrũngarũ</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="NNP">Kana</span> <span class="NNP">Kĩrĩa</span> <span class="NNP">Gĩtũmaga</span> <span class="NNP">Andũ</span> <span class="NNP">Mathiĩ</span> <span class="NNP">Marũngiĩ</span> <span class="NNP">[</span> <span class="NN">i</span> <span class="VBP">]</span> <span class="$">[</span> <span class="CD">1</span> <span class="NN">]</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="VBN">been</span> <span class="VBN">translated</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="JJ">sixty-eight</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">initiative</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="VBN">been</span> <span class="RB">critically</span> <span class="VBN">lauded</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="JJ">several</span> <span class="NNS">scholars</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="RBS">most</span> <span class="JJ">essential</span> <span class="NNS">projects</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="VBG">fostering</span> <span class="NN">communication</span> <span class="NN">amongst</span> <span class="NNS">readers</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">speakers</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">different</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">globe</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">Under</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">umbrella</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">powerful</span> <span class="NN">magic</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">storytelling</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="JJ">online</span> <span class="NN">publishing</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="VBN">enabled</span> <span class="JJ">different</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">cultures</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">find</span> <span class="NN">expression</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">converse</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">each</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="NN">website</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="WRB">where</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="VBN">published</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="VBZ">acts</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">kind</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">portal</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">multiplicity</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">wherein</span> <span class="PRP">you</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">find</span> <span class="JJ">codified</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="PRP">you</span> <span class="MD">may</span> <span class="RB">never</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="VBN">heard</span> <span class="IN">about</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">Because</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">keen</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="JJ">multiple</span> <span class="JJ">narrative</span> <span class="NNS">modes</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">textual</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">visual</span> <span class="NN">storytelling</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBZ">continues</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="JJ">available</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NNS">podcasts</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">live</span> <span class="JJ">multilingual</span> <span class="NNS">dramatizations</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBD">conceptualised</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="NN">issue</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">specific</span> <span class="NN">focus</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNP">Languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">Each</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class="VBZ">remains</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">representation</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">specific</span> <span class="NN">culture</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">continent</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="VB">Taken</span> <span class="RB">together</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">continent</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">infinitely</span> <span class="JJ">rich</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="JJ">cultural</span> <span class="NNS">resources</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">Over</span> <span class="CD">2000</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="VBP">exist</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="CD">54</span> <span class="NNS">nations</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="VB">Imagine</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">monumental</span> <span class="NN">impact</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PDT">all</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ">immovable</span> <span class="NN">symbol</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">In</span> <span class="NN">history</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NN">scholarship</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">stand</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">testament</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">fact</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">equal</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBZ">does</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">matter</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">origins</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">color</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">number</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">use</span> <span class="DT">any</span> <span class="JJ">specific</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">nor</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">standardisation</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">lack</span> <span class="NN">thereof</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="VBG">coming</span> <span class="RB">together</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PDT">all</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">smash</span> <span class="DT">any</span> <span class="NN">doubt</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">diversity</span> <span class="JJ">immense</span> <span class="NN">beauty</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">created</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">great</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">lasting</span> <span class="NN">impact</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="NNP">Translations</span> <span class="NN">issue</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="VBN">born</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">firm</span> <span class="VBD">faith</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="NN">day</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">whether</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="IN">during</span> <span class="PRP$">my</span> <span class="NN">lifetime</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">generations</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">come</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="JJ">short</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">exist</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBP">want</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">imagine</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="IN">over</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">years</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">spill</span> <span class="IN">over</span> <span class="NN">effect</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">transform</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NNS">attitudes</span> <span class="IN">towards</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">use</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">mother</span> <span class="NNS">tongues</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">learn</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NNS">neighbours</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="JJ">daily</span> <span class="NNS">interactions</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBP">want</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">imagine</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">impact</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="MD">might</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">access</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NNS">children</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">texts</span> <span class="VBN">written</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NN">manner</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="RB">especially</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">marginalised</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="RB">continually</span> <span class="VBP">learn</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">reap</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">resources</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CD">One</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="JJ">irrefutable</span> <span class="NN">resource</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">mother</span> <span class="NNS">tongues</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">Illusion</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNP">Unifying</span> <span class="NNP">Language</span> <span class="DT">Some</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">distinctive</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="VBN">represented</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="NN">issue</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">suffered</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="NNS">years</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">non-representation</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="VBN">written</span> <span class="NN">form</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="EX">There</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">worrisome</span> <span class="NNS">statistics</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">number</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">books</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="NNS">articles</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">been</span> <span class="VBN">published</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">Yet</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="NNS">countries</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">regions</span> <span class="IN">within</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">continent</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNS">thousands</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNS">tens</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">thousands</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="NNS">millions</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="VBP">use</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="DT">every</span> <span class="NN">day</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">transact</span> <span class="NNS">businesses</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">pray</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">love</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">dream</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">love</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">And</span> <span class="RB">yet</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="RB">so</span> <span class="JJ">little</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="VBN">written</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP">them</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="WP">What</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">even</span> <span class="RBR">more</span> <span class="JJ">worrying</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJR">fewer</span> <span class="NN">number</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">get</span> <span class="NN">access</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="VBN">written</span> <span class="NNS">resources</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="JJS">Most</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="VBN">written</span> <span class="NN">material</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">European</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="VBP"></span> <span class="NNP">English</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">French</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">Portuguese</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="RB">as</span> <span class="RB">well</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">few</span> <span class="JJ">dominant</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="JJ">national</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">illusion</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">unifying</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">nation</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">single</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="JJ">wide</span> <span class="NN">spread</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">This</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="VBN">meant</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="RB">very</span> <span class="JJ">deliberate</span> <span class="NN">marginalisation</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="RB">almost</span> <span class="JJ">brutal</span> <span class="NN">emphasis</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">spread</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">dominance</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNP">English</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="JJ">European</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">Additionally</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">feed</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">that</span> <span class="NN">illusion</span> <span class="VBD">instilled</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">education</span> <span class="NNS">systems</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBD">were</span> <span class="VBN">designed</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="JJ">European</span> <span class="NNS">colonialists</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">serve</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">empire</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">then</span> <span class="VBD">continued</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="JJ">desirable</span> <span class="NNS">norms</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="JJ">post-colonial</span> <span class="NNS">governments</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">But</span> <span class="EX">there</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">daily</span> <span class="NN">struggle</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="NNS">quarters</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">initiatives</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="NN">effect</span> <span class="NN">change</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">school</span> <span class="NNS">systems</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NN">Today</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="VBZ">does</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">need</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">go</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">well-equipped</span> <span class="NN">library</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">see</span> <span class="NNS">texts</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">You</span> <span class="RB">only</span> <span class="VB">need</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">log</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="JJ">social</span> <span class="NNS">media</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="PRP">you</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">see</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">flow</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">conversations</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NN">manner</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">albeit</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">little</span> <span class="JJ">inconstant</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">do</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">look</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="DT">that</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="NN">suspicion</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">do</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">feel</span> <span class="NN">hate</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">resentment</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">existence</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="VB">feel</span> <span class="VBN">burdened</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">colonial</span> <span class="NN">idea</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="JJ">divisive</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">Over</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">years</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">noted</span> <span class="WRB">how</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="JJ">young</span> <span class="NNPS">Nairobians</span> <span class="JJ">flood</span> <span class="NNS">institutions</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">learn</span> <span class="NNP">French</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNP">German</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">marvel</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">possibility</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">acquiring</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="RB">necessarily</span> <span class="VB">ours</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">That</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP">itself</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">beautiful</span> <span class="NN">thing</span> <span class=":">;</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NN">knowledge</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="NN">power</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">However</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="JJS">most</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">individuals</span> <span class="VBG">learning</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="RB">never</span> <span class="VB">go</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="NNP">France</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="NNP">Germany</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">use</span> <span class="DT">that</span> <span class="NN">resource</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">attained</span> <span class="RP">amongst</span> <span class="PRP">themselves</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="RB">very</span> <span class="JJ">small</span> <span class="NN">circle</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="NN">employment</span> <span class="NN">purpose</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">serve</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">occasional</span> <span class="NN">tourist</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">work</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">multinationals</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">Even</span> <span class="JJR">worse</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="VBZ">sometimes</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">never</span> <span class="VBN">put</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">use</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBZ">exists</span> <span class="RB">merely</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">placeholder</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NNP">Curriculum</span> <span class="NN">vita</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="NN">prestige</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="WRB">when</span> <span class="NN">someone</span> <span class="NNS">mentions</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">studied</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="JJ">European</span> <span class="NNP">Language</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">In</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NNS">minds</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">remain</span> <span class="RB">psychologically</span> <span class="VBN">arrested</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">desire</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">continually</span> <span class="VB">gravitate</span> <span class="IN">towards</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">European</span> <span class="NN">home</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">new</span> <span class="JJ">learned</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">However</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">interact</span> <span class="RB">very</span> <span class="RB">occasionally</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="NNS">speakers</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNP">Languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="WP">What</span> <span class="IN">if</span> <span class="DT">that</span> <span class="JJ">beautiful</span> <span class="NN">desire</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">learn</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">appreciate</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">foreign</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="RB">also</span> <span class="RB">inherently</span> <span class="VBN">directed</span> <span class="IN">towards</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNP">Languages</span> <span class=".">?</span> <span class="IN">In</span> <span class="VBG">failing</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="JJ">enough</span> <span class="NNS">systems</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">facilitate</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="NN">kind</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">interest</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">indulgence</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">online</span> <span class="NN">publishing</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">stories</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">different</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="JJ">multilingual</span> <span class="NNS">performances</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">podcasts</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">small</span> <span class="CC">but</span> <span class="RB">possibly</span> <span class="JJ">vital</span> <span class="NN">contribution</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">Not</span> <span class="RB">just</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="NNS">readers</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">want</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">read</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">but</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">grown</span> <span class="RP">up</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="RB">very</span> <span class="JJ">little</span> <span class="NN">exposure</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VBN">written</span> <span class="NNS">texts</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="JJ">own</span> <span class="NN">mother</span> <span class="NN">tongue</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="JJ">Practical</span> <span class="NNP">Vision</span> <span class="NNP">Ngugi</span> <span class="NN">wa</span> <span class="NNP">Thiongo</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="VBN">used</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">term</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="JJ">practical</span> <span class="NN">vision</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">describe</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">fresh</span> <span class="NNS">opportunities</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="VBG">disseminating</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NN">literature</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NN">age</span> <span class="VBZ">makes</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="JJ">Practical</span> <span class="NN">vision</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="IN">about</span> <span class="VBG">activating</span> <span class="NNS">dreams</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">present</span> <span class=":">;</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="IN">about</span> <span class="VBG">translating</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">vision</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">seems</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="RB">far</span> <span class="NN">distance</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="VBG">doing</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="VBZ">brings</span> <span class="PRP">you</span> <span class="RB">there</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="WP">What</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">envision</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="VBG">building</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">future</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">multilingual</span> <span class="NN">pride</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">connections</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">know</span> <span class="DT">no</span> <span class="NNS">boundaries</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="NNS">writers</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNS">publishers</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">readers</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">And</span> <span class="IN">because</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">access</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">connectivity</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Internet</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">able</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">move</span> <span class="IN">beyond</span> <span class="JJ">mere</span> <span class="NNS">conversations</span> <span class="IN">towards</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">execution</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">ideas</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">This</span> <span class="RB">however</span> <span class="VBZ">requires</span> <span class="NN">grit</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">lot</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">help</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NNS">corners</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">If</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">had</span> <span class="VBN">done</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Translation</span> <span class="NNP">Issue</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">pre-internet</span> <span class="NN">age</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="VBN">taken</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="NNS">decades</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">huge</span> <span class="JJ">financial</span> <span class="NNS">means</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">put</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="RB">together</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">web</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="VBD">grew</span> <span class="IN">because</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">my</span> <span class="NNS">colleagues</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">interested</span> <span class="NNS">participants</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBD">encouraged</span> <span class="NNS">others</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">contribute</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="VBG">bringing</span> <span class="RB">together</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">sixty-eight</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="NN">volume</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">volume</span> <span class="VBZ">bears</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">hallmark</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">conversations</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="NNS">cultures</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">world</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NNS">Thanks</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">generosity</span> <span class="VBZ">[</span> <span class="CD">2</span> <span class="NN">]</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">time</span> <span class="VBN">invested</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">writers</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">were</span> <span class="JJ">able</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">do</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class="RB">efficiently</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJR">less</span> <span class="IN">than</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">year</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP$">Our</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">consuming</span> <span class="NN">information</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">changed</span> <span class="RB">radically</span> <span class="IN">since</span> <span class="JJ">oral</span> <span class="NN">literature</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="VBN">shared</span> <span class="IN">around</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">bonfire</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">early</span> <span class="NNS">evenings</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">As</span> <span class="NN">publisher</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">therefore</span> <span class="VB">try</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">understand</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="VBG">changing</span> <span class="NN">nature</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">communication</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">resultant</span> <span class="NNS">structures</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">want</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">find</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">take</span> <span class="JJ">full</span> <span class="NN">advantage</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">facilities</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">reality</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">generation</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">come</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">continue</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">experiment</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="JJR">more</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">tap</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">facilities</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="NN">share</span> <span class="NNS">stories</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NN">manner</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNP">Languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="JJ">current</span> <span class="NN">question</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="WRB">how</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="VBN">continued</span> <span class="NN">publication</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">allow</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">conversation</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNP">Africa</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">world</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="MD">Can</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VB">create</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NN">publication</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">captures</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">infinite</span> <span class="NNS">resources</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">cultures</span> <span class=".">?</span> <span class="IN">In</span> <span class="NN">order</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">meet</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="NN">challenge</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">decided</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">select</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="JJ">short</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">year</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="JJ">short</span> <span class="RB">enough</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">allow</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="RB">relatively</span> <span class="NN">ease</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NNS">terms</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="JJ">powerful</span> <span class="RB">enough</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">speak</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="JJ">multiple</span> <span class="NNS">cultures</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP$">Our</span> <span class="NN">vision</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="DT">each</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBN">translated</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="RB">as</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNP">Languages</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">And</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="NN">day</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="RB">so</span> <span class="JJ">distant</span> <span class="NN">future</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ">online</span> <span class="NN">archive</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">stories</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NN">manner</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NN">Pursuit</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">vision</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="JJ">easy</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="EX">There</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">great</span> <span class="NN">deal</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">misconception</span> <span class="IN">about</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNS">Languages</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NNS">places</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="JJ">personal</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">communal</span> <span class="JJ">intellectual</span> <span class="NN">discourse</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">In</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">contribution</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VBG">improving</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">publication</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="RB">as</span> <span class="RB">well</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="VBG">encouraging</span> <span class="NN">readership</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">works</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">needed</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">lay</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">firm</span> <span class="NN">foundation</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NNP">First</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">recognise</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="EX">there</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="NNS">voices</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">come</span> <span class="IN">before</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="RB">already</span> <span class="VBN">done</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">great</span> <span class="NN">deal</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">fight</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class="NNS">rights</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP$">Our</span> <span class="NN">selection</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="NNP">Ngũgi</span> <span class="NN">wa</span> <span class="NNP">Thiong</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="NN">o</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">recognition</span> <span class="IN">towards</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBD">had</span> <span class="VBN">taken</span> <span class="NN">responsibility</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">As</span> <span class="JJ">practical</span> <span class="NNS">visionaries</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="VBD">interested</span> <span class="RBR">more</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="VBG">turning</span> <span class="NNS">ideas</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="NNS">actions</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">work</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="JJ">full</span> <span class="NN">acknowledgement</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="VBN">come</span> <span class="RB">before</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">take</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="NN">consideration</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">conversations</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">been</span> <span class="VBN">held</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">subject</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">bring</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="JJ">further</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="VBG">pursuing</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">examine</span> <span class="NNS">barriers</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">past</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">find</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">overcome</span> <span class="PRP">them</span> <span class="RB">now</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">Just</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">created</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">continue</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">create</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">database</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">literary</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">want</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">establish</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">base</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">devoted</span> <span class="NNS">readers</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RBR">Earlier</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">process</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NN">someone</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="JJ">quick</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">ask</span> <span class="PRP">me</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="RB">rather</span> <span class="RB">sceptically</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="VBZ">happens</span> <span class="IN">after</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">published</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="RB">even</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="JJ">interested</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="VBG">reading</span> <span class="PRP">them</span> <span class=".">?</span> <span class="RB">Once</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">first</span> <span class="NNP">Translation</span> <span class="NNP">Issue</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="VBN">published</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="RBS">most</span> <span class="JJ">devoted</span> <span class="NNS">readers</span> <span class="VBD">started</span> <span class="VBG">sharing</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="NNP">Facebook</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Twitter</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNP">Blogs</span> <span class="IN">while</span> <span class="VBG">expressing</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">excitement</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="VBG">seeing</span> <span class="PDT">such</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">publication</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NNS">People</span> <span class="VBD">tweeted</span> <span class="NNS">links</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBN">shared</span> <span class="JJ">specific</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NNS">timelines</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">A</span> <span class="NN">twitter</span> <span class="NN">user</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NNP">Ethiopia</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">@</span> <span class="NNP">LindaYohannes</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="VBD">tweeted</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="JJ"></span> <span class="NNP">Reading</span> <span class="NNP">Ngugi</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="#">#</span> <span class="NNP">Amharic</span> <span class=".">!</span> <span class="DT">This</span> <span class="NNS">feels</span> <span class="RB">so</span> <span class="RB">right</span> <span class=".">!</span> <span class="JJ"></span> <span class="NNP">Digital</span> <span class="NNS">technologies</span> <span class="VBD">helped</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="VB">tap</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="JJR">greater</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJR">faster</span> <span class="NNS">possibilities</span> <span class="IN">whereas</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">mere</span> <span class="NN">exhaustion</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">putting</span> <span class="RB">together</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">volume</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NN">print</span> <span class="NN">form</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="VBN">been</span> <span class="JJ">enough</span> <span class="NN">excuse</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">store</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">print</span> <span class="NNS">copies</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">warehouse</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">month</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="CD">two</span> <span class="IN">before</span> <span class="VBG">venturing</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="NN">marketing</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">distribution</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">reality</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="VBG">exhausting</span> <span class="NN">stretch</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">time</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">production</span> <span class="NN">process</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">long</span> <span class="IN">while</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">reason</span> <span class="WRB">why</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="VBD">kept</span> <span class="VBN">stuck</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NN">conversation</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">never</span> <span class="VBD">got</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="VBG">doing</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="VBG">Creating</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">networks</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">connection</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="VBN">formed</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">writer</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">publisher</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">quite</span> <span class="JJ">important</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">but</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">connection</span> <span class="VBN">formed</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="NN">reader</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">also</span> <span class="JJ">crucial</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">know</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="RB">now</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="EX">there</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">continent</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">diaspora</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">believe</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">importance</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">marginalised</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">Perhaps</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">love</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">translated</span> <span class="NNS">stories</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">process</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="RB">too</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">inspired</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">write</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">translate</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">In</span> <span class="NN">practise</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="JJ">collective</span> <span class="NN">effort</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">call</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">continuous</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBG">growing</span> <span class="JJ">engagement</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="JJ">multi-linguistic</span> <span class="NN">storytelling</span> <span class="NNS">practices</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="JJ">Vigorous</span> <span class="JJ">social</span> <span class="NNS">media</span> <span class="NNS">campaigns</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">sharing</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class="NNS">media</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">enhance</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="JJ">reciprocal</span> <span class="NNS">relations</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">Also</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">collaboration</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="NNS">universities</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="NN">learning</span> <span class="NNS">institutions</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">create</span> <span class="NN">interest</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="VB">integrate</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">idea</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NN">research</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">teaching</span> <span class="NNS">practises</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">find</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="RB">especially</span> <span class="JJ">important</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="NNS">children</span> <span class="VB">grow</span> <span class="RP">up</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="JJ">multi-lingual</span> <span class="NN">content</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">facilities</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">make</span> <span class="NN">access</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">minimal</span> <span class="NN">cost</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">believe</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">generation</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">young</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">passion</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="WDT">whatever</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="MD">may</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="RB">here</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">hold</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="NN">vision</span> <span class="RB">together</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="RB">very</span> <span class="JJ">long</span> <span class="NN">time</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="TO">To</span> <span class="VB">grow</span> <span class="DT">that</span> <span class="NN">generation</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="MD">must</span> <span class="VB">continue</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">encourage</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="IN">among</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">intellectual</span> <span class="NNS">facilities</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">various</span> <span class="NNS">experiences</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">participate</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NNS">projects</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="NN">issue</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NNP">New</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">get</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">space</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">experiment</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NNS">abilities</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">And</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="RB">already</span> <span class="VBN">made</span> <span class="NNS">attempts</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">prior</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="NNS">issues</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">opportunity</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">continue</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">supportive</span> <span class="NN">environment</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">allows</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NNS">talents</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">grow</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">An</span> <span class="JJ">important</span> <span class="NN">step</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="VBG">executing</span> <span class="PDT">such</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">practical</span> <span class="NN">approach</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">area</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">keep</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">good</span> <span class="NN">connection</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="JJ">different</span> <span class="NNS">players</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">writers</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">interested</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">different</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="NN">value</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">great</span> <span class="NN">power</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">stories</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">various</span> <span class="NNS">publishers</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">demonstrated</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">willingness</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">disseminate</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">works</span> <span class="RBR">further</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RBR">further</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">This</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class="IN">without</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">connections</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">collaborative</span> <span class="NNS">processes</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">put</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NN">place</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">At</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">heart</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="JJ">practical</span> <span class="NN">vision</span> <span class="VBZ">lies</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="VBG">growing</span> <span class="NN">network</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">connections</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">without</span> <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="NNS">ideas</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">remain</span> <span class="JJ">mere</span> <span class="NNS">ideas</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="VBG">Adapting</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">structure</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">media</span> <span class="VBP"></span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">web</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">connections</span> <span class="VBP"></span> <span class="IN">onto</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">way</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">working</span> <span class="NNS">allows</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">perseverance</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">sharing</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="JJ">valued</span> <span class="NNS">resources</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">knowledge</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">carry</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">Future</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="JJ">Multi-lingual</span> <span class="RB">However</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">despite</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">crucial</span> <span class="NN">importance</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">platforms</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">seen</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">grow</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="JJR">more</span> <span class="IN">than</span> <span class="RB">digitally</span> <span class="VBN">published</span> <span class="NNS">pieces</span> <span class="RB">once</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">reached</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">widespread</span> <span class="NN">audience</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">From</span> <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NN">space</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Ngũgi</span> <span class="VBP">wa</span> <span class="NNP">Thiong</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="MD">o</span> <span class="VB"></span> <span class="JJ">s</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="VBN">been</span> <span class="VBN">adapted</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">stage</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="JJ">several</span> <span class="NNS">occasions</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">Each</span> <span class="NN">dramatization</span> <span class="VBD">celebrated</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">power</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">cultural</span> <span class="NN">diversity</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="VBG">imagining</span> <span class="JJR">better</span> <span class="NNS">worlds</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">Secondly</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="RB">also</span> <span class="VBN">gone</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="NN">print</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">In</span> <span class="NNP">Sweden</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NNS">children</span> <span class="NN">book</span> <span class=":">;</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">occasion</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Mboka</span> <span class="NNP">Festival</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNP">Arts</span> <span class="NNP">Culture</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNP">Sport</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="CD">three</span> <span class="JJ">Gambian</span> <span class="NNP">Languages</span> <span class="(">(</span> <span class="NNP">Wolof</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Mandika</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNP">Fula</span> <span class=")">)</span> <span class=":">;</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">publishers</span> <span class="VBP">across</span> <span class="NNP">Spain</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">print</span> <span class="NNS">editions</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">Spanish</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Catalan</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Galician</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Basque</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Bable</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNP">Occitan</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">From</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">stage</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">print</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">then</span> <span class="RB">back</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NN">realm</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="IN">In</span> <span class="NNP">India</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">print</span> <span class="NN">publication</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NNP">Kannada</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">Dravidian</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="RB">later</span> <span class="VBN">republished</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ">Indian</span> <span class="NN">online</span> <span class="NN">magazine</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBD">reached</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">few</span> <span class="CD">million</span> <span class="NNS">readers</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">In</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">USA</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="VBN">nominated</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">project</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">aims</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">make</span> <span class="JJ">short</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">eBooks</span> <span class="JJ">available</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">subway</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">year</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="EX">There</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJR">more</span> <span class="IN">than</span> <span class="CD">six</span> <span class="CD">thousand</span> <span class="CD">nine</span> <span class="VBD">hundred</span> <span class="JJR">more</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">world</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">so</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="NNS">travels</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">In</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">future</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">hope</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">see</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">work</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="NN">move</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="JJR">bigger</span> <span class="NNS">challenges</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">For</span> <span class="PRP">them</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">take</span> <span class="RP">up</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">fictional</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">non-fiction</span> <span class="NNS">books</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">While</span> <span class="JJR">shorter</span> <span class="NNS">works</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">read</span> <span class="RB">much</span> <span class="RBR">more</span> <span class="RB">easily</span> <span class="VB">online</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="JJ">actual</span> <span class="NNS">books</span> <span class="MD">may</span> <span class="VB">require</span> <span class="NN">print</span> <span class="NN">publication</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="NN">sense</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">digital</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">analogue</span> <span class="NN">co-exist</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">mutual</span> <span class="NN">advantage</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">Over</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">course</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">ten</span> <span class="NNS">years</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">envision</span> <span class="VBG">having</span> <span class="VBG">ongoing</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="RB">about</span> <span class="JJ">ten</span> <span class="JJ">different</span> <span class="NNS">stories</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">With</span> <span class="DT">each</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBN">translated</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="CD">hundred</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="JJR">more</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="VBN">made</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">normal</span> <span class="NN">practise</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">write</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">translate</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNP">Languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">With</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="NN">practice</span> <span class="VBZ">comes</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">idea</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">conversation</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">appear</span> <span class="IN">alongside</span> <span class="DT">each</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">beauty</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">use</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">any</span> <span class="JJ">known</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class="RB">anywhere</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">world</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="NN">confidence</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">faith</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">good</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="PRP$">your</span> <span class="JJ">own</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBG">respecting</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">faith</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">confidence</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="VBG">using</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBG">celebrating</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="JJ">theirs</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">And</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">future</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">place</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="JJ">practical</span> <span class="NNS">visionaries</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">A</span> <span class="NN">time</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">multilingual</span> <span class="NN">pride</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">connections</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">know</span> <span class="DT">no</span> <span class="NNS">boundaries</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="NNS">writers</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNS">publishers</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">readers</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="WRB">When</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">act</span> <span class="RP">out</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NNS">ideas</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">future</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">smash</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">difficulty</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">access</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">technologies</span> <span class=":">;</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">exclusion</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class=":">;</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">limitations</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">opportunities</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">growth</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">collective</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">wake</span> <span class="RP">up</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="NN">day</span> <span class="RB">soon</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">feel</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">light</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">possibility</span> <span class="NN">shine</span> <span class="IN">upon</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="VBZ">faces</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">And</span> <span class="IN">because</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="NNP">Upright</span> <span class="NNP">Revolution</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NN">innovation</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="JJ">inevitable</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">publisher</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">writer</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">translator</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">reader</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBZ">wants</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">works</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">survive</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">remain</span> <span class="JJ">relevant</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="MD">must</span> <span class="VB">find</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">taking</span> <span class="NN">advantage</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">technologies</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">disposal</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="VB">[</span> <span class="NNS">footnotes</span> <span class="$">]</span> <span class="CD">1</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="VBN">Translated</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="NNP">English</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">author</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Prof.</span> <br>
<span class="NNP">Ngũgi</span> <span class="NN">wa</span> <span class="NNP">Thiong</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="RB">o</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="NN">[</span> <span class="NN">i</span> <span class="VBP">]</span> <span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NNP">Upright</span> <span class="NNP">Revolution</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="CC">Or</span> <span class="WRB">Why</span> <span class="NNPS">Humans</span> <span class="VBP">Walk</span> <span class="NNP">Upright</span> <span class="NNP">[</span> <span class="NN">i</span> <span class="VBD">]</span> <span class="CD">2</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="TO">To</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">part</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Translation</span> <span class="NNP">Issue</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">translator</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">put</span> <span class="PRP">yourself</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">company</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="VBG">making</span> <span class="NN">history</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">publish</span> <span class="DT">each</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">single</span> <span class="NN">page</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NN">name</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">biography</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">credits</span> <span class="VBN">listed</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">do</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">discriminate</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">nor</span> <span class="VBP">require</span> <span class="DT">any</span> <span class="JJ">advanced</span> <span class="NN">experience</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">literary</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="JJ">only</span> <span class="NN">requirement</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">desire</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">produce</span> <span class="JJ">authentic</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">verifiable</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">communicate</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="NN">s</span> <span class="JJ">own</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">And</span> <span class="IN">while</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">do</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">compensate</span> <span class="RB">financially</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="RB">now</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="VBG">looking</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="NNS">possibilities</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">funding</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBG">developing</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">financial</span> <span class="NN">model</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">allow</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">sustainability</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">As</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">engage</span> <span class="JJR">more</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RBR">more</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">network</span> <span class="NNS">grows</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">opportunities</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="RB">easily</span> <span class="VBN">spread</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">team</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">benefit</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">diligent</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
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<h1>Practical Vision</h1>
<h2>Jalanda</h2>
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<p class="home"><a href="../">Come back home here!</a></p>
<p class="home"><a href="practical_viz.pdf">And here a Practical Visualization!</a></p>
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<p>
A few weeks back someone told me that it is an exceptional achievement for a short story to be translated into a dozen languages. I had never really thought about it, as I am not drawn from a long tradition of scholarship in literary translations. I could not quantify his statement in any way. For me those words came across as a big compliment given the scope of the work done by the Jalada Collective in the past year in the area of translations and the use of digital facilities.
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Jalada is a pan-African collective of young African writers from all over the African continent, of which I am member as well as the managing editor. It began in 2013 during a workshop convened by renowned editor, Ellah Wakatama Allfrey. We had a lively conversation among the participants about what we as young African creatives drawn from different geographical locations could do with the resources we valued: language, knowledge and our web of connections. So Jalada was born. From wherever we were, we worked together online in what seemed like a virtual office. All you needed to do was post a message, and another member would take action. The Internet became an enabler of collaboration and a resource in the production process of a digital Jalada magazine. Our first thematic issue tackled the often-underexplored subject of mental health within the African context. Our second anthology focused on stories of fictionalized sexual experiences in ways that broke the implied modesty of our fictional boundaries. We also did an anthology on Afrofutures, a publication that allowed us, as Africans, to capture multiple and alternative ways of imagining futures.
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<h3>The Translation Issue</h3>
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Then, we embarked on a translation project in which we aimed to have one short story translated into as many languages as possible. Since March 2016, when we first published the story <i>Ituĩka Rĩa Mũrũngarũ: Kana Kĩrĩa Gĩtũmaga Andũ Mathiĩ Marũngiĩ </i>1], the story has been translated into sixty-eight languages. The initiative has been critically lauded by several scholars as one of the most essential projects in fostering communication amongst readers and speakers of different languages across the globe. Under the umbrella of the powerful magic of storytelling, online publishing has enabled different languages and cultures to find expression and converse with each other. The Jalada website, where the story and its translations are published, acts as a kind of portal to a multiplicity of languages wherein you can find codified languages you may never have heard about. Because for us at Jalada we are keen on multiple narrative modes of textual and visual storytelling, the story continues to be available in podcasts and live multilingual dramatizations. </p>
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We conceptualised the Jalada translations issue with a specific focus on African Languages. Each language remains a representation of a specific culture on the continent. Taken together, our continent is infinitely rich in its cultural resources. Over 2000 languages exist across the 54 nations. Imagine the monumental impact of a story in all these languages. It would be an immovable symbol. In history and in scholarship it would stand as a testament to the fact that all languages are equal: It does not matter the origins, the color, or the number of people who use any specific language, nor the standardisation of such a language or the lack thereof. The coming together of all those languages would smash any doubt that in our diversity immense beauty can be created with a great and lasting impact. </p>
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Jalada Translations issue was born from the firm faith that one day, whether it is during my lifetime or in the generations to come, one such short story will exist in all African languages. I want to imagine that over the years the spill over effect of this will transform our attitudes towards the use of our mother tongues and the languages that we learn from our neighbours through our daily interactions. I want to imagine the impact it might have on the access that our children have to texts written in all manner of languages, especially the marginalised languages. We continually learn to reap from the resources that we have. One such irrefutable resource is the language of our mother tongues.
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<h3>The Illusion of Unifying Language</h3>
<p>
Some of the distinctive African languages represented in the translations issue have suffered many years of non-representation in the written form. There are worrisome statistics of the number of books or articles that have been published in these languages. Yet, across many countries and regions within the continent, thousands, tens of thousands, or millions of people use these languages every day. They transact businesses, they pray, they love, and dream of love and life in these languages. And yet, so little is written in them. What is even more worrying is the fewer number of people who get access to these written resources. Most of the written material is in European languages English, French, and Portuguese as well as a few dominant African national languages.
</p>
<p>
The illusion of unifying a nation through a single language is wide spread. This has meant a very deliberate marginalisation of African languages and the almost brutal emphasis on the spread and dominance of English or other European languages. Additionally, we feed on that illusion instilled in us by our education systems, which were designed by European colonialists to serve the empire and then continued as desirable norms by post-colonial governments. But there is a daily struggle from many quarters and initiatives to effect change in our school systems.
</p>
<p>
Today, one does not need to go to a well-equipped library to see texts in other languages. You only need to log into social media, and you will see the flow of conversations in all manner of languages, albeit a little inconstant. We do not have to look at that with suspicion. We do not have to feel hate and resentment for the existence of the other or feel burdened by the colonial idea that this is divisive. Over the years, I have noted how many young Nairobians flood institutions to learn French and German. We marvel at the possibility of acquiring what is not necessarily ours. That in itself is a beautiful thing; all knowledge is power. However, most of the individuals learning these languages will never go to France or Germany. They will use that resource they have attained amongst themselves in a very small circle, or for employment purpose such as to serve the occasional tourist or to work at one of the multinationals. Even worse, sometimes it is never put to use. It exists merely as a placeholder in a Curriculum vita or for prestige, such as when someone mentions that they have studied this or that European Language. In their minds they remain psychologically arrested in the desire and continually gravitate towards the European home of the new learned language. However, they will interact very occasionally with speakers of other African Languages. What if that beautiful desire to learn and appreciate a foreign language was also inherently directed towards other African Languages? In failing to have enough systems that can facilitate this kind of interest and indulgence, the online publishing of stories in different languages, multilingual performances, and podcasts are a small but possibly vital contribution. Not just for readers that want to read other languages, but those who have grown up with very little exposure to written texts in their own mother tongue.
</p>
<h3> Practical Vision</h3>
<p>Ngugi wa Thiongo has used the term “practical vision” to describe the fresh opportunities for disseminating African literature that the digital age makes possible. Practical vision is about activating dreams in the present; it is about translating a vision that seems at far distance into a doing that brings you there. What we envision, is building a future of multilingual pride and connections that know no boundaries between writers, publishers, and readers. And because of our access to and connectivity with the Internet, we are able to move beyond mere conversations towards the execution of ideas. This however requires grit and a lot of help from all corners.
If we had done the Translation Issue in the pre-internet age, it would have taken us decades and huge financial means to put it together. The web of translators grew because of my colleagues and interested participants who encouraged others to contribute to the bringing together of sixty-eight languages into one volume. The volume bears the hallmark of conversations between cultures, languages, and people of the world. Thanks to the generosity[2] and time invested by the writers and translators we were able to do this work efficiently in less than a year. Our ways of consuming information have changed radically since oral literature was shared around a bonfire in early evenings. As publisher we therefore try to understand the changing nature of communication and the resultant structures. We want to find ways to take full advantage of digital facilities as it is the reality of our generation and of those to come.
</p>
<p>
We continue to experiment with many more ways to tap into these digital facilities to share stories in all manner of African Languages. The current question is how we can have a continued publication of translations that allow a conversation between the languages of Africa and those of the world. Can we create a digital publication that captures the infinite resources in our languages and cultures? In order to meet this challenge, we decided to select one short story a year short enough to allow a relatively ease of work in terms of translation that was powerful enough to speak across multiple cultures. Our vision is to have each story translated into as many African Languages as possible. And one day, in the not so distant future, we will have an online archive of stories and translations in all manner of languages. Pursuit of such a vision is not easy. There is a great deal of misconception about African Languages and their places in our personal and communal intellectual discourse. In our contribution to improving the publication of, as well as encouraging readership of works in African languages we needed to lay a firm foundation. First, we recognise that there are voices that have come before us who have already done a great deal to fight for language rights. Our selection of a story by Ngũgi wa Thiongo was a recognition towards those who had taken responsibility for our languages. As practical visionaries, interested more in turning ideas into actions, we work with full acknowledgement of what has come before. We take into consideration the conversations that have been held on the subject, and bring these further by pursuing our translation work in ways that examine barriers of the past and find ways to overcome them now.
</p>
<p>
Just as we have created and continue to create a database of literary translators, we want to establish a base of devoted readers. Earlier in the process, someone was quick to ask me, rather sceptically, what happens after we have published the translations and who will even be interested in reading them? Once the first Translation Issue was published, the translators and our most devoted readers started sharing the work on Facebook, Twitter, and Blogs while expressing their excitement at seeing such a publication. People tweeted links and shared specific languages on their timelines. A twitter user in Ethiopia, @LindaYohannes, tweeted, “Reading Ngugi in #Amharic! This feels so right!” Digital technologies helped us tap into greater and faster possibilities whereas the mere exhaustion of putting together the volume in print form would have been enough excuse for us to store the print copies in the warehouse for a month or two before venturing into marketing and distribution. The reality of such exhausting stretch of time in the production process was for a long while the reason why people kept stuck in conversation and never got into doing.
</p>
<h3>Creating digital networks for translation</h3>
<p>
The connection that is formed between the writer and publisher is quite important, but the connection formed with reader is also crucial. We know by now that there are people across the continent and in the diaspora who believe in the importance of marginalised languages. Perhaps in their love for the translated stories and the process of translation, they too will be inspired to write and translate. In practise, this collective effort will call for a continuous and growing engagement with multi-linguistic storytelling practices. Vigorous social media campaigns and the sharing of the work in all possible media will enhance such reciprocal relations. Also the collaboration with universities and other learning institutions, can create interest or integrate the idea of African languages in research and teaching practises. We find it especially important that children grow up with multi-lingual content and digital facilities will make access possible at a minimal cost. We believe that a generation of young people with a passion for their languages, whatever these languages may be, will be here to hold this vision together for a very long time. To grow that generation we must continue to encourage those among us with the intellectual facilities and various experiences to participate in projects such as the Jalada translations issue. New translators will get the space to experiment with their abilities. And those who have already made attempts in prior translation issues will have the opportunity to continue in a supportive environment that allows their talents to grow. </p>
<p>
An important step in executing such a practical approach in the area of translations is to keep a good connection between different players: the writers who are interested in different languages, the translators who value the great power in the stories, and the various publishers who have demonstrated their willingness to disseminate these works further and further. This would not be possible without the connections and collaborative processes we have put in place. At the heart of our practical vision lies a growing network of connections, without which ideas would remain mere ideas. Adapting the structure of digital media as a web of connections onto our way of working allows for the perseverance and sharing of our valued resources: languages and the knowledge they carry. </p>
<h3>The Future is Multi-lingual </h3>
<p>
However, despite the crucial importance of digital platforms we have seen that the work can grow into more than digitally published pieces once they have reached a widespread audience. From its digital space, Ngũgi wa Thiongos story has been adapted for the stage on several occasions. Each dramatization celebrated the power of cultural diversity in imagining better worlds. Secondly, the story has also gone into print. In Sweden, as a children book; for the occasion of the Mboka Festival of Arts Culture and Sport in three Gambian Languages (Wolof, Mandika, and Fula); and publishers across Spain will print editions in Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Basque, Bable, and Occitan. From digital to stage, to print and then back into the digital realm: In India, a print publication of a translation in Kannada, a Dravidian language, was later republished in an Indian online magazine that reached a few million readers. In the USA, the story was nominated for a project that aims to make short digital eBooks available on the subway for a year. There are more than six thousand nine hundred more languages across the world, and so the story travels. In the future, we hope to see the translators that we work with move on to bigger challenges. For them to take up translation of fictional and non-fiction books. While shorter works can be read much more easily online, actual books may require print publication, and in this sense, the digital and the analogue co-exist in mutual advantage.</p>
<p>
Over the course of ten years we envision having ongoing translations of about ten different stories. With each story translated into a hundred or more languages, we will have made it a normal practise to write and translate into and between African Languages. With this practice comes the idea of conversation between the languages as they appear alongside each other. The beauty is in the use of any known language anywhere in the world with confidence and the faith in the good of what is your own, and respecting the faith and confidence of the other in using and celebrating what is theirs.
</p>
<p>
And this is the future: a place for practical visionaries. A time of multilingual pride and connections that know no boundaries between writers, publishers, and readers. When we act out our ideas, the future will smash the difficulty of access through digital technologies; the exclusion of languages through translations; and the limitations of opportunities through the growth of collective work. We will wake up one day soon and feel the light of possibility shine upon our faces. And because the Upright Revolution of digital innovation is inevitable, the publisher, the writer, the translator and the reader who wants the works to survive and remain relevant must find ways of taking advantage of the digital technologies at their disposal.</p>
<b>footnotes</b>
<ol>
<li>Translated into English by the author, Prof. Ngũgi wa Thiongo, as <i>The Upright Revolution: Or Why Humans Walk Upright</i></li>
<li>To be a part of the Translation Issue as a translator is to put yourself in the company of other translators making history. We publish each translation on a single page. The language, name, and biography of the translators are the credits listed. We do not discriminate, nor require any advanced experience in literary translation. The only requirement is the desire to produce authentic and verifiable translations that can communicate a story in ones own language. And while we do not compensate financially for now, we are looking into possibilities of funding and developing a financial model that would allow the sustainability of the work. As we engage more and more translators, the network grows, and opportunities are easily spread across the team for the benefit of diligent translators. </li></ol>
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<h1>Practical Vision</h1>
<h2>Jalada</h2>
<div id="conts">
<span class="DT">A</span> <span class="JJ">few</span> <span class="NNS">weeks</span> <span class="RB">back</span> <span class="NN">someone</span> <span class="VBD">told</span> <span class="PRP">me</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ">exceptional</span> <span class="NN">achievement</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">short</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">translated</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">dozen</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBD">had</span> <span class="RB">never</span> <span class="RB">really</span> <span class="VBN">thought</span> <span class="IN">about</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBP">am</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VBN">drawn</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">long</span> <span class="NN">tradition</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">scholarship</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">literary</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="MD">could</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">quantify</span> <span class="PRP$">his</span> <span class="NN">statement</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">any</span> <span class="NN">way</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">For</span> <span class="PRP">me</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="NNS">words</span> <span class="VBD">came</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">big</span> <span class="NN">compliment</span> <span class="VBN">given</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">scope</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class="VBN">done</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="NNP">Collective</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">past</span> <span class="NN">year</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">area</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">use</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">facilities</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">pan-African</span> <span class="NN">collective</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">young</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNS">writers</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="IN">over</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NN">continent</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBP">am</span> <span class="NN">member</span> <span class="RB">as</span> <span class="RB">well</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="VBG">managing</span> <span class="NN">editor</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBD">began</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="CD">2013</span> <span class="IN">during</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">workshop</span> <span class="VBN">convened</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="JJ">renowned</span> <span class="NN">editor</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Ellah</span> <span class="NNP">Wakatama</span> <span class="NNP">Allfrey</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBD">had</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">lively</span> <span class="NN">conversation</span> <span class="IN">among</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">participants</span> <span class="IN">about</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="JJ">young</span> <span class="NNP">African</span> <span class="NNS">creatives</span> <span class="VBP">drawn</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="JJ">different</span> <span class="JJ">geographical</span> <span class="NNS">locations</span> <span class="MD">could</span> <span class="VB">do</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">resources</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">valued</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NN">knowledge</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">web</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">connections</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">So</span> <span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="VBN">born</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">From</span> <span class="IN">wherever</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">were</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">worked</span> <span class="RB">together</span> <span class="NN">online</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="VBD">seemed</span> <span class="IN">like</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">virtual</span> <span class="NN">office</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">All</span> <span class="PRP">you</span> <span class="VBN">needed</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">do</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="VB">post</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">message</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">another</span> <span class="NN">member</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">take</span> <span class="NN">action</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NNP">Internet</span> <span class="VBD">became</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="NN">enabler</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">collaboration</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">resource</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">production</span> <span class="NN">process</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="NN">magazine</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP$">Our</span> <span class="JJ">first</span> <span class="JJ">thematic</span> <span class="NN">issue</span> <span class="VBD">tackled</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">often-underexplored</span> <span class="NN">subject</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">mental</span> <span class="NN">health</span> <span class="IN">within</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NN">context</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP$">Our</span> <span class="JJ">second</span> <span class="NN">anthology</span> <span class="VBD">focused</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="NNS">stories</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">fictionalized</span> <span class="JJ">sexual</span> <span class="NNS">experiences</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBD">broke</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">implied</span> <span class="NN">modesty</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="JJ">fictional</span> <span class="NNS">boundaries</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="RB">also</span> <span class="VBD">did</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="NN">anthology</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="NNP">Afrofutures</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">publication</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBD">allowed</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="NNPS">Africans</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">capture</span> <span class="JJ">multiple</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">alternative</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">imagining</span> <span class="NNS">futures</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NNP">Translation</span> <span class="NNP">Issue</span> <span class="RB">Then</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">embarked</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="NN">project</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">aimed</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="JJ">short</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBN">translated</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="RB">as</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">Since</span> <span class="NNP">March</span> <span class="CD">2016</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="WRB">when</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="RB">first</span> <span class="VBD">published</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="NN">[</span> <span class="NN">i</span> <span class="VBP">]</span> <span class="NNP">Ituĩka</span> <span class="NNP">Rĩa</span> <span class="NNP">Mũrũngarũ</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="NNP">Kana</span> <span class="NNP">Kĩrĩa</span> <span class="NNP">Gĩtũmaga</span> <span class="NNP">Andũ</span> <span class="NNP">Mathiĩ</span> <span class="NNP">Marũngiĩ</span> <span class="NNP">[</span> <span class="NN">i</span> <span class="VBP">]</span> <span class="$">[</span> <span class="CD">1</span> <span class="NN">]</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="VBN">been</span> <span class="VBN">translated</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="JJ">sixty-eight</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">initiative</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="VBN">been</span> <span class="RB">critically</span> <span class="VBN">lauded</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="JJ">several</span> <span class="NNS">scholars</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="RBS">most</span> <span class="JJ">essential</span> <span class="NNS">projects</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="VBG">fostering</span> <span class="NN">communication</span> <span class="NN">amongst</span> <span class="NNS">readers</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">speakers</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">different</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">globe</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">Under</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">umbrella</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">powerful</span> <span class="NN">magic</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">storytelling</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="JJ">online</span> <span class="NN">publishing</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="VBN">enabled</span> <span class="JJ">different</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">cultures</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">find</span> <span class="NN">expression</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">converse</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">each</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="NN">website</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="WRB">where</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="VBN">published</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="VBZ">acts</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">kind</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">portal</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">multiplicity</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">wherein</span> <span class="PRP">you</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">find</span> <span class="JJ">codified</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="PRP">you</span> <span class="MD">may</span> <span class="RB">never</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="VBN">heard</span> <span class="IN">about</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">Because</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">keen</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="JJ">multiple</span> <span class="JJ">narrative</span> <span class="NNS">modes</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">textual</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">visual</span> <span class="NN">storytelling</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBZ">continues</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="JJ">available</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NNS">podcasts</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">live</span> <span class="JJ">multilingual</span> <span class="NNS">dramatizations</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBD">conceptualised</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="NN">issue</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">specific</span> <span class="NN">focus</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNP">Languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">Each</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class="VBZ">remains</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">representation</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">specific</span> <span class="NN">culture</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">continent</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="VB">Taken</span> <span class="RB">together</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">continent</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">infinitely</span> <span class="JJ">rich</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="JJ">cultural</span> <span class="NNS">resources</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">Over</span> <span class="CD">2000</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="VBP">exist</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="CD">54</span> <span class="NNS">nations</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="VB">Imagine</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">monumental</span> <span class="NN">impact</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PDT">all</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ">immovable</span> <span class="NN">symbol</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">In</span> <span class="NN">history</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NN">scholarship</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">stand</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">testament</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">fact</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">equal</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBZ">does</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">matter</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">origins</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">color</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">number</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">use</span> <span class="DT">any</span> <span class="JJ">specific</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">nor</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">standardisation</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">lack</span> <span class="NN">thereof</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="VBG">coming</span> <span class="RB">together</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PDT">all</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">smash</span> <span class="DT">any</span> <span class="NN">doubt</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">diversity</span> <span class="JJ">immense</span> <span class="NN">beauty</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">created</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">great</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">lasting</span> <span class="NN">impact</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="NNP">Translations</span> <span class="NN">issue</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="VBN">born</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">firm</span> <span class="VBD">faith</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="NN">day</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">whether</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="IN">during</span> <span class="PRP$">my</span> <span class="NN">lifetime</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">generations</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">come</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="JJ">short</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">exist</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBP">want</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">imagine</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="IN">over</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">years</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">spill</span> <span class="IN">over</span> <span class="NN">effect</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">transform</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NNS">attitudes</span> <span class="IN">towards</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">use</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">mother</span> <span class="NNS">tongues</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">learn</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NNS">neighbours</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="JJ">daily</span> <span class="NNS">interactions</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBP">want</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">imagine</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">impact</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="MD">might</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">access</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NNS">children</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">texts</span> <span class="VBN">written</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NN">manner</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="RB">especially</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">marginalised</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="RB">continually</span> <span class="VBP">learn</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">reap</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">resources</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CD">One</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="JJ">irrefutable</span> <span class="NN">resource</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">mother</span> <span class="NNS">tongues</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">Illusion</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNP">Unifying</span> <span class="NNP">Language</span> <span class="DT">Some</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">distinctive</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="VBN">represented</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="NN">issue</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">suffered</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="NNS">years</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">non-representation</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="VBN">written</span> <span class="NN">form</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="EX">There</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">worrisome</span> <span class="NNS">statistics</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">number</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">books</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="NNS">articles</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">been</span> <span class="VBN">published</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">Yet</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="NNS">countries</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">regions</span> <span class="IN">within</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">continent</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNS">thousands</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNS">tens</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">thousands</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="NNS">millions</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="VBP">use</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="DT">every</span> <span class="NN">day</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="VBP">transact</span> <span class="NNS">businesses</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">pray</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">love</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">dream</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">love</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">life</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">And</span> <span class="RB">yet</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="RB">so</span> <span class="JJ">little</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="VBN">written</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP">them</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="WP">What</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">even</span> <span class="RBR">more</span> <span class="JJ">worrying</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJR">fewer</span> <span class="NN">number</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">get</span> <span class="NN">access</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="VBN">written</span> <span class="NNS">resources</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="JJS">Most</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="VBN">written</span> <span class="NN">material</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">European</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="VBP"></span> <span class="NNP">English</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">French</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">Portuguese</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="RB">as</span> <span class="RB">well</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">few</span> <span class="JJ">dominant</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="JJ">national</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">illusion</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">unifying</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">nation</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">single</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="JJ">wide</span> <span class="NN">spread</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">This</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="VBN">meant</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="RB">very</span> <span class="JJ">deliberate</span> <span class="NN">marginalisation</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="RB">almost</span> <span class="JJ">brutal</span> <span class="NN">emphasis</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">spread</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">dominance</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNP">English</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="JJ">European</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">Additionally</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">feed</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">that</span> <span class="NN">illusion</span> <span class="VBD">instilled</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">education</span> <span class="NNS">systems</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="VBD">were</span> <span class="VBN">designed</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="JJ">European</span> <span class="NNS">colonialists</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">serve</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">empire</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">then</span> <span class="VBD">continued</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="JJ">desirable</span> <span class="NNS">norms</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="JJ">post-colonial</span> <span class="NNS">governments</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">But</span> <span class="EX">there</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">daily</span> <span class="NN">struggle</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="NNS">quarters</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">initiatives</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="NN">effect</span> <span class="NN">change</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">school</span> <span class="NNS">systems</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NN">Today</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="VBZ">does</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">need</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">go</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">well-equipped</span> <span class="NN">library</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">see</span> <span class="NNS">texts</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">You</span> <span class="RB">only</span> <span class="VB">need</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">log</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="JJ">social</span> <span class="NNS">media</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="PRP">you</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">see</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">flow</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">conversations</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NN">manner</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">albeit</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">little</span> <span class="JJ">inconstant</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">do</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">look</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="DT">that</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="NN">suspicion</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">do</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">feel</span> <span class="NN">hate</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">resentment</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">existence</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="VB">feel</span> <span class="VBN">burdened</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">colonial</span> <span class="NN">idea</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="JJ">divisive</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">Over</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">years</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">I</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">noted</span> <span class="WRB">how</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="JJ">young</span> <span class="NNPS">Nairobians</span> <span class="JJ">flood</span> <span class="NNS">institutions</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">learn</span> <span class="NNP">French</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNP">German</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">marvel</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">possibility</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">acquiring</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="RB">necessarily</span> <span class="VB">ours</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">That</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP">itself</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">beautiful</span> <span class="NN">thing</span> <span class=":">;</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NN">knowledge</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="NN">power</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">However</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="JJS">most</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">individuals</span> <span class="VBG">learning</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="RB">never</span> <span class="VB">go</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="NNP">France</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="NNP">Germany</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">They</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">use</span> <span class="DT">that</span> <span class="NN">resource</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">attained</span> <span class="RP">amongst</span> <span class="PRP">themselves</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="RB">very</span> <span class="JJ">small</span> <span class="NN">circle</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="NN">employment</span> <span class="NN">purpose</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">serve</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">occasional</span> <span class="NN">tourist</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">work</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">multinationals</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">Even</span> <span class="JJR">worse</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="VBZ">sometimes</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">never</span> <span class="VBN">put</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">use</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">It</span> <span class="VBZ">exists</span> <span class="RB">merely</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">placeholder</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NNP">Curriculum</span> <span class="NN">vita</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="NN">prestige</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="WRB">when</span> <span class="NN">someone</span> <span class="NNS">mentions</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">studied</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="JJ">European</span> <span class="NNP">Language</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">In</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NNS">minds</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">remain</span> <span class="RB">psychologically</span> <span class="VBN">arrested</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">desire</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">continually</span> <span class="VB">gravitate</span> <span class="IN">towards</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">European</span> <span class="NN">home</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">new</span> <span class="JJ">learned</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">However</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">interact</span> <span class="RB">very</span> <span class="RB">occasionally</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="NNS">speakers</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNP">Languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="WP">What</span> <span class="IN">if</span> <span class="DT">that</span> <span class="JJ">beautiful</span> <span class="NN">desire</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">learn</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">appreciate</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">foreign</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="RB">also</span> <span class="RB">inherently</span> <span class="VBN">directed</span> <span class="IN">towards</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNP">Languages</span> <span class=".">?</span> <span class="IN">In</span> <span class="VBG">failing</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="JJ">enough</span> <span class="NNS">systems</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">facilitate</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="NN">kind</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">interest</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">indulgence</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">online</span> <span class="NN">publishing</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">stories</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">different</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="JJ">multilingual</span> <span class="NNS">performances</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">podcasts</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">small</span> <span class="CC">but</span> <span class="RB">possibly</span> <span class="JJ">vital</span> <span class="NN">contribution</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">Not</span> <span class="RB">just</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="NNS">readers</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">want</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">read</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">but</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">grown</span> <span class="RP">up</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="RB">very</span> <span class="JJ">little</span> <span class="NN">exposure</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VBN">written</span> <span class="NNS">texts</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="JJ">own</span> <span class="NN">mother</span> <span class="NN">tongue</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="JJ">Practical</span> <span class="NNP">Vision</span> <span class="NNP">Ngugi</span> <span class="NN">wa</span> <span class="NNP">Thiongo</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="VBN">used</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">term</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="JJ">practical</span> <span class="NN">vision</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">describe</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">fresh</span> <span class="NNS">opportunities</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="VBG">disseminating</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NN">literature</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NN">age</span> <span class="VBZ">makes</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="JJ">Practical</span> <span class="NN">vision</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="IN">about</span> <span class="VBG">activating</span> <span class="NNS">dreams</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">present</span> <span class=":">;</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="IN">about</span> <span class="VBG">translating</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">vision</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">seems</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="RB">far</span> <span class="NN">distance</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="VBG">doing</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="VBZ">brings</span> <span class="PRP">you</span> <span class="RB">there</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="WP">What</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">envision</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="VBG">building</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">future</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">multilingual</span> <span class="NN">pride</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">connections</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">know</span> <span class="DT">no</span> <span class="NNS">boundaries</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="NNS">writers</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNS">publishers</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">readers</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">And</span> <span class="IN">because</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">access</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">connectivity</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Internet</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">able</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">move</span> <span class="IN">beyond</span> <span class="JJ">mere</span> <span class="NNS">conversations</span> <span class="IN">towards</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">execution</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">ideas</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">This</span> <span class="RB">however</span> <span class="VBZ">requires</span> <span class="NN">grit</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">lot</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">help</span> <span class="IN">from</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NNS">corners</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">If</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">had</span> <span class="VBN">done</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Translation</span> <span class="NNP">Issue</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">pre-internet</span> <span class="NN">age</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="VBN">taken</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="NNS">decades</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">huge</span> <span class="JJ">financial</span> <span class="NNS">means</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">put</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="RB">together</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">web</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="VBD">grew</span> <span class="IN">because</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">my</span> <span class="NNS">colleagues</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">interested</span> <span class="NNS">participants</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBD">encouraged</span> <span class="NNS">others</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">contribute</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="VBG">bringing</span> <span class="RB">together</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">sixty-eight</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="NN">volume</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">volume</span> <span class="VBZ">bears</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">hallmark</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">conversations</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="NNS">cultures</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">world</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NNS">Thanks</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">generosity</span> <span class="VBZ">[</span> <span class="CD">2</span> <span class="NN">]</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">time</span> <span class="VBN">invested</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">writers</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">were</span> <span class="JJ">able</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">do</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class="RB">efficiently</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJR">less</span> <span class="IN">than</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">year</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP$">Our</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">consuming</span> <span class="NN">information</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">changed</span> <span class="RB">radically</span> <span class="IN">since</span> <span class="JJ">oral</span> <span class="NN">literature</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="VBN">shared</span> <span class="IN">around</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">bonfire</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">early</span> <span class="NNS">evenings</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">As</span> <span class="NN">publisher</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">therefore</span> <span class="VB">try</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">understand</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="VBG">changing</span> <span class="NN">nature</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">communication</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">resultant</span> <span class="NNS">structures</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">want</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">find</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">take</span> <span class="JJ">full</span> <span class="NN">advantage</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">facilities</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">reality</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">generation</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">come</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">continue</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">experiment</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="JJR">more</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">tap</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">facilities</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="NN">share</span> <span class="NNS">stories</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NN">manner</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNP">Languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="JJ">current</span> <span class="NN">question</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="WRB">how</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="VBN">continued</span> <span class="NN">publication</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">allow</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">conversation</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNP">Africa</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">world</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="MD">Can</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VB">create</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NN">publication</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">captures</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">infinite</span> <span class="NNS">resources</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">cultures</span> <span class=".">?</span> <span class="IN">In</span> <span class="NN">order</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">meet</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="NN">challenge</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">decided</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">select</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="JJ">short</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">year</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="JJ">short</span> <span class="RB">enough</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">allow</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="RB">relatively</span> <span class="NN">ease</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NNS">terms</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="JJ">powerful</span> <span class="RB">enough</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">speak</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="JJ">multiple</span> <span class="NNS">cultures</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP$">Our</span> <span class="NN">vision</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="DT">each</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBN">translated</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="RB">as</span> <span class="JJ">many</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNP">Languages</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">And</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="NN">day</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="RB">so</span> <span class="JJ">distant</span> <span class="NN">future</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ">online</span> <span class="NN">archive</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">stories</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="NN">manner</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NN">Pursuit</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">vision</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="JJ">easy</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="EX">There</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">great</span> <span class="NN">deal</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">misconception</span> <span class="IN">about</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNS">Languages</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NNS">places</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="JJ">personal</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">communal</span> <span class="JJ">intellectual</span> <span class="NN">discourse</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">In</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">contribution</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VBG">improving</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">publication</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="RB">as</span> <span class="RB">well</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="VBG">encouraging</span> <span class="NN">readership</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">works</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBD">needed</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">lay</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">firm</span> <span class="NN">foundation</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NNP">First</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">recognise</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="EX">there</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="NNS">voices</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">come</span> <span class="IN">before</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="RB">already</span> <span class="VBN">done</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">great</span> <span class="NN">deal</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">fight</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class="NNS">rights</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP$">Our</span> <span class="NN">selection</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="NNP">Ngũgi</span> <span class="NN">wa</span> <span class="NNP">Thiong</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="NN">o</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">recognition</span> <span class="IN">towards</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBD">had</span> <span class="VBN">taken</span> <span class="NN">responsibility</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">As</span> <span class="JJ">practical</span> <span class="NNS">visionaries</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="VBD">interested</span> <span class="RBR">more</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="VBG">turning</span> <span class="NNS">ideas</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="NNS">actions</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">work</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="JJ">full</span> <span class="NN">acknowledgement</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="VBN">come</span> <span class="RB">before</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">take</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="NN">consideration</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">conversations</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">been</span> <span class="VBN">held</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">subject</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">bring</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="JJ">further</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="VBG">pursuing</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">examine</span> <span class="NNS">barriers</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">past</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">find</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">overcome</span> <span class="PRP">them</span> <span class="RB">now</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">Just</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">created</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">continue</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">create</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">database</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">literary</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">want</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">establish</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">base</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">devoted</span> <span class="NNS">readers</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RBR">Earlier</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">process</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NN">someone</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="JJ">quick</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">ask</span> <span class="PRP">me</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="RB">rather</span> <span class="RB">sceptically</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="VBZ">happens</span> <span class="IN">after</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">published</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="RB">even</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="JJ">interested</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="VBG">reading</span> <span class="PRP">them</span> <span class=".">?</span> <span class="RB">Once</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">first</span> <span class="NNP">Translation</span> <span class="NNP">Issue</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="VBN">published</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="RBS">most</span> <span class="JJ">devoted</span> <span class="NNS">readers</span> <span class="VBD">started</span> <span class="VBG">sharing</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="NNP">Facebook</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Twitter</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNP">Blogs</span> <span class="IN">while</span> <span class="VBG">expressing</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">excitement</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="VBG">seeing</span> <span class="PDT">such</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">publication</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NNS">People</span> <span class="VBD">tweeted</span> <span class="NNS">links</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBN">shared</span> <span class="JJ">specific</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NNS">timelines</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">A</span> <span class="NN">twitter</span> <span class="NN">user</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NNP">Ethiopia</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">@</span> <span class="NNP">LindaYohannes</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="VBD">tweeted</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="JJ"></span> <span class="NNP">Reading</span> <span class="NNP">Ngugi</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="#">#</span> <span class="NNP">Amharic</span> <span class=".">!</span> <span class="DT">This</span> <span class="NNS">feels</span> <span class="RB">so</span> <span class="RB">right</span> <span class=".">!</span> <span class="JJ"></span> <span class="NNP">Digital</span> <span class="NNS">technologies</span> <span class="VBD">helped</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="VB">tap</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="JJR">greater</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJR">faster</span> <span class="NNS">possibilities</span> <span class="IN">whereas</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">mere</span> <span class="NN">exhaustion</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">putting</span> <span class="RB">together</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">volume</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NN">print</span> <span class="NN">form</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="VBN">been</span> <span class="JJ">enough</span> <span class="NN">excuse</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">store</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">print</span> <span class="NNS">copies</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">warehouse</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">month</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="CD">two</span> <span class="IN">before</span> <span class="VBG">venturing</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="NN">marketing</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">distribution</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">reality</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="VBG">exhausting</span> <span class="NN">stretch</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">time</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">production</span> <span class="NN">process</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">long</span> <span class="IN">while</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">reason</span> <span class="WRB">why</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="VBD">kept</span> <span class="VBN">stuck</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NN">conversation</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">never</span> <span class="VBD">got</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="VBG">doing</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="VBG">Creating</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">networks</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">connection</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="VBN">formed</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">writer</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">publisher</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">quite</span> <span class="JJ">important</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">but</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">connection</span> <span class="VBN">formed</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="NN">reader</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="RB">also</span> <span class="JJ">crucial</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">know</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="RB">now</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="EX">there</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">continent</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">diaspora</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">believe</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">importance</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">marginalised</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">Perhaps</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">love</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">translated</span> <span class="NNS">stories</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">process</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="RB">too</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">inspired</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">write</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">translate</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">In</span> <span class="NN">practise</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="JJ">collective</span> <span class="NN">effort</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">call</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">continuous</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBG">growing</span> <span class="JJ">engagement</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="JJ">multi-linguistic</span> <span class="NN">storytelling</span> <span class="NNS">practices</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="JJ">Vigorous</span> <span class="JJ">social</span> <span class="NNS">media</span> <span class="NNS">campaigns</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">sharing</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">all</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class="NNS">media</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">enhance</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="JJ">reciprocal</span> <span class="NNS">relations</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">Also</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">collaboration</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="NNS">universities</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="NN">learning</span> <span class="NNS">institutions</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">create</span> <span class="NN">interest</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="VB">integrate</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">idea</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NN">research</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">teaching</span> <span class="NNS">practises</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">find</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="RB">especially</span> <span class="JJ">important</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="NNS">children</span> <span class="VB">grow</span> <span class="RP">up</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="JJ">multi-lingual</span> <span class="NN">content</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">facilities</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">make</span> <span class="NN">access</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">minimal</span> <span class="NN">cost</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">believe</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">generation</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">young</span> <span class="NNS">people</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">passion</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="WDT">whatever</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="MD">may</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="RB">here</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">hold</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="NN">vision</span> <span class="RB">together</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="RB">very</span> <span class="JJ">long</span> <span class="NN">time</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="TO">To</span> <span class="VB">grow</span> <span class="DT">that</span> <span class="NN">generation</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="MD">must</span> <span class="VB">continue</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">encourage</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="IN">among</span> <span class="PRP">us</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">intellectual</span> <span class="NNS">facilities</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">various</span> <span class="NNS">experiences</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">participate</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NNS">projects</span> <span class="JJ">such</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Jalada</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="NN">issue</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="NNP">New</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">get</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">space</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">experiment</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NNS">abilities</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">And</span> <span class="DT">those</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="RB">already</span> <span class="VBN">made</span> <span class="NNS">attempts</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">prior</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="NNS">issues</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">opportunity</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">continue</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">supportive</span> <span class="NN">environment</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">allows</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NNS">talents</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">grow</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">An</span> <span class="JJ">important</span> <span class="NN">step</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="VBG">executing</span> <span class="PDT">such</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">practical</span> <span class="NN">approach</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">area</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">keep</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">good</span> <span class="NN">connection</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="JJ">different</span> <span class="NNS">players</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">writers</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJ">interested</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">different</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="NN">value</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">great</span> <span class="NN">power</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">stories</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">various</span> <span class="NNS">publishers</span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">demonstrated</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">willingness</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">disseminate</span> <span class="DT">these</span> <span class="NNS">works</span> <span class="RBR">further</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RBR">further</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">This</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="JJ">possible</span> <span class="IN">without</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">connections</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">collaborative</span> <span class="NNS">processes</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">put</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NN">place</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">At</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">heart</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="JJ">practical</span> <span class="NN">vision</span> <span class="VBZ">lies</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="VBG">growing</span> <span class="NN">network</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">connections</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">without</span> <span class="WDT">which</span> <span class="NNS">ideas</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">remain</span> <span class="JJ">mere</span> <span class="NNS">ideas</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="VBG">Adapting</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">structure</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">media</span> <span class="VBP"></span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">web</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">connections</span> <span class="VBP"></span> <span class="IN">onto</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NN">way</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">working</span> <span class="NNS">allows</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">perseverance</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">sharing</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="JJ">valued</span> <span class="NNS">resources</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">knowledge</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">carry</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">Future</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="JJ">Multi-lingual</span> <span class="RB">However</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">despite</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">crucial</span> <span class="NN">importance</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">platforms</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">seen</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">grow</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="JJR">more</span> <span class="IN">than</span> <span class="RB">digitally</span> <span class="VBN">published</span> <span class="NNS">pieces</span> <span class="RB">once</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">have</span> <span class="VBN">reached</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">widespread</span> <span class="NN">audience</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">From</span> <span class="PRP$">its</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NN">space</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Ngũgi</span> <span class="VBP">wa</span> <span class="NNP">Thiong</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="MD">o</span> <span class="VB"></span> <span class="JJ">s</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="VBN">been</span> <span class="VBN">adapted</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">stage</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="JJ">several</span> <span class="NNS">occasions</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">Each</span> <span class="NN">dramatization</span> <span class="VBD">celebrated</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">power</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">cultural</span> <span class="NN">diversity</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="VBG">imagining</span> <span class="JJR">better</span> <span class="NNS">worlds</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="RB">Secondly</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBZ">has</span> <span class="RB">also</span> <span class="VBN">gone</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="NN">print</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">In</span> <span class="NNP">Sweden</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NNS">children</span> <span class="NN">book</span> <span class=":">;</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">occasion</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Mboka</span> <span class="NNP">Festival</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNP">Arts</span> <span class="NNP">Culture</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNP">Sport</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="CD">three</span> <span class="JJ">Gambian</span> <span class="NNP">Languages</span> <span class="(">(</span> <span class="NNP">Wolof</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Mandika</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNP">Fula</span> <span class=")">)</span> <span class=":">;</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">publishers</span> <span class="VBP">across</span> <span class="NNP">Spain</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">print</span> <span class="NNS">editions</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">Spanish</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Catalan</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Galician</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Basque</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Bable</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNP">Occitan</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">From</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">stage</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">print</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">then</span> <span class="RB">back</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NN">realm</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="IN">In</span> <span class="NNP">India</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">print</span> <span class="NN">publication</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="NNP">Kannada</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">Dravidian</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="RB">later</span> <span class="VBN">republished</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">an</span> <span class="JJ">Indian</span> <span class="NN">online</span> <span class="NN">magazine</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBD">reached</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">few</span> <span class="CD">million</span> <span class="NNS">readers</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">In</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">USA</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBD">was</span> <span class="VBN">nominated</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">project</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBZ">aims</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">make</span> <span class="JJ">short</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">eBooks</span> <span class="JJ">available</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">subway</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">year</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="EX">There</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="JJR">more</span> <span class="IN">than</span> <span class="CD">six</span> <span class="CD">thousand</span> <span class="CD">nine</span> <span class="VBD">hundred</span> <span class="JJR">more</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">world</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RB">so</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="NNS">travels</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">In</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">future</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">hope</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">see</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="IN">that</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">work</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="NN">move</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="JJR">bigger</span> <span class="NNS">challenges</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">For</span> <span class="PRP">them</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">take</span> <span class="RP">up</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">fictional</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">non-fiction</span> <span class="NNS">books</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">While</span> <span class="JJR">shorter</span> <span class="NNS">works</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="VBN">read</span> <span class="RB">much</span> <span class="RBR">more</span> <span class="RB">easily</span> <span class="VB">online</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="JJ">actual</span> <span class="NNS">books</span> <span class="MD">may</span> <span class="VB">require</span> <span class="NN">print</span> <span class="NN">publication</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="NN">sense</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">digital</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">analogue</span> <span class="NN">co-exist</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">mutual</span> <span class="NN">advantage</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">Over</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">course</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">ten</span> <span class="NNS">years</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">envision</span> <span class="VBG">having</span> <span class="VBG">ongoing</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="RB">about</span> <span class="JJ">ten</span> <span class="JJ">different</span> <span class="NNS">stories</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">With</span> <span class="DT">each</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="VBN">translated</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="CD">hundred</span> <span class="CC">or</span> <span class="JJR">more</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">have</span> <span class="VBN">made</span> <span class="PRP">it</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">normal</span> <span class="NN">practise</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">write</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">translate</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="JJ">African</span> <span class="NNP">Languages</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">With</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="NN">practice</span> <span class="VBZ">comes</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">idea</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">conversation</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="PRP">they</span> <span class="VBP">appear</span> <span class="IN">alongside</span> <span class="DT">each</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">beauty</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">use</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">any</span> <span class="JJ">known</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class="RB">anywhere</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">world</span> <span class="IN">with</span> <span class="NN">confidence</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">faith</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">good</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="PRP$">your</span> <span class="JJ">own</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBG">respecting</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">faith</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">confidence</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="VBG">using</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBG">celebrating</span> <span class="WP">what</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="JJ">theirs</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">And</span> <span class="DT">this</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">future</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">place</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="JJ">practical</span> <span class="NNS">visionaries</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">A</span> <span class="NN">time</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">multilingual</span> <span class="NN">pride</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">connections</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="VBP">know</span> <span class="DT">no</span> <span class="NNS">boundaries</span> <span class="IN">between</span> <span class="NNS">writers</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNS">publishers</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">readers</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="WRB">When</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">act</span> <span class="RP">out</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="NNS">ideas</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">future</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">smash</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">difficulty</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">access</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">technologies</span> <span class=":">;</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">exclusion</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">languages</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class=":">;</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">limitations</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NNS">opportunities</span> <span class="IN">through</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">growth</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">collective</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="MD">will</span> <span class="VB">wake</span> <span class="RP">up</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="NN">day</span> <span class="RB">soon</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">feel</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">light</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">possibility</span> <span class="NN">shine</span> <span class="IN">upon</span> <span class="PRP$">our</span> <span class="VBZ">faces</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">And</span> <span class="IN">because</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="NNP">Upright</span> <span class="NNP">Revolution</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NN">innovation</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="JJ">inevitable</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">publisher</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">writer</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">translator</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">reader</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="WP">who</span> <span class="VBZ">wants</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">works</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">survive</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VB">remain</span> <span class="JJ">relevant</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="MD">must</span> <span class="VB">find</span> <span class="NNS">ways</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="VBG">taking</span> <span class="NN">advantage</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="JJ">digital</span> <span class="NNS">technologies</span> <span class="IN">at</span> <span class="PRP$">their</span> <span class="NN">disposal</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="VB">[</span> <span class="NNS">footnotes</span> <span class="$">]</span> <span class="CD">1</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="VBN">Translated</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="NNP">English</span> <span class="IN">by</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">author</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NNP">Prof.</span> <br>
<span class="NNP">Ngũgi</span> <span class="NN">wa</span> <span class="NNP">Thiong</span> <span class="NNP"></span> <span class="RB">o</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="NN">[</span> <span class="NN">i</span> <span class="VBP">]</span> <span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NNP">Upright</span> <span class="NNP">Revolution</span> <span class=":">:</span> <span class="CC">Or</span> <span class="WRB">Why</span> <span class="NNPS">Humans</span> <span class="VBP">Walk</span> <span class="NNP">Upright</span> <span class="NNP">[</span> <span class="NN">i</span> <span class="VBD">]</span> <span class="CD">2</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="TO">To</span> <span class="VB">be</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">part</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNP">Translation</span> <span class="NNP">Issue</span> <span class="IN">as</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">translator</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">put</span> <span class="PRP">yourself</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">company</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="JJ">other</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="VBG">making</span> <span class="NN">history</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">publish</span> <span class="DT">each</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class="IN">on</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">single</span> <span class="NN">page</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="NN">name</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NN">biography</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NNS">credits</span> <span class="VBN">listed</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="PRP">We</span> <span class="VBP">do</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">discriminate</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">nor</span> <span class="VBP">require</span> <span class="DT">any</span> <span class="JJ">advanced</span> <span class="NN">experience</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="JJ">literary</span> <span class="NN">translation</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="DT">The</span> <span class="JJ">only</span> <span class="NN">requirement</span> <span class="VBZ">is</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">desire</span> <span class="TO">to</span> <span class="VB">produce</span> <span class="JJ">authentic</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="JJ">verifiable</span> <span class="NNS">translations</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="MD">can</span> <span class="VB">communicate</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="NN">story</span> <span class="IN">in</span> <span class="CD">one</span> <span class="NN"></span> <span class="NN">s</span> <span class="JJ">own</span> <span class="NN">language</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="CC">And</span> <span class="IN">while</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">do</span> <span class="RB">not</span> <span class="VB">compensate</span> <span class="RB">financially</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="RB">now</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="VBG">looking</span> <span class="IN">into</span> <span class="NNS">possibilities</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">funding</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="VBG">developing</span> <span class="DT">a</span> <span class="JJ">financial</span> <span class="NN">model</span> <span class="WDT">that</span> <span class="MD">would</span> <span class="VB">allow</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">sustainability</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">work</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
<span class="IN">As</span> <span class="PRP">we</span> <span class="VBP">engage</span> <span class="JJR">more</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="RBR">more</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">network</span> <span class="NNS">grows</span> <span class=",">,</span> <span class="CC">and</span> <span class="NNS">opportunities</span> <span class="VBP">are</span> <span class="RB">easily</span> <span class="VBN">spread</span> <span class="IN">across</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">team</span> <span class="IN">for</span> <span class="DT">the</span> <span class="NN">benefit</span> <span class="IN">of</span> <span class="NN">diligent</span> <span class="NNS">translators</span> <span class=".">.</span> <br>
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<h1>PRACTICAL<br>VISIONS</h1>
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<p>A few weeks back someone told me that it is an exceptional achievement for a short story to be translated into a dozen languages. I had never really thought about it, as I am not drawn from a long tradition of scholarship in literary translations. I could not quantify his statement in any way. For me those words came across as a big compliment given the scope of the work done by the Jalada Collective in the past year in the area of translations and the use of digital facilities.</p>
<p>Jalada is a pan-African collective of young African writers from all over the African continent, of which I am member as well as the managing editor. It began in 2013 during a workshop convened by renowned editor, Ellah Wakatama Allfrey. We had a lively conversation among the participants about what we as young African creatives drawn from different geographical locations could do with the resources we valued: language, knowledge and our web of connections. So Jalada was born. From wherever we were, we worked together online in what seemed like a virtual office. All you needed to do was post a message, and another member would take action. The Internet became an enabler of collaboration and a resource in the production process of a digital Jalada magazine. Our first thematic issue tackled the often-underexplored subject of mental health within the African context. Our second anthology focused on stories of fictionalized sexual experiences in ways that broke the implied modesty of our fictional boundaries. We also did an anthology on Afrofutures, a publication that allowed us, as Africans, to capture multiple and alternative ways of imagining futures.</p>
<h2 id="the-translation-issue">The Translation Issue</h2>
<p>Then, we embarked on a translation project in which we aimed to have one short story translated into as many languages as possible. Since March 2016, when we first published the story <span class="footnote"> [i] Ituĩka Rĩa Mũrũngarũ: Kana Kĩrĩa Gĩtũmaga Andũ Mathiĩ Marũngiĩ [i]</span>, the story has been translated into sixty-eight languages. The initiative has been critically lauded by several scholars as one of the most essential projects in fostering communication amongst readers and speakers of different languages across the globe. Under the umbrella of the powerful magic of storytelling, online publishing has enabled different languages and cultures to find expression and converse with each other. The Jalada website, where the story and its translations are published, acts as a kind of portal to a multiplicity of languages wherein you can find codified languages you may never have heard about. Because for us at Jalada we are keen on multiple narrative modes of textual and visual storytelling, the story continues to be available in podcasts and live multilingual dramatizations.</p>
<p>We conceptualised the Jalada translations issue with a specific focus on African Languages. Each language remains a representation of a specific culture on the continent. Taken together, our continent is infinitely rich in its cultural resources. Over 2000 languages exist across the 54 nations. Imagine the monumental impact of a story in all these languages. It would be an immovable symbol. In history and in scholarship it would stand as a testament to the fact that all languages are equal: It does not matter the origins, the color, or the number of people who use any specific language, nor the standardisation of such a language or the lack thereof. The coming together of all those languages would smash any doubt that in our diversity immense beauty can be created with a great and lasting impact.</p>
<p>Jalada Translations issue was born from the firm faith that one day, whether it is during my lifetime or in the generations to come, one such short story will exist in all African languages. I want to imagine that over the years the spill over effect of this will transform our attitudes towards the use of our mother tongues and the languages that we learn from our neighbours through our daily interactions. I want to imagine the impact it might have on the access that our children have to texts written in all manner of languages, especially the marginalised languages. We continually learn to reap from the resources that we have. One such irrefutable resource is the language of our mother tongues.</p>
<h2 id="the-illusion-of-unifying-language">The Illusion of Unifying Language</h2>
<p>Some of the distinctive African languages represented in the translations issue have suffered many years of non-representation in the written form. There are worrisome statistics of the number of books or articles that have been published in these languages. Yet, across many countries and regions within the continent, thousands, tens of thousands, or millions of people use these languages every day. They transact businesses, they pray, they love, and dream of love and life in these languages. And yet, so little is written in them. What is even more worrying is the fewer number of people who get access to these written resources. Most of the written material is in European languages English, French, and Portuguese as well as a few dominant African national languages.</p>
<p>The illusion of unifying a nation through a single language is wide spread. This has meant a very deliberate marginalisation of African languages and the almost brutal emphasis on the spread and dominance of English or other European languages. Additionally, we feed on that illusion instilled in us by our education systems, which were designed by European colonialists to serve the empire and then continued as desirable norms by post-colonial governments. But there is a daily struggle from many quarters and initiatives to effect change in our school systems.</p>
<p>Today, one does not need to go to a well-equipped library to see texts in other languages. You only need to log into social media, and you will see the flow of conversations in all manner of languages, albeit a little inconstant. We do not have to look at that with suspicion. We do not have to feel hate and resentment for the existence of the other or feel burdened by the colonial idea that this is divisive. Over the years, I have noted how many young Nairobians flood institutions to learn French and German. We marvel at the possibility of acquiring what is not necessarily ours. That in itself is a beautiful thing; all knowledge is power. However, most of the individuals learning these languages will never go to France or Germany. They will use that resource they have attained amongst themselves in a very small circle, or for employment purpose such as to serve the occasional tourist or to work at one of the multinationals. Even worse, sometimes it is never put to use. It exists merely as a placeholder in a Curriculum vita or for prestige, such as when someone mentions that they have studied this or that European Language. In their minds they remain psychologically arrested in the desire and continually gravitate towards the European home of the new learned language. However, they will interact very occasionally with speakers of other African Languages. What if that beautiful desire to learn and appreciate a foreign language was also inherently directed towards other African Languages? In failing to have enough systems that can facilitate this kind of interest and indulgence, the online publishing of stories in different languages, multilingual performances, and podcasts are a small but possibly vital contribution. Not just for readers that want to read other languages, but those who have grown up with very little exposure to written texts in their own mother tongue.</p>
<h2 id="practical-vision">Practical Vision</h2>
<p><span id="link-ngugi-two">Ngũgi wa Thiongo</span> has used the term “practical vision” to describe the fresh opportunities for disseminating African literature that the digital age makes possible. Practical vision is about activating dreams in the present; it is about translating a vision that seems at far distance into a doing that brings you there. What we envision, is building a future of multilingual pride and connections that know no boundaries between writers, publishers, and readers. And because of our access to and connectivity with the Internet, we are able to move beyond mere conversations towards the execution of ideas. This however requires grit and a lot of help from all corners. If we had done the Translation Issue in the pre-internet age, it would have taken us decades and huge financial means to put it together. The web of translators grew because of my colleagues and interested participants who encouraged others to contribute to the bringing together of sixty-eight languages into one volume. The volume bears the hallmark of conversations between cultures, languages, and people of the world. <span class="footnote">Thanks to the generosity</span> and time invested by the writers and translators we were able to do this work efficiently in less than a year. Our ways of consuming information have changed radically since oral literature was shared around a bonfire in early evenings. As publisher we therefore try to understand the changing nature of communication and the resultant structures. We want to find ways to take full advantage of digital facilities as it is the reality of our generation and of those to come.</p>
<p>We continue to experiment with many more ways to tap into these digital facilities to share stories in all manner of African Languages. The current question is how we can have a continued publication of translations that allow a conversation between the languages of Africa and those of the world. Can we create a digital publication that captures the infinite resources in our languages and cultures? In order to meet this challenge, we decided to select one short story a year short enough to allow a relatively ease of work in terms of translation that was powerful enough to speak across multiple cultures. Our vision is to have each story translated into as many African Languages as possible. And one day, in the not so distant future, we will have an online archive of stories and translations in all manner of languages. Pursuit of such a vision is not easy. There is a great deal of misconception about African Languages and their places in our personal and communal intellectual discourse. In our contribution to improving the publication of, as well as encouraging readership of works in African languages we needed to lay a firm foundation. First, we recognise that there are voices that have come before us who have already done a great deal to fight for language rights. Our selection of a story by Ngũgi wa Thiongo was a recognition towards those who had taken responsibility for our languages. As practical visionaries, interested more in turning ideas into actions, we work with full acknowledgement of what has come before. We take into consideration the conversations that have been held on the subject, and bring these further by pursuing our translation work in ways that examine barriers of the past and find ways to overcome them now.</p>
<p>Just as we have created and continue to create a database of literary translators, we want to establish a base of devoted readers. Earlier in the process, someone was quick to ask me, rather sceptically, what happens after we have published the translations and who will even be interested in reading them? Once the first Translation Issue was published, the translators and our most devoted readers started sharing the work on Facebook, Twitter, and Blogs while expressing their excitement at seeing such a publication. People tweeted links and shared specific languages on their timelines. A twitter user in Ethiopia, <span class="citation" data-cites="LindaYohannes">@LindaYohannes</span>, tweeted, “Reading Ngugi in #Amharic! This feels so right!” Digital technologies helped us tap into greater and faster possibilities whereas the mere exhaustion of putting together the volume in print form would have been enough excuse for us to store the print copies in the warehouse for a month or two before venturing into marketing and distribution. The reality of such exhausting stretch of time in the production process was for a long while the reason why people kept stuck in conversation and never got into doing.</p>
<h2 id="creating-digital-networks-for-translation">Creating digital networks for translation</h2>
<p>The connection that is formed between the writer and publisher is quite important, but the connection formed with reader is also crucial. We know by now that there are people across the continent and in the diaspora who believe in the importance of marginalised languages. Perhaps in their love for the translated stories and the process of translation, they too will be inspired to write and translate. In practise, this collective effort will call for a continuous and growing engagement with multi-linguistic storytelling practices. Vigorous social media campaigns and the sharing of the work in all possible media will enhance such reciprocal relations. Also the collaboration with universities and other learning institutions, can create interest or integrate the idea of African languages in research and teaching practises. We find it especially important that children grow up with multi-lingual content and digital facilities will make access possible at a minimal cost. We believe that a generation of young people with a passion for their languages, whatever these languages may be, will be here to hold this vision together for a very long time. To grow that generation we must continue to encourage those among us with the intellectual facilities and various experiences to participate in projects such as the Jalada translations issue. New translators will get the space to experiment with their abilities. And those who have already made attempts in prior translation issues will have the opportunity to continue in a supportive environment that allows their talents to grow.</p>
<p>An important step in executing such a practical approach in the area of translations is to keep a good connection between different players: the writers who are interested in different languages, the translators who value the great power in the stories, and the various publishers who have demonstrated their willingness to disseminate these works further and further. This would not be possible without the connections and collaborative processes we have put in place. At the heart of our practical vision lies a growing network of connections, without which ideas would remain mere ideas. Adapting the structure of digital media as a web of connections onto our way of working allows for the perseverance and sharing of our valued resources: languages and the knowledge they carry.</p>
<h2 id="the-future-is-multi-lingual">The Future is Multi-lingual</h2>
<p>However, despite the crucial importance of digital platforms we have seen that the work can grow into more than digitally published pieces once they have reached a widespread audience. From its digital space, Ngũgi wa Thiongos story has been adapted for the stage on several occasions. Each dramatization celebrated the power of cultural diversity in imagining better worlds. Secondly, the story has also gone into print. In Sweden, as a children book; for the occasion of the Mboka Festival of Arts Culture and Sport in three Gambian Languages (Wolof, Mandika, and Fula); and publishers across Spain will print editions in Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Basque, Bable, and Occitan. From digital to stage, to print and then back into the digital realm: In India, a print publication of a translation in Kannada, a Dravidian language, was later republished in an Indian online magazine that reached a few million readers. In the USA, the story was nominated for a project that aims to make short digital eBooks available on the subway for a year. There are more than six thousand nine hundred more languages across the world, and so the story travels. In the future, we hope to see the translators that we work with move on to bigger challenges. For them to take up translation of fictional and non-fiction books. While shorter works can be read much more easily online, actual books may require print publication, and in this sense, the digital and the analogue co-exist in mutual advantage.</p>
<p>Over the course of ten years we envision having ongoing translations of about ten different stories. With each story translated into a hundred or more languages, we will have made it a normal practise to write and translate into and between African Languages. With this practice comes the idea of conversation between the languages as they appear alongside each other. The beauty is in the use of any known language anywhere in the world with confidence and the faith in the good of what is your own, and respecting the faith and confidence of the other in using and celebrating what is theirs.</p>
<p>And this is the future: a place for practical visionaries. A time of multilingual pride and connections that know no boundaries between writers, publishers, and readers. When we act out our ideas, the future will smash the difficulty of access through digital technologies; the exclusion of languages through translations; and the limitations of opportunities through the growth of collective work. We will wake up one day soon and feel the light of possibility shine upon our faces. And because the Upright Revolution of digital innovation is inevitable, the publisher, the writer, the translator and the reader who wants the works to survive and remain relevant must find ways of taking advantage of the digital technologies at their disposal.</p>
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<h2>Ka Soumai!</h2>
<p>This is the playground of the republished text <b>Practical Vision</b>, by <a href="http://jaladaafrica.org">Jalada</a>:
you can find the republished text <a href="printing/index.html">here</a>.</p>
<p>What you see in the background is my response to the text, a reflection about the meaning of Complexity related to the language.</p>
<p>If you are also interested to print, <a href="export/practical_vision.pdf">here</a> you can download the printable file. If you also like this page, there is the possibility to print it as a poster, <a href="export/practical_complexity.pdf">here</a>!</p>
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<div><p class="pink">Ngũgi wa Thiongo has used the term<br>
<span class="pink" id="practical">PRACTICAL VISION</span><br>
to espress the opportunity
to disseminate African
literature <span2 class="green" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span2> the Digital
Age makes it possible.
</p></div>
<div><p class="green">But <span2>Practical Vision</span2>
can manage also other
<a id="1" href="#2">marginalised topics</a>.
</p></div>
<div><p class="pink">When more <span2>Practical Vision</span2>
watch themselves, they create translations
between <a id="7" href="#8">different</a> <span class="lang">languages</span>.
</p></div>
<div><p class="pink">When more <span2><a id="2" href="#1">Practical Vision</a></span2>
is not a standard vision.<br>
It attempts to take <a id="5" href="#6">care</a>
of <a id="3" href="#4">diversity</a> as a whole.
</p></div>
<div><p class="pink"><a id="11" href="#20">Complexity contains</a>
dreams and violence,
skyscrapers and slums,
freedom and control,
smart fridges and phone cables,
colonialism and conspiracies,
holy buildings and sheds full of computers to store data and so on.
</p></div>
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<p><a id="12" href="#13" class="green">They</a> attempt to protect past and
<a id="8" href="#7">future</a> cultures and they work through
<a href="#5" id="6">organic and inorganic networks</a>.
</p>
<p class="pink">A <span2><a id="16" href="#14">hyperobject</a></span2> is <a id="29" href="#17">something</a>
that creates, continuously, small
or big events somewhere.
Not here, not there - it is more a
<a id="10" href="#9">shadow</a>.</p>
<p class="green">A <span2>hyperobject</span2> is <a href="#3" id="4">multi</a>-dimensional.
That means <a id="9" href="#10">we cannot see</a>
the effects of its events clearly.</p>
</div>
<div class="right">
<p class="pink"><a id="13" href="#12">They</a> inhabit this
<a id="14" href="#16">hyperobject</span> called <span2><a href="#18" id="15">Complexity.</a></span2><br><br><a href="#23" id="bonus">*</a></p>
<p class="green">The <span2><a id="18" href="#15">Complexity</a></span2> is a very big
<a id="17" href="#29">hyperobject</a>:<br>it contains all
the different existing
<a href="#25" id="19">realities</a>.</p>
<p class="pink">Its easy to guess the <span2><a id="23" href="#bonus">Complexity</a></span2> is a <span2>complex</span2> dude.</p>
<p class="pink"><span2><a id="20" href="#11">Complexity</a></span2> is the magnificent
result of <a id="25" href="#19">interaction.</a>
Interaction is possible thanks
to <a class="lang" id="21" href="#26">language</a>.</p>
<p class="green">Programming <a id="24" href="#27"><span class="lang">languages</span></a> (currently) are closer to 700.<br>
Human <span class="lang">languages</span> are closer to 9600.</p>
<p class="pink"><a id="26" href="#21">There are a lot</a> of different kind of <a class="lang" href="#24" id="27">languages</a>.</p>
</p>
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@ -133,7 +133,7 @@
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<p><a target="_blank" href="details/index.html">Here</a> a focus of Practical Vision <a href="#cane" id="canino" class="pink">living</a> in the <a target="_blank" href="complex/index.html">hyperobject</a>.
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@ -52,14 +52,14 @@
<p>A few weeks back someone told me that it is an exceptional achievement for a short story to be translated into a dozen languages. I had never really thought about it, as I am not drawn from a long tradition of scholarship in literary translations. I could not quantify his statement in any way. For me those words came across as a big compliment given the scope of the work done by the Jalada Collective in the past year in the <span id="tradu-pre">area of translations</span> and the use of digital facilities.</p>
<p><a class= "link" target="_blank" href="http://jaladaafrica.org">Jalada is a pan-African collective</a> of young African writers from all over the African continent, of which I am member as well as the managing editor. It began in 2013 during a workshop convened by renowned editor,<a class= "link" target="_blank" href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellah_Wakatama_Allfrey"> Ellah Wakatama Allfrey. </a>We had a lively conversation among the participants about what we as young African creatives drawn from different geographical locations could do with the resources
we valued: language<a href="../ATATA/index_text.html" class="glyph" id="language"><span>A</span></a>, knowledge<a href="../../LIQUID/draft.html" class="glyph" id="knowledge"><span>L</span></a> and our <span id="focus-one" >web</span> of connections. So Jalada was born. From wherever we were, we worked together online<a href="../../HOPE/index.html" class="glyph" id="online"><span>H</span></a> in what seemed like a virtual office. All you needed to do was post a message, and another member would take action. The Internet became an enabler of collaboration<a href="../../LIQUID/draft.html" class="glyph" id="collaboration"><span>L</span></a> and a resource in the production process of a digital Jalada magazine. <a target="_blank" class= "link" href="https://jaladaafrica.org/publications/">Our first thematic issue </a>tackled the often-underexplored subject of mental health within the African context. Our second anthology focused on stories of fictionalized sexual experiences in ways that broke the implied modesty of our fictional boundaries. We also did an anthology on Afrofutures, a publication that allowed us, as Africans, to capture multiple<a href="../../LIQUID/draft.html" class="glyph" id="multiplicity"><span>L</span></a> and alternative ways of imagining futures.</p>
we valued: language<a href="../../ATATA/index.html" class="glyph" id="language"><span>A</span></a>, knowledge<a href="../../LIQUID/manifesto.html" class="glyph" id="knowledge"><span>L</span></a> and our <span id="focus-one" >web</span> of connections. So Jalada was born. From wherever we were, we worked together online<a href="../../HOPE/index.html" class="glyph" id="online"><span>H</span></a> in what seemed like a virtual office. All you needed to do was post a message, and another member would take action. The Internet became an enabler of collaboration<a href="../../LIQUID/manifesto.html" class="glyph" id="collaboration"><span>L</span></a> and a resource in the production process of a digital Jalada magazine. <a target="_blank" class= "link" href="https://jaladaafrica.org/publications/">Our first thematic issue </a>tackled the often-underexplored subject of mental health within the African context. Our second anthology focused on stories of fictionalized sexual experiences in ways that broke the implied modesty of our fictional boundaries. We also did an anthology on Afrofutures, a publication that allowed us, as Africans, to capture multiple<a href="../../LIQUID/manifesto.html" class="glyph" id="multiplicity"><span>L</span></a> and alternative ways of imagining futures.</p>
<p2 class="subtitle">The Translation Issue</p2>
<p>Then, we embarked on a translation project in which we aimed to have one short story translated into as many languages as possible. <a class= "link" target="_blank" href="https://jaladaafrica.org/2020/10/28/translation-project/">Since March 2016, </a>when we first published the story <i>Ituĩka Rĩa Mũrũngarũ: Kana Kĩrĩa Gĩtũmaga Andũ Mathiĩ Marũngiĩ</i>,<a class="foot" href="#footnoteone-r" id="footnoteone">[1]</a>the story has been translated into sixty-eight languages.
The initiative has been critically lauded by several scholars as one of the most essential projects in fostering communication amongst readers and speakers of different languages across the globe.
Under the umbrella of the powerful magic of storytelling, online publishing has enabled different languages and cultures<a href="../../OTHERNESS/index.html" class="glyph" id="cultures"><span>O</span></a> to find expression and converse with each other. The Jalada website, where the story and its translations are published, acts as a kind of portal to a multiplicity<a href="../../HOPE/index.html" class="glyph" id="multiplicity"><span>H</span></a> of languages wherein you can find codified languages you may never have heard about. Because for us at Jalada we are keen on multiple narrative<a href="../../ATATA/index_text.html" class="glyph" id="multiplicity"><span>A</span></a> modes of textual and visual storytelling, the story continues to be available in podcasts and live multilingual dramatizations.</p>
Under the umbrella of the powerful magic of storytelling, online publishing has enabled different languages and cultures<a href="../../OTHERNESS/index.html" class="glyph" id="cultures"><span>O</span></a> to find expression and converse with each other. The Jalada website, where the story and its translations are published, acts as a kind of portal to a multiplicity<a href="../../HOPE/index.html" class="glyph" id="multiplicity"><span>H</span></a> of languages wherein you can find codified languages you may never have heard about. Because for us at Jalada we are keen on multiple narrative<a href="../../ATATA/index.html" class="glyph" id="multiplicity"><span>A</span></a> modes of textual and visual storytelling, the story continues to be available in podcasts and live multilingual dramatizations.</p>
<p>We conceptualised the Jalada translations issue with a specific focus on African Languages. Each language<a href="../../OTHERNESS/index.html" class="glyph" id="language"><span>O</span></a> remains a representation of a specific culture on the continent. Taken together, our continent is infinitely rich in its cultural resources.
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
<p>Jalada Translations issue was born from the firm faith that one day, whether it is during my lifetime or in the generations to come, one such short story will exist in all African languages.
I want to <span id="feed-counterhegemonic" >imagine </span>that over the years the spill over effect of this will transform our attitudes towards the use of our mother tongues and the languages that we learn from our neighbours through our daily interactions. I want to imagine the impact it might have on the access that our children have to texts written in all manner of languages, especially the marginalised languages. We continually learn to reap from the resources that we have. One such irrefutable resource is the language of our mother tongues.<a href="../../ATATA/index_text.html" class="glyph" id="mothertongue"><span>A</span></a></p>
I want to <span id="feed-counterhegemonic" >imagine </span>that over the years the spill over effect of this will transform our attitudes towards the use of our mother tongues and the languages that we learn from our neighbours through our daily interactions. I want to imagine the impact it might have on the access that our children have to texts written in all manner of languages, especially the marginalised languages. We continually learn to reap from the resources that we have. One such irrefutable resource is the language of our mother tongues.<a href="../../ATATA/index.html" class="glyph" id="mothertongue"><span>A</span></a></p>
<p2 class="subtitle">The Illusion of Unifying Language</p2>
@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
They transact businesses, they pray, they love, and dream of love and life in these languages. And yet, so little is written in them. What is even more worrying is the fewer number of people who get access<a href="../../HOPE/index.html" class="glyph" id="access"><span>H</span></a> to these written resources. Most of the written material is in European languages English, French, and Portuguese as well as a few dominant African national languages.</p>
<p>The illusion of unifying a nation through a single language is wide spread. This has meant a very deliberate marginalisation of African languages and the almost brutal emphasis on the spread and dominance of English or other European languages. Additionally,we feed on that illusion instilled in us by our education systems, which were designed by European colonialists to serve the empire and then continued as desirable norms by <span id="feed-senegal" >post-colonial governments<a href="../../--/index.html" class="glyph" id="political"><span>M</span></a>.</span> But there is a daily struggle from many quarters and initiatives to effect change in our school systems.</p>
<p>The illusion of unifying a nation through a single language is wide spread. This has meant a very deliberate marginalisation of African languages and the almost brutal emphasis on the spread and dominance of English or other European languages. Additionally,we feed on that illusion instilled in us by our education systems, which were designed by European colonialists to serve the empire and then continued as desirable norms by <span id="feed-senegal" >post-colonial governments<a href="../../00/index.html" class="glyph" id="political"><span>M</span></a>.</span> But there is a daily struggle from many quarters and initiatives to effect change in our school systems.</p>
<p>Today, one does not need to go to a well-equipped library to see texts in other languages. You only need to log into social media, and you will see the flow of conversations in all manner of languages, albeit a little inconstant. We do not have to look at that with suspicion. We do not have to feel hate and resentment for the existence of the other or feel burdened by the colonial idea<a href="../../HOPE/index.html" class="glyph" id="political"><span>H</span></a> that this is divisive. Over the years,
@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
As practical visionaries, interested more in <span id="focus-turningideas" >turning ideas into actions</span>, we work with full acknowledgement of what has come before. We take into consideration the conversations that have been held on the subject, and bring these further by pursuing our translation work in ways that examine barriers of the past and find ways to overcome them now.</p>
<p>Just as we have created and continue to create a database of literary<a href="../../--/index.html" class="glyph" id="literary"><span>M</span></a> translators, we want to establish a base of devoted readers. Earlier in the process, someone was quick to ask me, rather sceptically, what happens after we have published the translations and who will even be interested in reading them? Once the first Translation Issue was published, the translators and our most devoted readers started sharing the work on Facebook, Twitter, and Blogs while expressing their excitement at seeing such a publication. People tweeted links and shared specific languages on their timelines. A twitter user in Ethiopia, @LindaYohannes, tweeted<br><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/LindaYohannes/status/713060642836578304" id="tweetQuote">“Reading Ngugi in #Amharic! This feels so right!”</a><br>Digital technologies helped us tap into greater and faster possibilities whereas the mere exhaustion of putting together the volume in print form would have been enough excuse for us to store the print copies in the warehouse for a month or two before venturing into marketing and distribution. The reality of such exhausting stretch of time in the production process was for a long while the reason why people kept stuck in conversation and never got into doing.</p>
<p>Just as we have created and continue to create a database of literary<a href="../../00/index.html" class="glyph" id="literary"><span>M</span></a> translators, we want to establish a base of devoted readers. Earlier in the process, someone was quick to ask me, rather sceptically, what happens after we have published the translations and who will even be interested in reading them? Once the first Translation Issue was published, the translators and our most devoted readers started sharing the work on Facebook, Twitter, and Blogs while expressing their excitement at seeing such a publication. People tweeted links and shared specific languages on their timelines. A twitter user in Ethiopia, @LindaYohannes, tweeted<br><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/LindaYohannes/status/713060642836578304" id="tweetQuote">“Reading Ngugi in #Amharic! This feels so right!”</a><br>Digital technologies helped us tap into greater and faster possibilities whereas the mere exhaustion of putting together the volume in print form would have been enough excuse for us to store the print copies in the warehouse for a month or two before venturing into marketing and distribution. The reality of such exhausting stretch of time in the production process was for a long while the reason why people kept stuck in conversation and never got into doing.</p>
<p2 class="subtitle">Creating digital networks for translation</p2>
@ -117,15 +117,15 @@
<span id="focus-multilang" >We find it especially important that children grow up with multi-lingual content and digital facilities will make access possible at a minimal cost.</span> We believe that a generation of young people with a passion for their languages<a href="../../OTHERNESS/index.html" class="glyph" id="languages"><span>O</span></a>, whatever these languages may be, will be here to hold this vision together for a very long time. To grow that generation we must continue to encourage those among us with the intellectual facilities and various experiences to participate in projects such as the Jalada translations issue. New translators will get the space to experiment with their abilities.
<span id="feed-coll-net-three" >And those who</span> have already made attempts in prior translation issues will have the opportunity to continue in a supportive environment that allows their talents to grow.<a href="../../LIQUID/draft.html" class="glyph" id="growing"><span>L</span></a></p>
<span id="feed-coll-net-three" >And those who</span> have already made attempts in prior translation issues will have the opportunity to continue in a supportive environment that allows their talents to grow.<a href="../../LIQUID/manifesto.html" class="glyph" id="growing"><span>L</span></a></p>
<p>An important step in executing such a practical approach in the area of translations is to keep a good connection between different players: the writers who are interested in different languages, the translators who value<a href="../../OTHERNESS/index.html" class="glyph" id="values"><span>O</span></a> the great power in the stories, and the various publishers who have demonstrated their willingness to disseminate these works further and further. This would not be possible without the connections and collaborative<a href="../../UNDECIDABILITY/index.html" class="glyph" id="collaborative"><span>U</span></a><a href="../../ATATA/index_text.html" class="glyph" id=""><span>A</span></a> processes we have put in place. At the heart of our practical vision lies a growing <span id="feed-coll-net-four" >network of connections</span><a href="../../ATATA/index_text.html" class="glyph" id="growing"><span>A</span></a>, without which ideas would remain mere ideas. Adapting the structure of digital media as a web of connections onto our way of working allows for the perseverance and sharing of our valued resources: languages<a href="../TENSE/index.html" class="glyph" id="languages"><span>T</span></a> and the knowledge they carry.</p>
<p>An important step in executing such a practical approach in the area of translations is to keep a good connection between different players: the writers who are interested in different languages, the translators who value<a href="../../OTHERNESS/index.html" class="glyph" id="values"><span>O</span></a> the great power in the stories, and the various publishers who have demonstrated their willingness to disseminate these works further and further. This would not be possible without the connections and collaborative<a href="../../UNDECIDABILITY/index.html#collaborative" class="glyph" id="collaborative"><span>U</span></a><a href="../../ATATA/index.html" class="glyph" id=""><span>A</span></a> processes we have put in place. At the heart of our practical vision lies a growing <span id="feed-coll-net-four" >network of connections</span><a href="../../ATATA/index.html" class="glyph" id="growing"><span>A</span></a>, without which ideas would remain mere ideas. Adapting the structure of digital media as a web of connections onto our way of working allows for the perseverance and sharing of our valued resources: languages<a href="../TENSE/index.html" class="glyph" id="languages"><span>T</span></a> and the knowledge they carry.</p>
<p2 class="subtitle">The Future is <span id="the-future-is-multi-lingual" >Multi-lingual</span></p2>
<p>However, despite the crucial importance of digital platforms we have seen that the work can grow into more than digitally published pieces once they have reached a widespread audience. From its digital space, Ngũgi wa Thiongos story has been adapted for the stage on several occasions. Each dramatization celebrated the power of
<span id="focus-infograph" >cultural diversity in imagining better worlds.</span><a href="../../LIQUID/draft.html" class="glyph" id="cooperativeworlds"><span>L</span></a><a href="../../UNDECIDABILITY/index.html" class="glyph" id=""><span>U</span></a><a href="../../ATATA/index_text.html" class="glyph" id=""><span>A</span></a><a href="../../RESURGENCE/index.html" class="glyph" id="cooperativeworlds"><span>R</span></a> Secondly, the story has also gone into print. In Sweden, as a children book; for the occasion of the Mboka Festival of Arts Culture and Sport in three Gambian Languages (Wolof, Mandika, and Fula); and publishers across Spain will print editions in Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Basque, Bable, and Occitan. From digital to stage, to print and then back into the digital realm: In India, a print publication of a translation in Kannada, a Dravidian language, was later republished in an Indian online magazine that reached a few million readers. In the USA, the story was nominated for a project that aims to make short digital eBooks available on the subway for a year.
<span id="focus-infograph" >cultural diversity in imagining better worlds.</span><a href="../../LIQUID/manifesto.html" class="glyph" id="cooperativeworlds"><span>L</span></a><a href="../../UNDECIDABILITY/index.html" class="glyph" id=""><span>U</span></a><a href="../../ATATA/index_text.html" class="glyph" id=""><span>A</span></a><a href="../../RESURGENCE/index.html" class="glyph" id="cooperativeworlds"><span>R</span></a> Secondly, the story has also gone into print. In Sweden, as a children book; for the occasion of the Mboka Festival of Arts Culture and Sport in three Gambian Languages (Wolof, Mandika, and Fula); and publishers across Spain will print editions in Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Basque, Bable, and Occitan. From digital to stage, to print and then back into the digital realm: In India, a print publication of a translation in Kannada, a Dravidian language, was later republished in an Indian online magazine that reached a few million readers. In the USA, the story was nominated for a project that aims to make short digital eBooks available on the subway for a year.
There are more than six thousand nine <span id="main-statement" >hundred</span> more languages<a href="../../--/index.html" class="glyph" id="languages"><span>M</span></a> across the world, and so the story travels.<a href="../TENSE/index.html" class="glyph" id="language"><span>T</span></a><a href="../../LIQUID/draft.html" class="glyph" id="circulation"><span>L</span></a> In the future, we hope to see the translators that we work with move on to bigger challenges. For them to take up translation of fictional and non-fiction books. While shorter works can be read much more easily online, actual books may require print publication, and in this sense,
There are more than six thousand nine <span id="main-statement" >hundred</span> more languages<a href="../../00/index.html" class="glyph" id="languages"><span>M</span></a> across the world, and so the story travels.<a href="../TENSE/index.html" class="glyph" id="language"><span>T</span></a><a href="../../LIQUID/manifesto.html" class="glyph" id="circulation"><span>L</span></a> In the future, we hope to see the translators that we work with move on to bigger challenges. For them to take up translation of fictional and non-fiction books. While shorter works can be read much more easily online, actual books may require print publication, and in this sense,
<span id="feed-coll-net-five" >the digital and the analogue co-exist in mutual advantage.</span></p>
@ -227,7 +227,7 @@
<div class="telegram">
<p class="tito">A practical Telegram BOT</p>
<p class="link">@practical_vision_bot</p>
<a class="link" href="http://t.me/practical_vision_bot">@practical_vision_bot</a>
<p>This Telegram BOT makes a crowd-sourced dictionary with your translations. You can add every word/sentence you want from english to be translated into any language! Search for it and follow the instructions to add new translations:<br><br>
<span><span class="v">word</span> : translation : language</span><br>

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RESURGENCE | Isabelle Stengers
“We are the grandchildren of the witches you were not able to burn”
Tish Thawer
I will take this motto, which has flourished in recent protests in the United States, as the defiant cry of resurgence refusing to define the past as dead and buried. Not only were the witches killed all over Europe, but their memory has been buried by the many retrospective analyses which triumphantly concluded that their power and practices were a matter of imaginary collective construction affecting both the victims and the inquisitors. Eco-feminists have proposed a very different understanding of the burning times. They associate it with the destruction of rural cultures and their old rites, with the violent appropriation of the commons, with the rule of a law that consecrated the unquestionable rights of the owner, and with the invention of the modern workers who can only sell their labour-power on the market as a commodity. Listening to the defiant cry of the women who name themselves granddaughters of the past witches, I will go further. I will honour the vision which, since the Reagan era, has sustained reclaiming witches such as Starhawk, who associate their activism with the memory of a past earth-based religion of the goddess - who now returns. Against the ongoing academic critical judgement, I claim that the witches resurgence, their chant about the goddess return, and inseparably their return to the goddess, should not be taken as a regression.
Given the threatening unknown our future is facing, the question of academic judgements may seem like a rather futile one. Very few, including academics themselves, among those who disqualify the resurgence of witches as regressive, are effectively forced to think by this future, which the witches resolutely address. They are too busy living up to the relentless neoliberal demands which they have now to satisfy in order to survive. However, if there is something to be learned from the past, it may well be the way in which defending the victims of eradicative operations has so often deemed futile. In one way or another, these victims deserved their fate, or this fate was the price to be unhappily paid for progress. “Creative destructions,” economists croon. What we have now discovered is that these destructions come with cascading and interconnecting consequences. Worlds are destroyed and no such destruction is ever deserved. This is why I will address the academic world, which, in turns, is facing its own destruction. Probably, because it is the one I know best, also because of its specific responsibility in the formation of the generations which will have to make their way in the future.
Resurgence often refers to the reappearance of something defined as deleterious e.g. an agricultural pest or an epidemic vector after a seemingly successful operation of eradication. It may also refer to the reworlding of a landscape after a natural catastrophe or a devastating industrial exploitation. Today, such a reworlding is no longer understood by researchers in ecology in terms of the restoration of some stable equilibrium. Ecology has succeeded in freeing itself from the association of what we call “natural” with an ordered reality verifying scientific generalization. In contrast, academic judgements entailing the idea of regression still imply what has been called “The Ascent of Man:” “Man” irrevocably turning his back on past attachments, beliefs, and scruples, affirming his destiny of emancipation from traditions and the order of nature. Even critical humanities including feminist studies, whatever their deconstruction of the imperialist, sexist, and colonialist character of the “Ascent of Man” motto, still do not know how to disentangle themselves from the reference to a rational progress which opposes the possibility of taking seriously the contemporary resurgence of what does not conform to a materialist, that is, secularist, position.
If resurgence is a word for the future, it is because we may use it in the way the granddaughters of the witches do: as a challenge to eradicative operations, with which what we call materialism and secularism are irreducibly associated, are still going on today. It is quite possible to inherit the struggle against the oppressive character of religious institutions without forgetting what came together with materialism and secularism; the destruction of what opposed the transition to capitalism both in Europe and in the colonized world.[1] It is quite possible to resist the idea that what was destroyed is irrevocably lost and that we should have the courage to accept this loss. Certainly it cannot be a question of resurrecting the past. What eventually returns is also reinventing itself as it takes root in a new environment, challenging the way it defined its destruction as a fait accompli. In the academic environment, defining as a fait accompli the destruction of the witches might be the only true point of agreement uniting two antagonist powers: those who take as an “objective fact” that the magic they claimed to practice does not exist, and those who understand magic as a cultural-subjective construction belonging to the past.
[b]Getting rid of the Objectivity Subjectivity banners[b]
In the academic world eradicative operations are a routine, performed as methodology by researchers who see it as their duty to disentangle situations in order to define them. Some will extract information about human practices only and give (always subjective) meaning to these situations. Others will only look at (objective) facts, the value of which should be to hold independently of the way humans evaluate them. Doing so, these academics are not motivated by a quest for a relevant approach. Instead they act as mobilized armies of either objectivity or subjectivity, destroying complex situations that might have slowed them down, and would have forced them to listen to voices protesting against the way their method leaves unattended knowledge that matters to others.
That objectivity is a mobilizing banner is easy to demonstrate. It would have no power if it were taken in the strict experimental sense, where it means the obtaining of an exceptional and fragile achievement. An experimental objective fact is always extracted by active questioning. However, achieving objectivity then implies the creation of a situation that gives the thing questioned the very unusual power to authorize one interpretation that stands against any other possible one. Experimental objectivity is thus the name of an event, not the outcome of a method. Further, it is fragile because it is lost as soon as the experimental facts leave the lab the techno-social rarefied milieu required by experimental achievements and become ingredients in messy real world situations. When a claim of objectivity nevertheless sticks to those facts outside of the lab, it transforms this claim into a devastating operator. As for the kind of objectivity claimed by the sheer extraction of “data” or by the unilateral imposition of a method, it is a mere banner for conquest. On the other hand, holding the ground of subjectivity against the claims of objectivity, not so very often means empowering the muted voices that point to ignored or disqualified matters. Scientists trying to resist the pseudo-facts that colonialize their fields, caring for a difference to be made between good (relevant) and bad (abusive) sciences, have found no allies in critical sciences.[2] For those who are mobilized under the banner of subjectivity such scruples are ludicrous.
Academic events such as theoretical turns or scientific revolutions including the famous Anthropocene turn wont help to foster cooperative relations or care for collaborative situations. Indeed, such events typically signal an advance, usually the creative destruction of some dregs of common sense that are still contaminating what was previously accepted. In contrast, if there were to be resurgence it would signal itself by the demoralization of the perspective of advance. Demoralization is not however about the sad recognition of a limit to the possibility of knowing. It rather conveys the possibility of reducing the feeling of legitimacy that academic researchers have about their objectivity subjectivity methodologies. The signal of a process of resurgence might be researchers deserting their position when they recognise that subjectivity and objectivity are banners only, imperatives to distance themselves from concerned voices, protesting against the dismemberment of what they care for.
[b]Making common sense[b]
Addressing situations that are a matter of usually diverging concerns in a way that resists dismembering them, means betraying the mobilization for the advance of knowledge. The resurgence of cooperative and non-antagonist relations points towards situation-centred achievements. It requires that the situation itself be given the power to make those concerned think together, that is to induce a laborious, hesitant, and sometimes conflictual collective learning process of what each particular situation demands from those who approach it. This requirement is a practical one. If the eradicative power of the objective/subjective disjunction is to collapse and give way to a collective process, we need to question many academic customs. The ritual of presentations with PowerPoint authoritative bullet-point like arguments, for instance, perfectly illustrates the way situations are mobilized in a confrontational game, when truth is associated with the power of one position to defeat the others. In addition, we may need to find inspiration in ancient customs. New academic rituals may learn for instance from the way the traditional African palavers or the sweat lodge rituals in North American First Nations, these examples ward off one-way-truths and weaponized arguments.
Today, many activist groups share with reclaiming contemporary witches the reinvention of the art of consensus-making deliberation; giving the issue of deliberation the power to make common sense. What they learn to artfully design are resurgent ways to take care of the truth, to protect it from power games and relate it to an agreement - generated by a very deliberative process - that no party may appropriate it. They experiment with practices that generate the capacity to think and feel together. For the witches, convoking the goddess is giving room to the power of generativity. When they chant “She changes everything She touches, and everything She touches changes,” they honour a change that affects everything, but to which each affected being responds in its own way and not through some conversion [i]She[i] would command. Of course, such arts presuppose a shared trust in the possibility of generativity and we are free to suspect some kind of participatory role-playing. But refusing to participate is also playing a role. Holding to our own reasons demands that, when we feel we understand something about the others position, we suppress any temptation to doubt the kind of authority we confer to our reasons, as if such a hesitation was a betrayal of oneself. What if the art of transformative encounters cultivated the slow emergence and intensification of a mutual sensitivity? A mutual sensitivity that generates a change in the relationship that each entertains with their own reasons.
[b]Polyphonic song[b]
Curiously enough the resurgence of the arts of partnering around a situation, of composing and weaving together relevant but not authoritative reasons, echoes with the work of laboratory biologists. Against the biotechnological redefinition of biology they claim that the self-contained isolable organisms might be a dubious abstraction. What they study are not individual beings competing for having their interest prevail, but multiple specific assemblages between interdependent mutually sensitive partners weaving together capacities to make a living which belong to none of them separately. “We have never been individuals” write Scott Gilbert and his colleagues who are specialists in evolutionary developmental biology.[3] “It is the song that matters, not the singer,” adds Ford Doolittle, specialist in evolutionary microbiology, emphasizing the open character of assemblages, the composition of which (the singers) can change as long as the cooperative pattern, the polyphonic song, is preserved.[4] In other words, biologists now discover that both in the lab and in the field, they have to address cooperative worlds and beings whose ways of life emerge together with their participation in worlding compositions. One could be tempted to speak about a revolution in biology, but it can also be said that it is a heresy, a challenge against the mobilizing creed in the advance of science. Undoubtedly, biology is becoming more interesting, but it is losing its power to define a conquering research direction, since each “song”; each assemblage, needs to be deciphered as such. If modes of interdependence are what matters, extraction and isolation are no longer the royal road for progress. No theory - including complex or systemic ones - can define [i]a priori[i] its rightful object, that is, anticipate the way a situation should be addressed.
This “heretical” biology is apt to become an ally in the resurgence of cooperative relations between positive sciences and humanities at a time when we vitally need demobilization, relinquishing banners which justified our business-as-usual academic routines. I will borrow Anna Tsings challenging proposition, that our future might be about learning to live in “capitalist ruins.”[5] That is, in the ruins of the socio-technical organizational infrastructures that ensured our business-as-usual life. Ruins may be horrific, but Tsing recognises ruins also as a place for the resurgence and cultivation of an art of paying attention, which she calls the “art of noticing.” Indeed ruins are places where vigilance is required, where the relevance of our reasons is always at risk, where trusting the abstractions we entertain is inviting disaster. Ruins demand consenting to the precariousness of perspectives taken for granted, that stable capitalist infrastructures allowed us, or more precisely, allowed some of us. Tsing follows the wild Matsutake mushroom that thrives in ruined forests - forests ruined by natural catastrophes or by blind extraction, but also by projects meant to ensure a rational and sustainable exploitation, that discovered too late that what they had eliminated as prejudicial or expendable [I]did matter[I]. Devastation, the unravelling of the weaving that enables life, does not need to be willful, deliberate blindly trusting an idea may be sufficient. As for Tsing, she is not relying on overbearing ideas. What she notices is factual but does not allow to abstract what would objectively matter from situational entanglements, in this case articulated by the highly sought mushroom and its [i]symbionts[i] including humans. Facts, here, are not stepping stones for a conquering knowledge and do not oppose objectivity to subjectivity. What is noticed is first of all what appears as interesting or intriguing. It may be enlightening but the light is not defining the situation, it rather generates new possible ways of learning, of weaving new relations with the situation.
[b]We are the weavers and we are the woven[b]
If our future is in the ruins, the possibility of resurgence is the possibility of cultivating, of weaving again what has been unravelled in the name of “the Ascent of Man.” We are not to take ourselves for the weavers after having played the masters, or the assemblers after having glorified extraction. “We are the weavers and we are the web,” sing the contemporary witches who know and cultivate generativity.[6] The arts of cultivation are arts of interdependence, of consenting to the precariousness of lives involved in each other. Those who cultivate do their part, trusting that others may do their own but knowing that what they aim at depends on what cannot be commanded or explained. Those who claim to explain growth or weaving are often only telling about the preparations required by what they have learned to foster, or they depend on the selection of what can be obtained and mobilized off-ground in rarefied, reproducible environments. In the ruins of such environments, resurgence is not a return to the past, rather the challenge to learn again what we were made to forget but what some have refused to forget.
When the environmental, social and climate justice, multiracial [i]Alliance of alliances[i], led by women, gender oppressed people of colour, and Indigenous Peoples, claim that “it takes roots to grow resistance,” or else, “to weather the storm,” they talk about the need to name and honour what sustains them and what they struggle for.[7] When those who try to revive the ancient commons, which were destroyed all over the world in the name of property rights, claim that there is “no commons without commoning,” that is, without learning how to “think like commoners,” they talk about the need to not only reclaim what was privatized but to recover the capacity to be involved with others in the ongoing concern and care for their maintenance of the commons.[8] Resurgence is a word for the future as it confronts us with what William James called a genuine option concerning this future. Daring to trust, as do todays activists, in an uncertified, indeed improbable, not to say speculative, possibility of reclaiming a future worth living and dying for, may seem ludicrous. But the option cannot be avoided because today there is no free standing place outside of the alternative: condescending skepticism, refusing to opt or opting against resurgence, are equivalent.
Such an option has no privileged ground. Neither the soil sustaining the roots nor the mutually involved of interdependent partners composing a commons, can be defined in abstraction from the always-situated learning process of weaving relations that matter. These are generative processes liable to include new ways of being with new concerns. New voices enter a song, both participating in this song and contributing to reinvent it. For us academics it does not mean giving up scientific facts, critical attention, or critical concern. It demands instead that such facts, attention, and concerns are liable to participate in the song, even if it means adding new dimensions that complicate it. As such, even scientific facts thus communicate with what William James presented as the “great question” associated with a pluriverse in the making: “does it, with our additions, rise or fall in value? Are the additions worthy or unworthy?”[9] Such a question is great because it obviously cannot get a certified answer but demands that we do accept that what we add makes a difference in the world and that we have to answer for the manner of this difference.
Footnotes
1. Silvia Federici, [i]Caliban and the Witch. Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation[i]. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 2004. 2. Rose, Hilary. "My Enemys Enemy Is, Only Perhaps, My Friend." [i]Social Text[i], no. 45 (1996): 61-80. doi:10.2307/466844. 3. Gilbert, Scott F., Jan Sapp, and Alfred I. Tauber. "A Symbiotic View of Life: We Have Never Been Individuals." [i]The Quarterly Review of Biology[i] 87, no. 4 (2012): 325-41. doi:10.1086/668166. 4. Doolittle, W. Ford, and Austin Booth. "Its the Song, Not the Singer: An Exploration of Holobiosis and Evolutionary Theory." [i]Biology & Philosophy[i] 32, no. 1 (2016): 5-24. doi:10.1007/s10539-016-9542-2. 5. Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. [i]The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins[i]. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015. 6. Starhawk. [i]Dreaming the Dark: Magic, Sex, and Politics[i]. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1997. 225. 7. “It Takes Roots An Alliance of Alliances." It Takes Roots. http://ittakesroots.org/. 8. Bollier, David. [i]Think like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons[i]. Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2014. 9. William, James. [i]Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking[i]. New York, NY: Longman Green and Co., 1907. 98.

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>ascii magic</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, user-scalable=no, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0">
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@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
import * as THREE from '/sandbot/words-for-the-future/RESURGENCE/GLTFLoader/js/three/build/three.module.js';
import { AsciiEffect } from '/sandbot/words-for-the-future/RESURGENCE/jsm/effects/AsciiEffect.js';
import { TrackballControls } from '/sandbot/words-for-the-future/RESURGENCE/jsm/controls/TrackballControls.js';
let camera, controls, scene, renderer, effect;
let sphere, torus, plane;
const start = Date.now();
init();
animate();
function init() {
camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera( 70, window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight, 1, 1000 );
camera.position.y = 150;
camera.position.z = 500;
scene = new THREE.Scene();
scene.background = new THREE.Color( 0, 0, 0 );
const pointLight1 = new THREE.PointLight( 0xff00ff );
pointLight1.position.set( 500, 500, 500 );
scene.add( pointLight1 );
const pointLight2 = new THREE.PointLight( 0xffffff, 0.25 );
pointLight2.position.set( - 500, - 500, - 500 );
scene.add( pointLight2 );
sphere = new THREE.Mesh( new THREE.SphereBufferGeometry( 200, 20, 10 ), new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial( { flatShading: true } ) );
scene.add( sphere );
torus = new THREE.Mesh (new THREE.TorusBufferGeometry( 8, 800, 10 ), new THREE.MeshPhongMaterial( { flatShading: true } ) );
torus.position.x = 150;
scene.add( torus );
// Plane
plane = new THREE.Mesh( new THREE.PlaneBufferGeometry( 1000, 1000 ), new THREE.MeshBasicMaterial( { color: 0xe0e0e0 } ) );
plane.position.y = - 150;
plane.rotation.x = - Math.PI / 2;
scene.add( plane );
renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer();
renderer.setSize( window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight );
effect = new AsciiEffect( renderer, '.:xmagicmagicmagic', { invert: true } );
effect.setSize( window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight );
effect.domElement.style.color = 'darkgray';
effect.domElement.style.backgroundColor = 'black';
// Special case: append effect.domElement, instead of renderer.domElement.
// AsciiEffect creates a custom domElement (a div container) where the ASCII elements are placed.
document.body.appendChild( effect.domElement );
controls = new TrackballControls( camera, effect.domElement );
//
window.addEventListener( 'resize', onWindowResize, false );
}
function onWindowResize() {
camera.aspect = window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight;
camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
renderer.setSize( window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight );
effect.setSize( window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight );
}
//
function animate() {
requestAnimationFrame( animate );
render();
}
function render() {
const timer = Date.now() - start;
sphere.position.y = Math.abs( Math.sin( timer * 0.002 ) ) * 150;
sphere.rotation.x = timer * 0.0003;
sphere.rotation.z = timer * 0.0002;
torus.position.y = Math.abs( Math.sin( timer * 0.002 ) ) * 120;
torus.rotation.x = timer * 0.0004;
torus.rotation.z = timer * 0.0001;
controls.update();
effect.render( scene, camera );
}

@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
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transition: 0.5s;
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}
body { margin: 10px; background: red; font-family: Anka; color: #214c12; padding: 10px; max-width: 75ch; font-size: 1.5em;
body { margin: 10px; background: #181616;; font-family: Anka; color: #214c12; padding: 10px; max-width: 75ch; font-size: 1em;
}
@ -57,7 +57,8 @@ z-index: 10;
max-width: 30%;
top: 50%;
left: 50%;
transform: translate(-50%, -50%);}
transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
color:#242823;}
/*button {
width: 1%;
@ -126,21 +127,40 @@ scale: 160%;
}
.container {
width: 90%;
max-height: 70%;
background-color: #c9d2c1e3;
background-color: gray;
padding: 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
z-index: 10;
color: #214c12;
position: relative;
position: fixed;
top: 45%;
left: 50%;
transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
opacity: 1;
padding: 1em;
box-shadow: 0 0 40px #214c12;
overflow-y: scroll;
width: 60vw;
}
.container:hover {
box-shadow: 0 0 60px #4eb32b;
}
.marquee {
background: red;
white-space: nowrap;
-webkit-animation: rightThenLeft 4s linear;
}
@-webkit-keyframes rightThenLeft {
0% {margin-right:0;}
50% {margin-right:100%;}
100% {margin-right:0;}
}
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.container2 {
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visibility: hidden;
}
#text{max-width: 90ch;
top: 45%;
color:#242823;
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display: grid;
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background-color: gray;
background-color: black;
border: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);
border-radius: 5px;
padding: 5px 10px;
color:#214c12;
color: #d3ff00;
outline: orange;
z-index: 10;
font-family: Anka;
margin-left: 3vw;
margin-right: 3vw;
}
.btn:hover {
@ -184,6 +222,7 @@ scale: 160%;
background-color: darkgray;
z-index: 10;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px #214c12;
}
#text{z-index: 10;
@ -192,8 +231,58 @@ color: #214c12;padding: 10px;}
button{z-index:10; background-color: white;}
p{z-index: 10;
max-width: 85ch;
color: #214c12;
padding: 0px;
transition: all 0.5s ease-in-out;
}
p:hover{z-index: 20;
max-width: 85ch;
color: #214c12;
padding: 10px;
padding: 0px;
transition: all 0.5s ease-in-out;
}
.header{
position: relative;
}
.header:hover{
position: relative;
z-index: 200;
color: red;
text-shadow: 0 0 2px black;
}
#foot{
color: black;
font-size: 0.5vw;
}
a{
color: blue;
font-size: 10pt;
cursor: pointer;
text-decoration: none;
color: white;
}
a.home{
color: blue;
mix-blend-mode: luminosity;
border-radius: 5px;
/* border: solid 0.5pt ; */
padding-right: 6px;
padding-left: 6px;
padding-top: 1px;
padding-bottom: 1px;
/* mix-blend-mode: exclusion; */
}

@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>TEST</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, user-scalable=no, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="body.css">
</head>
<body>
<script defer src="game.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.2.1.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="rooms.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="script.js"></script>
<div class="cover"></div>
<div class="container"><p>+ on the foot of the volcano +</p><br>
<div id="text">Text</div>
<div id="option-buttons" class="btn-grid">
<button class="btn" id="btn">Option 1</button>
<button class="btn">Option 2</button>
<button class="btn">Option 3</button>
<button class="btn">Option 4</button>
</div><br><br>
<p>go <a href="../">home</a> </p>
<script type="module" src="main.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"import time\n",
"import sys\n",
"\n",
"a = 0.2\n",
"b = 2\n",
"\n",
"def inventoryWipe():\n",
" file = open(\"inventory.txt\", \"w\")\n",
" file.close()\n",
"inventoryWipe()\n",
"\n",
"print(\" _________\")\n",
"print(\" / ======= .\")\n",
"print(\" / __________. \")\n",
"print(\" | ___________ |\")\n",
"print(\" | | words | |\")\n",
"print(\" | | for | |\")\n",
"print(\" | |_the_____| |________________________\")\n",
"print(\" \\=____________/ future )\")\n",
"print(\" / =========== \\ /\")\n",
"print(\"/ ::::::::::::: \\ =D-'\")\n",
"print(\"(________________)\")\n",
"s = '\"Hello Traveler\"'\n",
"for character in s:\n",
" sys.stdout.write(character)\n",
" sys.stdout.flush()\n",
" time.sleep(a)\n",
"time.sleep(b)\n",
"print()\n",
"print('Enter your name:')\n",
"name = input()\n",
"count = 0\n",
"\n",
"def select_element():\n",
" global count\n",
" print('Hello, ' + name + \". Welcome to ***Earthrise***. Are you ready to set sail to the land of the future? If yes, pick one of these elements to start: water, fire, wind\")\n",
" time.sleep(b)\n",
"\n",
" while True:\n",
"\n",
" print('Type your choice below, ' + name + '!')\n",
" element = input()\n",
" if element.lower().strip() == \"water\":\n",
" print('Great work, ' + name + ', Captain Atata picked you up with his ferry! Where should we go from here? (north/west)')\n",
" count = count + 1\n",
" print(count)\n",
" elif element.lower().strip() == \"fire\":\n",
" print('Great work, ' + name + ', You find yourself at the foot of an active volcano. Where do we go from here? (north/west)')\n",
" count = count + 1\n",
" elif element.lower().strip() == \"wind\":\n",
" print('You lift off the earth into the skies now, ' + name + ', you are floating. Where do we go from here? (north/west)')\n",
" count = count + 1\n",
" else:\n",
" print(\"this spell has no power here.\")\n",
"\n",
"\n",
" direction = input()\n",
" if direction.lower().strip() == \"west\" and count == 1:\n",
" print(\"You are walking along a \" + element + \" stream until you see a big book.\")\n",
"\n",
" elif direction.lower().strip() == \"north\":\n",
" print(\"You find yourself in a dense forest. By your feet you see a magic elixier and a whistle. You only have space for one, which one do you pick? (elixier/whistle)\")\n",
" count = count + 1\n",
" else:\n",
" print(\"this spell has no power here.\")\n",
"\n",
" object = input()\n",
" if object.lower().strip() == \"elixier\" and count == 2:\n",
" print(\"You don't understand what to use it for yet, so you keep on walking.\")\n",
"\n",
" elif direction.lower().strip() == \"whistle\":\n",
" print(\"You try to make sounds with it, until you finally suceed. You hear the whistle sound being echoed from far. (follow)\")\n",
"\n",
" else:\n",
" print(\"this spell has no power here.\")\n",
"select_element()\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
}
],
"metadata": {
"kernelspec": {
"display_name": "Python 3",
"language": "python",
"name": "python3"
},
"language_info": {
"codemirror_mode": {
"name": "ipython",
"version": 3
},
"file_extension": ".py",
"mimetype": "text/x-python",
"name": "python",
"nbconvert_exporter": "python",
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
"version": "3.7.3"
}
},
"nbformat": 4,
"nbformat_minor": 4
}

@ -42,17 +42,17 @@ function selectOption(option) {
const textNodes = [
{
id: 1,
text: "You find yourself on the foot of an active volcano. You look down and see a cardboard sign lying by your feet with the message 'We are the grandchildren of the witches you were not able to burn.' Hm. What do you do?",
text: "🕹Let's go on a walk. I am carrying a copy of 'Resurgence' by Isabelle Stengers and Ola Maciejewska with me, and I would like to read you some passages. We are meeting in our shared imaginary. Allow me to give you some keywords, so you can start imagining our surroundings: 💫earth, devastation, nature, magic.💫 We are going to build on this first fleeting vision and subconscious feeling you are experiencing now. If you need a moment to enter your imagination, take your time. When you are ready, open your eyes and keep reading. I'm glad you're joining me out here today. We are walking towards an active volcano, as the grounds around us start growing into a solid piece of land. It's loud and hot and kind of exciting to be here right now. You look down and see a cardboard sign lying by your feet with the message 'We are the grandchildren of the witches you were not able to burn.' Hm. What do you do?🕹️",
options: [
{
text: "become and ally",
setState: { blueGoo: true, ally: true },
text: "You are intrigued",
setState: { },
nextText: 2
},
{
text: "doubt the kind",
setState: { blueGoo: true, ally: false },
nextText: 3
text: "You want to explore the landscape",
setState: {},
nextText: 5
},
]
@ -60,131 +60,266 @@ const textNodes = [
{
id: 2,
text: 'You set out to find the people who wrote the sign. You follow a narrow path into a dense forest, where you see a group of elderly women weaving.',
text: "🕹I'm also intrigued and somewhat confused. Does this statement imply that the people who were convicted and burned all those years ago were actual witches? I don't know how to feel about it. Not too far from where we are, some collapsed concrete pillars are sticking out of the rocky ground. Let's climb them and sit on the top as I read you a passage of the essay: 📄'We are the grandchildren of the witches you were not able to burn' - Tish Thawer. I will take this motto, which has flourished in recent protests in the United States, as the defiant cry of resurgence - refusing to define the past as dead and buried. Not only were the witches killed all over Europe, but their memory has been buried by the many retrospective analyses which triumphantly concluded that their power and practices were a matter of imaginary collective construction affecting both the victims and the inquisitors. Eco-feminists have proposed a very different understanding of the 'burning times'. They associate it with the destruction of rural cultures and their old rites, with the violent appropriation of the commons, with the rule of a law that consecrated the unquestionable rights of the owner, and with the invention of the modern workers who can only sell their labour-power on the market as a commodity. Listening to the defiant cry of the women who name themselves granddaughters of the past witches, I will go further. I will honour the vision which, since the Reagan era, has sustained reclaiming witches such as Starhawk, who associate their activism with the memory of a past earth-based religion of the goddess - who now 'returns.' Against the ongoing academic critical judgement, I claim that the witches' resurgence, their chant about the goddess' return, and inseparably their return to the goddess, should not be taken as a 'regression.'📄 Somehow my confusion still lingers. The motto seems to stem from a fictive book called 'The Witches of BlackBrook', in which three sisters escape the Salem witch trials by casting a magic spell. Considering that not everyone who was accused of witchcraft during the burning times and its witch trials might have actually been practising magic, I fear these references could discredit the horror and madness people experienced, being wrongly labelled and persecuted as witches. I am staring at the lava streaming out of the earth in front of us, feeling heated and conflicted.🕹️",
options: [
{
text: 'Ask them what they are weaving.',
requiredState: (currentState) => currentState.blueGoo,
setState: { blueGoo: false, sword: true },
nextText: 4
text: 'Take a step away',
setState: { },
nextText: 3
},
{
text: "Keep on walking.",
requiredState: (currentState) => currentState.blueGoo,
setState: { blueGoo: false},
nextText: 5
text: "You are feeling a sense of sisterhood with the victims",
setState: { },
nextText: 12
}
]
},
{
id: 3,
text: "You walk on a concrete road towards a large building. It has 'FACTS ONLY' engraved on top of a massive wooden door",
text: "🕹You ask me to give you a moment. I don't know what you are thinking right now, but you have been staring at your hands for quite a while now. My mother once asked me: 'Do you know what the best tool is?', quickly followed by her answering her own question, while digging into the grounds of our garden ripping out weeds: 'Your hands.' You look at me and reach for my hand. I pull you up from off the ground and we walk away from the burning fires of the volcano towards industrial ruins. I am sensing that you are ready to hear the following passage: 📄Given the threatening unknown our future is facing, the question of academic judgements may seem like a rather futile one. Very few, including academics themselves, among those who disqualify the resurgence of witches as regressive, are effectively forced to think by this future, which the witches resolutely address. They are too busy living up to the relentless neoliberal demands which they have now to satisfy in order to survive. However, if there is something to be learned from the past, it may well be the way in which defending the victims of eradicative operations has so often deemed futile. In one way or another, these victims deserved their fate, or this fate was the price to be unhappily paid for progress. 'Creative destructions,' economists croon. What we have now discovered is that these destructions come with cascading and interconnecting consequences. Worlds are destroyed and no such destruction is ever deserved. This is why I will address the academic world, which, in turns, is facing its own destruction. Probably, because it is the one I know best, also because of its specific responsibility in the formation of the generations which will have to make their way in the future.📄 I take a breath, trying to lighten the pressure on my chest. It doesn't help. I am tired of hearing the constant argument replaying itself in my head about whether it is all hopeless, or if the only way to live is to endlessly battle this thought. To battle the feeling of being out of control.🕹️",
options: [
{
text: 'You ring the bell, waiting for someone to let you in.',
nextText: 31
text: 'You have been with the weavers before',
setState: { },
nextText: 6
},
{
text: 'Go right',
nextText: 32
},
{
text: 'Keep on walking straight forwards',
nextText: 33
text: "You haven't been with the weavers before",
setState: { },
nextText: 16
}
]
},
{
id: 100,
text: 'You are getting more tired by the minute. Why were you here again?',
id: 4,
text: "🕹I am now struggling to keep up with you, as you are walking through the forest, using the volcano as a landmark to follow. Suddenly you cannot go further, a fence is blocking the way, allowing me to finally catch up. We look up at the fence and I offer to push you up. You climb over the fence, pulling me up from the other side and now we are walking towards what looks like an overgrown amusement park. Moss and vines are tightly wrapped around the base of a ferris wheel. We climb into one of the compartments and sit down on the damp plastic. What a great moment to read you another passage, it's almost as if I brought you here for this reason:🕹📄Resurgence often refers to the reappearance of something defined as deleterious - e.g. an agricultural pest or an epidemic vector - after a seemingly successful operation of eradication. It may also refer to the reworlding of a landscape after a natural catastrophe or a devastating industrial exploitation. Today, such a reworlding is no longer understood by researchers in ecology in terms of the restoration of some stable equilibrium. Ecology has succeeded in freeing itself from the association of what we call 'natural' with an ordered reality verifying scientific generalization. In contrast, academic judgements entailing the idea of regression still imply what has been called 'The Ascent of Man': 'Man' irrevocably turning his back on past attachments, beliefs, and scruples, affirming his destiny of emancipation from traditions and the order of nature. Even critical humanities including feminist studies, whatever their deconstruction of the imperialist, sexist, and colonialist character of the 'Ascent of Man' motto, still do not know how to disentangle themselves from the reference to a rational progress which opposes the possibility of taking seriously the contemporary resurgence of what does not conform to a materialist, that is, secularist, position.📄",
options: [
{
text: 'Restart',
nextText: -1
text: 'You feel dizzy from the speed of science and its insatiable urge for progress of the human species',
setState: { },
nextText: 3
},
{
text: "You crave rationality",
setState: { },
nextText: 7
}
]
},
{
id: 5,
text: 'As you are walking, the fauna is getting denser and wilder by the minute. Suddenly, a gate made of white stone catches your attention',
text: "🕹We are climbing up the volcano, dodging the streams of lava all around us, until we finally make it to the top. It's pretty hot up here, but then again we are in our shared imaginary, so it is only as hot as you choose to imagine. Writing this, I realise it's quite hard to imagine heat. As the volcano purges another gleaming hot rain of lava, I read you this passage: 📄If resurgence is a word for the future, it is because we may use it in the way the granddaughters of the witches do: as a challenge to eradicative operations, with which what we call materialism and secularism are irreducibly associated, are still going on today. It is quite possible to inherit the struggle against the oppressive character of religious institutions without forgetting what came together with materialism and secularism; the destruction of what opposed the transition to capitalism both in Europe and in the colonized world.1📄 From up here you can see over the entire landscape. The volcano is surrounded by a dense pine tree forest. On the left end, you see a weird metal structure. On the right end, you see a large building.🕹️",
options: [
{
text: 'Restart',
nextText: 51
text: 'Go left',
setState: { },
nextText: 4
},
{
text: "Go right",
setState: { },
nextText: 7
}
]
},
{
{
id: 6,
text: 'You awake in front of a well.',
options: [
text: "🕹You tell me that you've had enough, that none of the options I give you are ever enough. None of the options are choices of your own. I try to think of a reasoning to clear our coast, but nothing comes to mind. We walk away from each other, as you think of which path to choose, now that they are laid out in front of you. Suddenly you find a note in your pocket: 📄It is quite possible to resist the idea that what was destroyed is irrevocably lost and that we should have the courage to accept this loss. Certainly it cannot be a question of resurrecting the past. What eventually returns is also reinventing itself as it takes root in a new environment, challenging the way it defined its destruction as a fait accompli. In the academic environment, defining as a fait accompli the destruction of the witches might be the only true point of agreement uniting two antagonist powers: those who take as an 'objective fact' that the magic they claimed to practice does not exist, and those who understand magic as a cultural-subjective construction belonging to the past.📄 Your journey ends here. Thank you for joining me. Take a moment to visualise our shared imaginary landscape, and start mapping it out on the main map.🕹️",
options: [
{
text: 'Nothing matters so you jump.',
nextText: 7
text: 'Play Again.',
nextText: -1
}
]
},
{
id: 7,
text: 'At the bottom of the well, there are two doors. The doors are guarded by dogs with eyes the size of windmills.',
text: "🕹I follow you as you walk on a concrete road towards a large building. It has 'FACTS ONLY' engraved on top of a massive wooden door. You ring the bell but noone is opening. Defeated from walking aimlessly, you sink down onto the ground, as you can't help but feel lost out here. You look to your side, where I am sitting in a weird squat position. 'I'm lost too', I say to you. After some lengthy awkward silence between the two of us, I decide to pick the essay back up and read to you: 📄Getting rid of the Objectivity - Subjectivity banners. In the academic world eradicative operations are a routine, performed as 'methodology' by researchers who see it as their duty to disentangle situations in order to define them. Some will extract information about human practices only and give (always subjective) meaning to these situations. Others will only look at '(objective) facts,' the value of which should be to hold independently of the way humans evaluate them. Doing so, these academics are not motivated by a quest for a relevant approach. Instead they act as mobilized armies of either objectivity or subjectivity, destroying complex situations that might have slowed them down, and would have forced them to listen to voices protesting against the way their method leaves unattended knowledge that matters to others.📄 We accept that this journey is more complex than we expected and slowly get back up. I look at you and wonder what you see. How you see. How it would feel to experience the world as you. How impossible it would be to decide whether your or my eyes see the truth. Does human objectivity exist, or is it some kind of ideal we are chasing?🕹️",
options: [
{
text: 'Try to run',
nextText: 8
},
{
text: 'Shoot at it with your gun',
requiredState: (currentState) => currentState.sword,
nextText: 9
},
{
text: 'Hide behind your shield',
requiredState: (currentState) => currentState.shield,
nextText: 10
text: 'You are feeling restless',
setState: { },
nextText: 11
},
{
text: 'You calmy approach it, trying to pet his head',
requiredState: (currentState) => currentState.blueGoo,
nextText: 11
text: "You want to stay around here for a while longer",
setState: { },
nextText: 8
}
]
},
{
id: 8,
text: 'Your attempts to run are in vain and the monster easily catches.',
text: "🕹An almost enjoyable silence is cut by a sudden screech. A white rat has attempted to climb up on your lap. You jump up and do a little dance to shake off the unwanted companion. Should we cross this line and let animals talk? I would say let's just go for it. So anyways, I pick up the rat, looking into its beady little eyes. 'Are you looking at me?', the rat asks. The silence is telling, and the rat continues: 'I could see once, now I'm blind as a mole. Go on, read your friend another passage!', the rat squeaks. I read:🕹📄That objectivity is a mobilizing banner is easy to demonstrate. It would have no power if it were taken in the strict experimental sense, where it means the obtaining of an exceptional and fragile achievement. An experimental objective fact is always extracted by active questioning. However, achieving objectivity then implies the creation of a situation that gives the thing questioned the very unusual power to authorize one interpretation that stands against any other possible one. Experimental objectivity is thus the name of an event, not the outcome of a method. Further, it is fragile because it is lost as soon as the experimental facts leave the lab - the techno-social rarefied milieu required by experimental achievements - and become ingredients in messy real world situations. When a claim of objectivity nevertheless sticks to those facts outside of the lab, it transforms this claim into a devastating operator. As for the kind of objectivity claimed by the sheer extraction of 'data' or by the unilateral imposition of a method, it is a mere banner for conquest. On the other hand, holding the ground of subjectivity against the claims of objectivity, not so very often means empowering the muted voices that point to ignored or disqualified matters. Scientists trying to resist the pseudo-facts that colonialize their fields, caring for a difference to be made between 'good' (relevant) and 'bad' (abusive) sciences, have found no allies in critical sciences.2 For those who are mobilized under the banner of subjectivity such scruples are ludicrous.📄",
options: [
{
text: 'Restart',
nextText: -1
text: 'Chase the rat, which has run off into the courtyard',
setState: { },
nextText: 16
},
{
text: "Confront the scientists inside the building",
setState: { },
nextText: 9
}
]
},
{
id: 9,
text: 'You foolishly thought this monster could be slain with the shot of a gun. The doors turn into stonewall in front of your eyes.',
text: "🕹You seem focussed, as you walk up the steps of the academic institution in front of us. I am quite amazed, watching you bang against the wooden door of the building like Donkey Kong's aggressive uncle. Something seems to have gotten you heated. The frustration of coming across a locked door, perhaps? Don't be demoralised, please. Can you never just take a moment to enjoy being out here today with me? I grab your arm and pull you away from the entrance towards a bench. I unfold the essay and read:🕹📄Academic events such as theoretical turns or scientific revolutions - including the famous Anthropocene turn - won't help to foster cooperative relations or care for collaborative situations. Indeed, such events typically signal an advance, usually the creative destruction of some dregs of common sense that are still contaminating what was previously accepted. In contrast, if there were to be resurgence it would signal itself by the 'demoralization' of the perspective of advance. Demoralization is not however about the sad recognition of a limit to the possibility of knowing. It rather conveys the possibility of reducing the feeling of legitimacy that academic researchers have about their objectivity - subjectivity methodologies. The signal of a process of resurgence might be researchers deserting their position when they recognise that subjectivity and objectivity are banners only, imperatives to distance themselves from concerned voices, protesting against the dismemberment of what they care for.📄",
options: [
{
text: 'Restart',
nextText: -1
text: 'Keep on going',
setState: { },
nextText: 17
}
]
},
{
id: 10,
text: 'The monster laughed as you hid behind your shield and ate you.',
text: "🕹Not too far from us, you hear a loud discussion. A crowd of people have gathered in the courtyard of an academy building. Someone from inside the building has come out to talk. We step closer. It seems like they are arguing about the meaning of common sense. 'Don't you have common sense?', they scream from the building. I pull you aside and read you this passage: 📄Making common sense. Addressing situations that are a matter of usually diverging concerns in a way that resists dismembering them, means betraying the mobilization for the advance of knowledge. The resurgence of cooperative and non-antagonist relations points towards situation-centred achievements. It requires that the situation itself be given the power to make those concerned think together, that is to induce a laborious, hesitant, and sometimes conflictual collective learning process of what each particular situation demands from those who approach it. This requirement is a practical one. If the eradicative power of the objective/subjective disjunction is to collapse and give way to a collective process, we need to question many academic customs. The ritual of presentations with PowerPoint authoritative bullet-point like arguments, for instance, perfectly illustrates the way situations are mobilized in a confrontational game, when truth is associated with the power of one position to defeat the others. In addition, we may need to find inspiration in ancient customs. New academic rituals may learn for instance from the way the traditional African palavers or the sweat lodge rituals in North American First Nations, these examples ward off one-way-truths and weaponized arguments.📄 Hm. Common sense can therefore never be a single man's opinion, but could there ever be something like common sense if we sense so differently from one another?🕹️",
options: [
{
text: 'Restart',
nextText: -1
text: 'Keep on going',
setState: { },
nextText: 11
}
]
},
{
{
id: 11,
text: 'The tension rises as the monster stares back at you, growling and drooling. It smell your hand and with a big POOF, it turns into a fluffy key.',
text: "🕹Did we dig too deep or not deep enough, I wonder. Is it enough? I tell you to wait for a moment, so I can be alone. When I think I've made it far enough, I scream along with the shaking earth. Clearly I was not far enough, I realise shortly after you approach me hesitantly, asking what my goddamn problem is. I look at you for a moment trying to put the force pressing against the inner walls of my heart into words, as an elderly woman approaches us. The lines on her face are profound, but somehow soft. 'There are times when you have to scream to be heard', she says, pointing at this passage of the essay I am somehow still holding in my hand:🕹📄Today, many activist groups share with reclaiming contemporary witches the reinvention of the art of consensus-making deliberation; giving the issue of deliberation the power to make common sense. What they learn to artfully design are resurgent ways to take care of the truth, to protect it from power games and relate it to an agreement - generated by a very deliberative process - that no party may appropriate it. They experiment with practices that generate the capacity to think and feel together. For the witches, convoking the goddess is giving room to the power of generativity. When they chant 'She changes everything She touches, and everything She touches changes,' they honour a change that affects everything, but to which each affected being responds in its own way and not through some conversion She would command. Of course, such arts presuppose a shared trust in the possibility of generativity and we are free to suspect some kind of participatory role-playing. But refusing to participate is also playing a role. Holding to our own reasons demands that, when we feel we understand something about the other's position, we suppress any temptation to doubt the kind of authority we confer to our reasons, as if such a hesitation was a betrayal of oneself. What if the art of transformative encounters cultivated the slow emergence and intensification of a mutual sensitivity? A mutual sensitivity that generates a change in the relationship that each entertains with their own reasons.📄",
options: [
{
text: 'Congratulations. Play Again.',
text: 'You have been to the forest',
setState: { },
nextText: 9
},
{
text: "You haven't been to the forest",
setState: { },
nextText: 12
}
]
},
{
id: 12,
text: "🕹We are walking around the foot of the volcano, searching for anything significant I could use as a bridge to another passage. Hm, strange. I swear I just heard something. You close your eyes and listen. There it was again! A humming sound coming from a nearby forest. We are following the rythmic humming, as our legs carry us faster and faster into the dense forest. All of the sudden, we arrive at a crossing. You lean against the bark of a pine tree, as I read you another passage: 📄Polyphonic song. Curiously enough the resurgence of the arts of partnering around a situation, of composing and weaving together relevant but not authoritative reasons, echoes with the work of laboratory biologists. Against the biotechnological redefinition of biology they claim that the self-contained isolable organisms might be a dubious abstraction. What they study are not individual beings competing for having their interest prevail, but multiple specific assemblages between interdependent mutually sensitive partners weaving together capacities to make a living which belong to none of them separately. 'We have never been individuals' write Scott Gilbert and his colleagues who are specialists in evolutionary developmental biology.3 'It is the song that matters, not the singer,' adds Ford Doolittle, specialist in evolutionary microbiology, emphasizing the open character of assemblages, the composition of which (the singers) can change as long as the cooperative pattern, the polyphonic song, is preserved.4 In other words, biologists now discover that both in the lab and in the field, they have to address cooperative worlds and beings whose ways of life emerge together with their participation in worlding compositions. One could be tempted to speak about a revolution in biology, but it can also be said that it is a heresy, a challenge against the mobilizing creed in the advance of science. Undoubtedly, biology is becoming more interesting, but it is losing its power to define a conquering research direction, since each 'song', each assemblage, needs to be deciphered as such. If modes of interdependence are what matters, extraction and isolation are no longer the royal road for progress. No theory - including complex or systemic ones - can define a priori its rightful object, that is, anticipate the way a situation should be addressed.📄 It feels comforting to read about interdependence. I feel a sense of belonging, do you?🕹️",
options: [
{
text: 'Go left, where the source of the humming seems to be',
setState: { },
nextText: 15
},
{
text: "Go right, where a weird growth of mushrooms is coming out of the roots of ancient pine trees",
setState: { },
nextText: 13
}
]
},
{
id: 13,
text: "🕹You follow the path, stepping up the roots of a pine tree where wild Matsusake mushrooms are growing. As you take a closer look, I read you another passage:🕹📄This 'heretical' biology is apt to become an ally in the resurgence of cooperative relations between positive sciences and humanities at a time when we vitally need demobilization, relinquishing banners which justified our business-as-usual academic routines. I will borrow Anna Tsing's challenging proposition, that our future might be about learning to live in 'capitalist ruins.'5 That is, in the ruins of the socio-technical organizational infrastructures that ensured our business-as-usual life. Ruins may be horrific, but Tsing recognises ruins also as a place for the resurgence and cultivation of an art of paying attention, which she calls the 'art of noticing.' Indeed ruins are places where vigilance is required, where the relevance of our reasons is always at risk, where trusting the abstractions we entertain is inviting disaster. Ruins demand consenting to the precariousness of perspectives taken for granted, that 'stable' capitalist infrastructures allowed us, or more precisely, allowed some of us.📄",
options: [
{
text: 'You have enough of the forest and want to find some civilisation',
setState: { },
nextText: 7
},
{
text: "Eat the mushroom",
setState: { },
nextText: 14
}
]
},
{
id: 14,
text: "🕹You eat the mushroom. I look at you and laugh. 'Are you gonna get one for me, too?', I ask. You don't really get why I can't just get my own, but for the sake of the story moving foward you pick another one and hand it to me. I start reading with my mouth full of mushroom:🕹📄Tsing follows the wild Matsutake mushroom that thrives in ruined forests - forests ruined by natural catastrophes or by blind extraction, but also by projects meant to ensure a 'rational and sustainable' exploitation, that discovered too late that what they had eliminated as prejudicial or expendable did matter. Devastation, the unravelling of the weaving that enables life, does not need to be willful, deliberate - blindly trusting an idea may be sufficient. As for Tsing, she is not relying on overbearing ideas. What she notices is factual but does not allow to abstract what would objectively matter from situational entanglements, in this case articulated by the highly sought mushroom and its symbionts including humans. Facts, here, are not stepping stones for a conquering knowledge and do not oppose objectivity to subjectivity. What is noticed is first of all what appears as interesting or intriguing. It may be enlightening but the light is not defining the situation, it rather generates new possible ways of learning, of weaving new relations with the situation.📄",
options: [
{
text: 'Slowly make your way back to the volcano',
setState: { },
nextText: 4
},
{
text: "You had enough of me and want to talk to other people",
setState: { },
nextText: 10
}
]
},
{
id: 15,
text: "🕹As we are walking towards a clearance, a group of elderly women comes to greet us. They ask us to join their circle. We follow them into their home, where everything is covered in endless fabrics. One of the women is showing us around the different rooms, where we lay down on a beautiful rug, looking at the weathered stone ceiling. I open up the essay and starting reading to you: 📄We are the weavers and we are the woven. If our future is in the ruins, the possibility of resurgence is the possibility of cultivating, of weaving again what has been unravelled in the name of 'the Ascent of Man.' We are not to take ourselves for the weavers after having played the masters, or the assemblers after having glorified extraction. 'We are the weavers and we are the web', sing the contemporary witches who know and cultivate generativity.6 The arts of cultivation are arts of interdependence, of consenting to the precariousness of lives involved in each other. Those who cultivate do their part, trusting that others may do their own but knowing that what they aim at depends on what cannot be commanded or explained. Those who claim to explain growth or weaving are often only telling about the preparations required by what they have learned to foster, or they depend on the selection of what can be obtained and mobilized off-ground in rarefied, reproducible environments. In the ruins of such environments, resurgence is not a return to the past, rather the challenge to learn again what we were made to forget - but what some have refused to forget.📄 You close your eyes, thinking of all of the things you refuse to forget and carry with you. Conscious and subconscious threads woven into the very fabric of your being.🕹️",
options: [
{
text: 'Listen to what the weaver has to say about this',
setState: { },
nextText: 11
},
{
text: "Go back outside",
setState: { },
nextText: 4
}
]
},
{
id: 16,
text: "🕹I wrote you a story, but it lost its thread. We are now chasing white mice. I am losing a sense of purpose. Does it matter? Could we make a change, even if we found what we were looking for? You feel a bit out of place, as I become teary-eyed. 'What the hell is it with this one', you ask yourself. Our silence reveals a nearby dispute. As we make our way into the courtyard of the building, we witness a group of elderly women arguing with people from the inside of the institution. Before you make your way into their midst, I read you this passage:🕹📄When the environmental, social and climate justice, multiracial Alliance of alliances, led by women, gender oppressed people of colour, and Indigenous Peoples, claim that 'it takes roots to grow resistance,' or else, to 'weather the storm,' they talk about the need to name and honour what sustains them and what they struggle for.7 When those who try to revive the ancient commons, which were destroyed all over the world in the name of property rights, claim that there is 'no commons without commoning,' that is, without learning how to 'think like commoners,' they talk about the need to not only reclaim what was privatized but to recover the capacity to be involved with others in the ongoing concern and care for their maintenance of the commons.8 Resurgence is a word for the future as it confronts us with what William James called a 'genuine option concerning this future'. Daring to trust, as do today's activists, in an uncertified, indeed improbable, not to say 'speculative,' possibility of reclaiming a future worth living and dying for, may seem ludicrous. But the option cannot be avoided because today there is no free standing place outside of the alternative: condescending skepticism, refusing to opt or opting against resurgence, are equivalent.📄",
options: [
{
text: 'Keep on going',
setState: { },
nextText: 11
}
]
},
{
id: 17,
text: "🕹What difference does it make, her taking me all the way out here to read this essay?', you ask yourself. 'Wouldn't it have been easier to just read it by myself, in the order it was meant to be read in?' Maybe it would have been easier, but maybe something would have gone lost in the process. Sing with me: 📄Such an option has no privileged ground. Neither the soil sustaining the roots nor the mutually involved of interdependent partners composing a commons, can be defined in abstraction from the always-situated learning process of weaving relations that matter. These are generative processes liable to include new ways of being with new concerns. New voices enter a song, both participating in this song and contributing to reinvent it. For us academics it does not mean giving up scientific facts, critical attention, or critical concern. It demands instead that such facts, attention, and concerns are liable to participate in the song, even if it means adding new dimensions that complicate it. As such, even scientific facts thus communicate with what William James presented as the 'great question' associated with a pluriverse in the making: 'does it, with our additions, rise or fall in value? Are the additions worthy or unworthy?'9 Such a question is great because it obviously cannot get a certified answer but demands that we do accept that what we add makes a difference in the world and that we have to answer for the manner of this difference.📄 Your journey ends here. Thank you for joining me. Take a moment to visualise our shared imaginary landscape.🕹️",
options: [
{
text: 'Play Again.',
nextText: -1
}
]

@ -1,63 +1,50 @@
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<h1>Resurgence by Isabelle Stengers</h1><br>
<p>“We are the grandchildren of the witches you were not able to burn” Tish Thawer</p><br>
<p >I will take this motto, which has flourished in recent protests in the United States, as the defiant cry of resurgence refusing to define the past as dead and buried. Not only were the witches killed all over Europe, but their memory has been buried by the many retrospective analyses which triumphantly concluded that their power and practices were a matter of imaginary collective construction affecting both the victims and the inquisitors. Eco-feminists have proposed a very different understanding of the burning times. They associate it with the destruction of rural cultures and their old rites, with the violent appropriation of the commons, with the rule of a law that consecrated the unquestionable rights of the owner, and with the invention of the modern workers who can only sell their labour-power on the market as a commodity. Listening to the defiant cry of the women who name themselves granddaughters of the past witches, I will go further. I will honour the vision which, since the Reagan era, has sustained reclaiming witches such as Starhawk, who associate their activism with the memory of a past earth-based religion of the goddess - who now returns. Against the ongoing academic critical judgement, I claim that the witches resurgence, their chant about the goddess return, and inseparably their return to the goddess, should not be taken as a regression.</p><br>
<p>Given the threatening unknown our future is facing, the question of academic judgements may seem like a rather futile one. Very few, including academics themselves, among those who disqualify the resurgence of witches as regressive, are effectively forced to think by this future, which the witches resolutely address. They are too busy living up to the relentless neoliberal demands which they have now to satisfy in order to survive. However, if there is something to be learned from the past, it may well be the way in which defending the victims of eradicative operations has so often deemed futile. In one way or another, these victims deserved their fate, or this fate was the price to be unhappily paid for progress. “Creative destructions,” economists croon. What we have now discovered is that these destructions come with cascading and interconnecting consequences. Worlds are destroyed and no such destruction is ever deserved. This is why I will address the academic world, which, in turns, is facing its own destruction. Probably, because it is the one I know best, also because of its specific responsibility in the formation of the generations which will have to make their way in the future.</p><a href="../HOPE/#whatever">🌲</a><br>
<p>Resurgence often refers to the reappearance of something defined as deleterious e.g. an agricultural pest or an epidemic vector after a seemingly successful operation of eradication. It may also refer to the reworlding of a landscape after a natural catastrophe or a devastating industrial exploitation. Today, such a reworlding is no longer understood by researchers in ecology in terms of the restoration of some stable equilibrium. Ecology has succeeded in freeing itself from the association of what we call “natural” with an ordered reality verifying scientific generalization. In contrast, academic judgements entailing the idea of regression still imply what has been called “The Ascent of Man:” “Man” irrevocably turning his back on past attachments, beliefs, and scruples, affirming his destiny of emancipation from traditions and the order of nature. Even critical humanities including feminist studies, whatever their deconstruction of the imperialist, sexist, and colonialist character of the “Ascent of Man” motto, still do not know how to disentangle themselves from the reference to a rational progress which opposes the possibility of taking seriously the contemporary resurgence of what does not conform to a materialist, that is, secularist, position.</p><br>
<p>If resurgence is a word for the future, it is because we may use it in the way the granddaughters of the witches do: as a challenge to eradicative operations, with which what we call materialism and secularism are irreducibly associated, are still going on today. It is quite possible to inherit the struggle against the oppressive character of religious institutions without forgetting what came together with materialism and secularism; the destruction of what opposed the transition to capitalism both in Europe and in the colonized world.<a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a> It is quite possible to resist the idea that what was destroyed is irrevocably lost and that we should have the courage to accept this loss. Certainly it cannot be a question of resurrecting the past. What eventually returns is also reinventing itself as it takes root in a new environment, challenging the way it defined its destruction as a fait accompli. In the academic environment, defining as a fait accompli the destruction of the witches might be the only true point of agreement uniting two antagonist powers: those who take as an “objective fact” that the magic they claimed to practice does not exist, and those who understand magic as a cultural-subjective construction belonging to the past. <a id="anchor" href="../LIQUID/" > <span class="chapters"></span> </a></p><a name="spirituality">🌙</a><br><button id="buttonright"><p>add a rock</button>
<p>Getting rid of the Objectivity Subjectivity banners</p>
<p>In the academic world eradicative operations are a routine, performed as methodology by researchers who see it as their duty to disentangle situations in order to define them. Some will extract information about human practices only and give (always subjective) meaning to these situations. Others will only look at (objective) facts, the value of which should be to hold independently of the way humans evaluate them. Doing so, these academics are not motivated by a quest for a relevant approach. Instead they act as mobilized armies of either objectivity or subjectivity, destroying complex situations that might have slowed them down, and would have forced them to listen to voices protesting against the way their method leaves unattended knowledge that matters to others. <a id="anchor" href="../UNDECIDABILITY/" > <span class="chapters"></span> </a></p><br>
<p>That objectivity is a mobilizing banner is easy to demonstrate. It would have no power if it were taken in the strict experimental sense, where it means the obtaining of an exceptional and fragile achievement. An experimental objective fact is always extracted by active questioning. However, achieving objectivity then implies the creation of a situation that gives the thing questioned the very unusual power to authorize one interpretation that stands against any other possible one. Experimental objectivity is thus the name of an event, not the outcome of a method. Further, it is fragile because it is lost as soon as the experimental facts leave the lab the techno-social rarefied milieu required by experimental achievements and become ingredients in messy real world situations. When a claim of objectivity nevertheless sticks to those facts outside of the lab, it transforms this claim into a devastating operator. As for the kind of objectivity claimed by the sheer extraction of “data” or by the unilateral imposition of a method, it is a mere banner for conquest. On the other hand, holding the ground of subjectivity against the claims of objectivity, not so very often means empowering the muted voices that point to ignored or disqualified matters. Scientists trying to resist the pseudo-facts that colonialize their fields, caring for a difference to be made between good (relevant) and bad (abusive) sciences, have found no allies in critical sciences.[2] For those who are mobilized under the banner of subjectivity such scruples are ludicrous.</p>
<p>Academic events such as theoretical turns or scientific revolutions including the famous Anthropocene turn wont help to foster cooperative relations or care for collaborative situations. Indeed, such events typically signal an advance, usually the creative destruction of some dregs of common sense that are still contaminating what was previously accepted. In contrast, if there were to be resurgence it would signal itself by the demoralization of the perspective of advance. Demoralization is not however about the sad recognition of a limit to the possibility of knowing. It rather conveys the possibility of reducing the feeling of legitimacy that academic researchers have about their objectivity subjectivity methodologies. The signal of a process of resurgence might be researchers deserting their position when they recognise that subjectivity and objectivity are banners only, imperatives to distance themselves from concerned voices, protesting against the dismemberment of what they care for.</p><br>
<p>Making common sense</p>
<p>Addressing situations that are a matter of usually diverging concerns in a way that resists dismembering them, means betraying the mobilization for the advance of knowledge. The resurgence of cooperative and non-antagonist relations points towards situation-centred achievements. It requires that the situation itself be given the power to make those concerned think together, that is to induce a laborious, hesitant, and sometimes conflictual collective learning process of what each particular situation demands from those who approach it. This requirement is a practical one. If the eradicative power of the objective/subjective disjunction is to collapse and give way to a collective process, we need to question many academic customs. The ritual of presentations with PowerPoint authoritative bullet-point like arguments, for instance, perfectly illustrates the way situations are mobilized in a confrontational game, when truth is associated with the power of one position to defeat the others. In addition, we may need to find inspiration in ancient customs. New academic rituals may learn for instance from the way the traditional African palavers or the sweat lodge rituals in North American First Nations, these examples ward off one-way-truths and weaponized arguments. <a id="anchor" href="../--/" > <span class="chapters"></span> </a></p><br>
<p>Today, many activist groups share with reclaiming contemporary witches the reinvention of the art of consensus-making deliberation; giving the issue of deliberation the power to make common sense. What they learn to artfully design are resurgent ways to take care of the truth, to protect it from power games and relate it to an agreement - generated by a very deliberative process - that no party may appropriate it. They experiment with practices that generate the capacity to think and feel together. For the witches, convoking the goddess is giving room to the power of generativity. When they chant “She changes everything She touches, and everything She touches changes,” they honour a change that affects everything, but to which each affected being responds in its own way and not through some conversion [i]She[i] would command. Of course, such arts presuppose a shared trust in the possibility of generativity and we are free to suspect some kind of participatory role-playing. But refusing to participate is also playing a role. Holding to our own reasons demands that, when we feel we understand something about the others position, we suppress any temptation to doubt the kind of authority we confer to our reasons, as if such a hesitation was a betrayal of oneself. What if the art of transformative encounters cultivated the slow emergence and intensification of a mutual sensitivity? A mutual sensitivity that generates a change in the relationship that each entertains with their own reasons.</p><br>
<a name="whatever"></a><p >Polyphonic song</p>
<p>Curiously enough the resurgence of the arts of partnering around a situation, of composing and weaving together relevant but not authoritative reasons, echoes with the work of laboratory biologists. Against the biotechnological redefinition of biology they claim that the self-contained isolable organisms might be a dubious abstraction. What they study are not individual beings competing for having their interest prevail, but multiple specific assemblages between interdependent mutually sensitive partners weaving together capacities to make a living which belong to none of them separately. “We have never been individuals” write Scott Gilbert and his colleagues who are specialists in evolutionary developmental biology.[3] “It is the song that matters, not the singer,” adds Ford Doolittle, specialist in evolutionary microbiology, emphasizing the open character of assemblages, the composition of which (the singers) can change as long as the cooperative pattern, the polyphonic song, is preserved.[4] In other words, biologists now discover that both in the lab and in the field, they have to address cooperative worlds and beings whose ways of life emerge together with their participation in worlding compositions. One could be tempted to speak about a revolution in biology, but it can also be said that it is a heresy, a challenge against the mobilizing creed in the advance of science. Undoubtedly, biology is becoming more interesting, but it is losing its power to define a conquering research direction, since each “song”; each assemblage, needs to be deciphered as such. If modes of interdependence are what matters, extraction and isolation are no longer the royal road for progress. No theory - including complex or systemic ones - can define [i]a priori[i] its rightful object, that is, anticipate the way a situation should be addressed.</p><br>
<p>This “heretical” biology is apt to become an ally in the resurgence of cooperative relations between positive sciences and humanities at a time when we vitally need demobilization, relinquishing banners which justified our business-as-usual academic routines. I will borrow Anna Tsings challenging proposition, that our future might be about learning to live in “capitalist ruins.”[5] That is, in the ruins of the socio-technical organizational infrastructures that ensured our business-as-usual life. Ruins may be horrific, but Tsing recognises ruins also as a place for the resurgence and cultivation of an art of paying attention, which she calls the “art of noticing.” Indeed ruins are places where vigilance is required, where the relevance of our reasons is always at risk, where trusting the abstractions we entertain is inviting disaster. Ruins demand consenting to the precariousness of perspectives taken for granted, that stable capitalist infrastructures allowed us, or more precisely, allowed some of us. Tsing follows the wild Matsutake mushroom that thrives in ruined forests - forests ruined by natural catastrophes or by blind extraction, but also by projects meant to ensure a rational and sustainable exploitation, that discovered too late that what they had eliminated as prejudicial or expendable [I]did matter[I]. Devastation, the unravelling of the weaving that enables life, does not need to be willful, deliberate blindly trusting an idea may be sufficient. As for Tsing, she is not relying on overbearing ideas. What she notices is factual but does not allow to abstract what would objectively matter from situational entanglements, in this case articulated by the highly sought mushroom and its [i]symbionts[i] including humans. Facts, here, are not stepping stones for a conquering knowledge and do not oppose objectivity to subjectivity. What is noticed is first of all what appears as interesting or intriguing. It may be enlightening but the light is not defining the situation, it rather generates new possible ways of learning, of weaving new relations with the situation.</p><a name="spirituality"></a><br>
<p>We are the weavers and we are the woven</p>
<p>If our future is in the ruins, the possibility of resurgence is the possibility of cultivating, of weaving again what has been unravelled in the name of “the Ascent of Man.” We are not to take ourselves for the weavers after having played the masters, or the assemblers after having glorified extraction. “We are the weavers and we are the web,” sing the contemporary witches who know and cultivate generativity.[6] <a id="anchor" href="../UNDECIDABILITY/" title="Undecidability" > <span class="chapters"></span> </a>The arts of cultivation are arts of interdependence, of consenting to the precariousness of lives involved in each other. Those who cultivate do their part, trusting that others may do their own but knowing that what they aim at depends on what cannot be commanded or explained. Those who claim to explain growth or weaving are often only telling about the preparations required by what they have learned to foster, or they depend on the selection of what can be obtained and mobilized off-ground in rarefied, reproducible environments. In the ruins of such environments, resurgence is not a return to the past, rather the challenge to learn again what we were made to forget but what some have refused to forget.</p><br>
<p>When the environmental, social and climate justice, multiracial [i]Alliance of alliances[i], led by women, gender oppressed people of colour, and Indigenous Peoples, claim that “it takes roots to grow resistance,” or else, “to weather the storm,” they talk about the need to name and honour what sustains them and what they struggle for.[7] When those who try to revive the ancient commons, which were destroyed all over the world in the name of property rights, claim that there is “no commons without commoning,” that is, without learning how to “think like commoners,” they talk about the need to not only reclaim what was privatized but to recover the capacity to be involved with others in the ongoing concern and care for their maintenance of the commons.[8] Resurgence is a word for the future as it confronts us with what William James called a genuine option concerning this future. Daring to trust, as do todays activists, in an uncertified, indeed improbable, not to say speculative, possibility of reclaiming a future worth living and dying for, may seem ludicrous. But the option cannot be avoided because today there is no free standing place outside of the alternative: condescending skepticism, refusing to opt or opting against resurgence, are equivalent.</p><br>
<p>Such an option has no privileged ground. Neither the soil sustaining the roots nor the mutually involved of interdependent partners composing a commons, can be defined in abstraction from the always-situated learning process of weaving relations that matter. These are generative processes liable to include new ways of being with new concerns. New voices enter a song, both participating in this song and contributing to reinvent it. For us academics it does not mean giving up scientific facts, critical attention, or critical concern. It demands instead that such facts, attention, and concerns are liable to participate in the song, even if it means adding new dimensions that complicate it. As such, even scientific facts thus communicate with what William James presented as the “great question” associated with a pluriverse in the making: “does it, with our additions, rise or fall in value? Are the additions worthy or unworthy?”[9] Such a question is great because it obviously cannot get a certified answer but demands that we do accept that what we add makes a difference in the world and that we have to answer for the manner of this difference.</p><br>
<h1 id="footnotes">🦶Footnotes🦶</h1>
<section class="footnotes">
<hr />
<ol>
<li id="fn1"><p>Silvia Federici, [i]Caliban and the Witch. Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation[i]. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 2004. 2. Rose, Hilary. “My Enemys Enemy Is, Only Perhaps, My Friend.” [i]Social Text[i], no. 45 (1996): 61-80. doi:10.2307/466844.3. Gilbert, Scott F., Jan Sapp, and Alfred I. Tauber. “A Symbiotic View of Life: We Have Never Been Individuals.” [i]The Quarterly Review of Biology[i] 87, no. 4 (2012): 325-41. doi:10.1086/668166.4. Doolittle, W. Ford, and Austin Booth. “Its the Song, Not the Singer: An Exploration of Holobiosis and Evolutionary Theory.” [i]Biology &amp; Philosophy[i] 32, no. 1 (2016): 5-24. doi:10.1007/s10539-016-9542-2.5. Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. [i]The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins[i]. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.6. Starhawk. [i]Dreaming the Dark: Magic, Sex, and Politics[i]. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1997. 225.7. “It Takes Roots An Alliance of Alliances.” It Takes Roots. http://ittakesroots.org/.8. Bollier, David. [i]Think like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons[i]. Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2014.9. William, James. [i]Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking[i]. New York, NY: Longman Green and Co., 1907. 98.<a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-back"></a></p></li>
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<p id="title">📄Original Contribution By Isabelle Stengers<br>
💫Original Artistic Response By Ola Macijewska <br>
🕹Republished By Louisa Teichmann</p><br>
</div>
<div class="container">
<div id="text">Text</div>
<div id="option-buttons" class="btn-grid">
<button class="btn" id="btn">Option 1</button>
<button class="btn">Option 2</button></div><br><br>
<div id="foot">Footnotes<br>
1. Silvia Federici, Caliban and the Witch. Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 2004.<br>
2. Rose, Hilary. "My Enemys Enemy Is, Only Perhaps, My Friend." Social Text, no. 45 (1996): 61-80. doi:10.2307/466844.<br>
3. Gilbert, Scott F., Jan Sapp, and Alfred I. Tauber. "A Symbiotic View of Life: We Have Never Been Individuals." The Quarterly Review of Biology 87, no. 4 (2012): 325-41. doi:10.1086/668166.<br>
4. Doolittle, W. Ford, and Austin Booth. "Its the Song, Not the Singer: An Exploration of Holobiosis and Evolutionary Theory." Biology and Philosophy 32, no. 1 (2016): 5-24. doi:10.1007/s10539-016-9542-2.<br>
5. Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.<br>
6. Starhawk. Dreaming the Dark: Magic, Sex, and Politics. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1997. 225.<br>
7. “It Takes Roots An Alliance of Alliances." It Takes Roots. http://ittakesroots.org/.<br>
8. Bollier, David. Think like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2014.<br>
9. William, James. Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. New York, NY: Longman Green and Co., 1907. 98.<br><br>Original Contribution By Isabelle Stengers. Original Artistic Response By Ola Macijewska. Republished By Louisa Teichmann.<br></div><br>
</div><br><br>
</body>
</html>

@ -1,754 +0,0 @@
import {
EventDispatcher,
MOUSE,
Quaternion,
Vector2,
Vector3
} from "../../../build/three.module.js";
var TrackballControls = function ( object, domElement ) {
if ( domElement === undefined ) console.warn( 'THREE.TrackballControls: The second parameter "domElement" is now mandatory.' );
if ( domElement === document ) console.error( 'THREE.TrackballControls: "document" should not be used as the target "domElement". Please use "renderer.domElement" instead.' );
var scope = this;
var STATE = { NONE: - 1, ROTATE: 0, ZOOM: 1, PAN: 2, TOUCH_ROTATE: 3, TOUCH_ZOOM_PAN: 4 };
this.object = object;
this.domElement = domElement;
// API
this.enabled = true;
this.screen = { left: 0, top: 0, width: 0, height: 0 };
this.rotateSpeed = 1.0;
this.zoomSpeed = 1.2;
this.panSpeed = 0.3;
this.noRotate = false;
this.noZoom = false;
this.noPan = false;
this.staticMoving = false;
this.dynamicDampingFactor = 0.2;
this.minDistance = 0;
this.maxDistance = Infinity;
this.keys = [ 65 /*A*/, 83 /*S*/, 68 /*D*/ ];
this.mouseButtons = { LEFT: MOUSE.ROTATE, MIDDLE: MOUSE.ZOOM, RIGHT: MOUSE.PAN };
// internals
this.target = new Vector3();
var EPS = 0.000001;
var lastPosition = new Vector3();
var lastZoom = 1;
var _state = STATE.NONE,
_keyState = STATE.NONE,
_eye = new Vector3(),
_movePrev = new Vector2(),
_moveCurr = new Vector2(),
_lastAxis = new Vector3(),
_lastAngle = 0,
_zoomStart = new Vector2(),
_zoomEnd = new Vector2(),
_touchZoomDistanceStart = 0,
_touchZoomDistanceEnd = 0,
_panStart = new Vector2(),
_panEnd = new Vector2();
// for reset
this.target0 = this.target.clone();
this.position0 = this.object.position.clone();
this.up0 = this.object.up.clone();
this.zoom0 = this.object.zoom;
// events
var changeEvent = { type: 'change' };
var startEvent = { type: 'start' };
var endEvent = { type: 'end' };
// methods
this.handleResize = function () {
var box = scope.domElement.getBoundingClientRect();
// adjustments come from similar code in the jquery offset() function
var d = scope.domElement.ownerDocument.documentElement;
scope.screen.left = box.left + window.pageXOffset - d.clientLeft;
scope.screen.top = box.top + window.pageYOffset - d.clientTop;
scope.screen.width = box.width;
scope.screen.height = box.height;
};
var getMouseOnScreen = ( function () {
var vector = new Vector2();
return function getMouseOnScreen( pageX, pageY ) {
vector.set(
( pageX - scope.screen.left ) / scope.screen.width,
( pageY - scope.screen.top ) / scope.screen.height
);
return vector;
};
}() );
var getMouseOnCircle = ( function () {
var vector = new Vector2();
return function getMouseOnCircle( pageX, pageY ) {
vector.set(
( ( pageX - scope.screen.width * 0.5 - scope.screen.left ) / ( scope.screen.width * 0.5 ) ),
( ( scope.screen.height + 2 * ( scope.screen.top - pageY ) ) / scope.screen.width ) // screen.width intentional
);
return vector;
};
}() );
this.rotateCamera = ( function () {
var axis = new Vector3(),
quaternion = new Quaternion(),
eyeDirection = new Vector3(),
objectUpDirection = new Vector3(),
objectSidewaysDirection = new Vector3(),
moveDirection = new Vector3(),
angle;
return function rotateCamera() {
moveDirection.set( _moveCurr.x - _movePrev.x, _moveCurr.y - _movePrev.y, 0 );
angle = moveDirection.length();
if ( angle ) {
_eye.copy( scope.object.position ).sub( scope.target );
eyeDirection.copy( _eye ).normalize();
objectUpDirection.copy( scope.object.up ).normalize();
objectSidewaysDirection.crossVectors( objectUpDirection, eyeDirection ).normalize();
objectUpDirection.setLength( _moveCurr.y - _movePrev.y );
objectSidewaysDirection.setLength( _moveCurr.x - _movePrev.x );
moveDirection.copy( objectUpDirection.add( objectSidewaysDirection ) );
axis.crossVectors( moveDirection, _eye ).normalize();
angle *= scope.rotateSpeed;
quaternion.setFromAxisAngle( axis, angle );
_eye.applyQuaternion( quaternion );
scope.object.up.applyQuaternion( quaternion );
_lastAxis.copy( axis );
_lastAngle = angle;
} else if ( ! scope.staticMoving && _lastAngle ) {
_lastAngle *= Math.sqrt( 1.0 - scope.dynamicDampingFactor );
_eye.copy( scope.object.position ).sub( scope.target );
quaternion.setFromAxisAngle( _lastAxis, _lastAngle );
_eye.applyQuaternion( quaternion );
scope.object.up.applyQuaternion( quaternion );
}
_movePrev.copy( _moveCurr );
};
}() );
this.zoomCamera = function () {
var factor;
if ( _state === STATE.TOUCH_ZOOM_PAN ) {
factor = _touchZoomDistanceStart / _touchZoomDistanceEnd;
_touchZoomDistanceStart = _touchZoomDistanceEnd;
if ( scope.object.isPerspectiveCamera ) {
_eye.multiplyScalar( factor );
} else if ( scope.object.isOrthographicCamera ) {
scope.object.zoom *= factor;
scope.object.updateProjectionMatrix();
} else {
console.warn( 'THREE.TrackballControls: Unsupported camera type' );
}
} else {
factor = 1.0 + ( _zoomEnd.y - _zoomStart.y ) * scope.zoomSpeed;
if ( factor !== 1.0 && factor > 0.0 ) {
if ( scope.object.isPerspectiveCamera ) {
_eye.multiplyScalar( factor );
} else if ( scope.object.isOrthographicCamera ) {
scope.object.zoom /= factor;
scope.object.updateProjectionMatrix();
} else {
console.warn( 'THREE.TrackballControls: Unsupported camera type' );
}
}
if ( scope.staticMoving ) {
_zoomStart.copy( _zoomEnd );
} else {
_zoomStart.y += ( _zoomEnd.y - _zoomStart.y ) * this.dynamicDampingFactor;
}
}
};
this.panCamera = ( function () {
var mouseChange = new Vector2(),
objectUp = new Vector3(),
pan = new Vector3();
return function panCamera() {
mouseChange.copy( _panEnd ).sub( _panStart );
if ( mouseChange.lengthSq() ) {
if ( scope.object.isOrthographicCamera ) {
var scale_x = ( scope.object.right - scope.object.left ) / scope.object.zoom / scope.domElement.clientWidth;
var scale_y = ( scope.object.top - scope.object.bottom ) / scope.object.zoom / scope.domElement.clientWidth;
mouseChange.x *= scale_x;
mouseChange.y *= scale_y;
}
mouseChange.multiplyScalar( _eye.length() * scope.panSpeed );
pan.copy( _eye ).cross( scope.object.up ).setLength( mouseChange.x );
pan.add( objectUp.copy( scope.object.up ).setLength( mouseChange.y ) );
scope.object.position.add( pan );
scope.target.add( pan );
if ( scope.staticMoving ) {
_panStart.copy( _panEnd );
} else {
_panStart.add( mouseChange.subVectors( _panEnd, _panStart ).multiplyScalar( scope.dynamicDampingFactor ) );
}
}
};
}() );
this.checkDistances = function () {
if ( ! scope.noZoom || ! scope.noPan ) {
if ( _eye.lengthSq() > scope.maxDistance * scope.maxDistance ) {
scope.object.position.addVectors( scope.target, _eye.setLength( scope.maxDistance ) );
_zoomStart.copy( _zoomEnd );
}
if ( _eye.lengthSq() < scope.minDistance * scope.minDistance ) {
scope.object.position.addVectors( scope.target, _eye.setLength( scope.minDistance ) );
_zoomStart.copy( _zoomEnd );
}
}
};
this.update = function () {
_eye.subVectors( scope.object.position, scope.target );
if ( ! scope.noRotate ) {
scope.rotateCamera();
}
if ( ! scope.noZoom ) {
scope.zoomCamera();
}
if ( ! scope.noPan ) {
scope.panCamera();
}
scope.object.position.addVectors( scope.target, _eye );
if ( scope.object.isPerspectiveCamera ) {
scope.checkDistances();
scope.object.lookAt( scope.target );
if ( lastPosition.distanceToSquared( scope.object.position ) > EPS ) {
scope.dispatchEvent( changeEvent );
lastPosition.copy( scope.object.position );
}
} else if ( scope.object.isOrthographicCamera ) {
scope.object.lookAt( scope.target );
if ( lastPosition.distanceToSquared( scope.object.position ) > EPS || lastZoom !== scope.object.zoom ) {
scope.dispatchEvent( changeEvent );
lastPosition.copy( scope.object.position );
lastZoom = scope.object.zoom;
}
} else {
console.warn( 'THREE.TrackballControls: Unsupported camera type' );
}
};
this.reset = function () {
_state = STATE.NONE;
_keyState = STATE.NONE;
scope.target.copy( scope.target0 );
scope.object.position.copy( scope.position0 );
scope.object.up.copy( scope.up0 );
scope.object.zoom = scope.zoom0;
scope.object.updateProjectionMatrix();
_eye.subVectors( scope.object.position, scope.target );
scope.object.lookAt( scope.target );
scope.dispatchEvent( changeEvent );
lastPosition.copy( scope.object.position );
lastZoom = scope.object.zoom;
};
// listeners
function onPointerDown( event ) {
if ( scope.enabled === false ) return;
switch ( event.pointerType ) {
case 'mouse':
case 'pen':
onMouseDown( event );
break;
// TODO touch
}
}
function onPointerMove( event ) {
if ( scope.enabled === false ) return;
switch ( event.pointerType ) {
case 'mouse':
case 'pen':
onMouseMove( event );
break;
// TODO touch
}
}
function onPointerUp( event ) {
if ( scope.enabled === false ) return;
switch ( event.pointerType ) {
case 'mouse':
case 'pen':
onMouseUp( event );
break;
// TODO touch
}
}
function keydown( event ) {
if ( scope.enabled === false ) return;
window.removeEventListener( 'keydown', keydown );
if ( _keyState !== STATE.NONE ) {
return;
} else if ( event.keyCode === scope.keys[ STATE.ROTATE ] && ! scope.noRotate ) {
_keyState = STATE.ROTATE;
} else if ( event.keyCode === scope.keys[ STATE.ZOOM ] && ! scope.noZoom ) {
_keyState = STATE.ZOOM;
} else if ( event.keyCode === scope.keys[ STATE.PAN ] && ! scope.noPan ) {
_keyState = STATE.PAN;
}
}
function keyup() {
if ( scope.enabled === false ) return;
_keyState = STATE.NONE;
window.addEventListener( 'keydown', keydown, false );
}
function onMouseDown( event ) {
event.preventDefault();
event.stopPropagation();
if ( _state === STATE.NONE ) {
switch ( event.button ) {
case scope.mouseButtons.LEFT:
_state = STATE.ROTATE;
break;
case scope.mouseButtons.MIDDLE:
_state = STATE.ZOOM;
break;
case scope.mouseButtons.RIGHT:
_state = STATE.PAN;
break;
default:
_state = STATE.NONE;
}
}
var state = ( _keyState !== STATE.NONE ) ? _keyState : _state;
if ( state === STATE.ROTATE && ! scope.noRotate ) {
_moveCurr.copy( getMouseOnCircle( event.pageX, event.pageY ) );
_movePrev.copy( _moveCurr );
} else if ( state === STATE.ZOOM && ! scope.noZoom ) {
_zoomStart.copy( getMouseOnScreen( event.pageX, event.pageY ) );
_zoomEnd.copy( _zoomStart );
} else if ( state === STATE.PAN && ! scope.noPan ) {
_panStart.copy( getMouseOnScreen( event.pageX, event.pageY ) );
_panEnd.copy( _panStart );
}
scope.domElement.ownerDocument.addEventListener( 'pointermove', onPointerMove, false );
scope.domElement.ownerDocument.addEventListener( 'pointerup', onPointerUp, false );
scope.dispatchEvent( startEvent );
}
function onMouseMove( event ) {
if ( scope.enabled === false ) return;
event.preventDefault();
event.stopPropagation();
var state = ( _keyState !== STATE.NONE ) ? _keyState : _state;
if ( state === STATE.ROTATE && ! scope.noRotate ) {
_movePrev.copy( _moveCurr );
_moveCurr.copy( getMouseOnCircle( event.pageX, event.pageY ) );
} else if ( state === STATE.ZOOM && ! scope.noZoom ) {
_zoomEnd.copy( getMouseOnScreen( event.pageX, event.pageY ) );
} else if ( state === STATE.PAN && ! scope.noPan ) {
_panEnd.copy( getMouseOnScreen( event.pageX, event.pageY ) );
}
}
function onMouseUp( event ) {
if ( scope.enabled === false ) return;
event.preventDefault();
event.stopPropagation();
_state = STATE.NONE;
scope.domElement.ownerDocument.removeEventListener( 'pointermove', onPointerMove );
scope.domElement.ownerDocument.removeEventListener( 'pointerup', onPointerUp );
scope.dispatchEvent( endEvent );
}
function mousewheel( event ) {
if ( scope.enabled === false ) return;
if ( scope.noZoom === true ) return;
event.preventDefault();
event.stopPropagation();
switch ( event.deltaMode ) {
case 2:
// Zoom in pages
_zoomStart.y -= event.deltaY * 0.025;
break;
case 1:
// Zoom in lines
_zoomStart.y -= event.deltaY * 0.01;
break;
default:
// undefined, 0, assume pixels
_zoomStart.y -= event.deltaY * 0.00025;
break;
}
scope.dispatchEvent( startEvent );
scope.dispatchEvent( endEvent );
}
function touchstart( event ) {
if ( scope.enabled === false ) return;
event.preventDefault();
switch ( event.touches.length ) {
case 1:
_state = STATE.TOUCH_ROTATE;
_moveCurr.copy( getMouseOnCircle( event.touches[ 0 ].pageX, event.touches[ 0 ].pageY ) );
_movePrev.copy( _moveCurr );
break;
default: // 2 or more
_state = STATE.TOUCH_ZOOM_PAN;
var dx = event.touches[ 0 ].pageX - event.touches[ 1 ].pageX;
var dy = event.touches[ 0 ].pageY - event.touches[ 1 ].pageY;
_touchZoomDistanceEnd = _touchZoomDistanceStart = Math.sqrt( dx * dx + dy * dy );
var x = ( event.touches[ 0 ].pageX + event.touches[ 1 ].pageX ) / 2;
var y = ( event.touches[ 0 ].pageY + event.touches[ 1 ].pageY ) / 2;
_panStart.copy( getMouseOnScreen( x, y ) );
_panEnd.copy( _panStart );
break;
}
scope.dispatchEvent( startEvent );
}
function touchmove( event ) {
if ( scope.enabled === false ) return;
event.preventDefault();
event.stopPropagation();
switch ( event.touches.length ) {
case 1:
_movePrev.copy( _moveCurr );
_moveCurr.copy( getMouseOnCircle( event.touches[ 0 ].pageX, event.touches[ 0 ].pageY ) );
break;
default: // 2 or more
var dx = event.touches[ 0 ].pageX - event.touches[ 1 ].pageX;
var dy = event.touches[ 0 ].pageY - event.touches[ 1 ].pageY;
_touchZoomDistanceEnd = Math.sqrt( dx * dx + dy * dy );
var x = ( event.touches[ 0 ].pageX + event.touches[ 1 ].pageX ) / 2;
var y = ( event.touches[ 0 ].pageY + event.touches[ 1 ].pageY ) / 2;
_panEnd.copy( getMouseOnScreen( x, y ) );
break;
}
}
function touchend( event ) {
if ( scope.enabled === false ) return;
switch ( event.touches.length ) {
case 0:
_state = STATE.NONE;
break;
case 1:
_state = STATE.TOUCH_ROTATE;
_moveCurr.copy( getMouseOnCircle( event.touches[ 0 ].pageX, event.touches[ 0 ].pageY ) );
_movePrev.copy( _moveCurr );
break;
}
scope.dispatchEvent( endEvent );
}
function contextmenu( event ) {
if ( scope.enabled === false ) return;
event.preventDefault();
}
this.dispose = function () {
scope.domElement.removeEventListener( 'contextmenu', contextmenu, false );
scope.domElement.removeEventListener( 'pointerdown', onPointerDown, false );
scope.domElement.removeEventListener( 'wheel', mousewheel, false );
scope.domElement.removeEventListener( 'touchstart', touchstart, false );
scope.domElement.removeEventListener( 'touchend', touchend, false );
scope.domElement.removeEventListener( 'touchmove', touchmove, false );
scope.domElement.ownerDocument.removeEventListener( 'pointermove', onPointerMove, false );
scope.domElement.ownerDocument.removeEventListener( 'pointerup', onPointerUp, false );
window.removeEventListener( 'keydown', keydown, false );
window.removeEventListener( 'keyup', keyup, false );
};
this.domElement.addEventListener( 'contextmenu', contextmenu, false );
this.domElement.addEventListener( 'pointerdown', onPointerDown, false );
this.domElement.addEventListener( 'wheel', mousewheel, false );
this.domElement.addEventListener( 'touchstart', touchstart, false );
this.domElement.addEventListener( 'touchend', touchend, false );
this.domElement.addEventListener( 'touchmove', touchmove, false );
this.domElement.ownerDocument.addEventListener( 'pointermove', onPointerMove, false );
this.domElement.ownerDocument.addEventListener( 'pointerup', onPointerUp, false );
window.addEventListener( 'keydown', keydown, false );
window.addEventListener( 'keyup', keyup, false );
this.handleResize();
// force an update at start
this.update();
};
TrackballControls.prototype = Object.create( EventDispatcher.prototype );
TrackballControls.prototype.constructor = TrackballControls;
export { TrackballControls };

@ -1,291 +0,0 @@
/**
* Ascii generation is based on http://www.nihilogic.dk/labs/jsascii/
* Maybe more about this later with a blog post at http://lab4games.net/zz85/blog
*
* 16 April 2012 - @blurspline
*/
var AsciiEffect = function ( renderer, charSet, options ) {
// its fun to create one your own!
charSet = ( charSet === undefined ) ? ' .:-=+*#%@' : charSet;
// ' .,:;=|iI+hHOE#`$';
// darker bolder character set from https://github.com/saw/Canvas-ASCII-Art/
// ' .\'`^",:;Il!i~+_-?][}{1)(|/tfjrxnuvczXYUJCLQ0OZmwqpdbkhao*#MW&8%B@$'.split('');
if ( ! options ) options = {};
// Some ASCII settings
var bResolution = ! options[ 'resolution' ] ? 0.15 : options[ 'resolution' ]; // Higher for more details
var iScale = ! options[ 'scale' ] ? 1 : options[ 'scale' ];
var bColor = ! options[ 'color' ] ? false : options[ 'color' ]; // nice but slows down rendering!
var bAlpha = ! options[ 'alpha' ] ? false : options[ 'alpha' ]; // Transparency
var bBlock = ! options[ 'block' ] ? false : options[ 'block' ]; // blocked characters. like good O dos
var bInvert = ! options[ 'invert' ] ? false : options[ 'invert' ]; // black is white, white is black
var strResolution = 'low';
var width, height;
var domElement = document.createElement( 'div' );
domElement.style.cursor = 'default';
var oAscii = document.createElement( "table" );
domElement.appendChild( oAscii );
var iWidth, iHeight;
var oImg;
this.setSize = function ( w, h ) {
width = w;
height = h;
renderer.setSize( w, h );
initAsciiSize();
};
this.render = function ( scene, camera ) {
renderer.render( scene, camera );
asciifyImage( renderer, oAscii );
};
this.domElement = domElement;
// Throw in ascii library from http://www.nihilogic.dk/labs/jsascii/jsascii.js
/*
* jsAscii 0.1
* Copyright (c) 2008 Jacob Seidelin, jseidelin@nihilogic.dk, http://blog.nihilogic.dk/
* MIT License [http://www.nihilogic.dk/licenses/mit-license.txt]
*/
function initAsciiSize() {
iWidth = Math.round( width * fResolution );
iHeight = Math.round( height * fResolution );
oCanvas.width = iWidth;
oCanvas.height = iHeight;
// oCanvas.style.display = "none";
// oCanvas.style.width = iWidth;
// oCanvas.style.height = iHeight;
oImg = renderer.domElement;
if ( oImg.style.backgroundColor ) {
oAscii.rows[ 0 ].cells[ 0 ].style.backgroundColor = oImg.style.backgroundColor;
oAscii.rows[ 0 ].cells[ 0 ].style.color = oImg.style.color;
}
oAscii.cellSpacing = 0;
oAscii.cellPadding = 0;
var oStyle = oAscii.style;
oStyle.display = "inline";
oStyle.width = Math.round( iWidth / fResolution * iScale ) + "px";
oStyle.height = Math.round( iHeight / fResolution * iScale ) + "px";
oStyle.whiteSpace = "pre";
oStyle.margin = "0px";
oStyle.padding = "0px";
oStyle.letterSpacing = fLetterSpacing + "px";
oStyle.fontFamily = strFont;
oStyle.fontSize = fFontSize + "px";
oStyle.lineHeight = fLineHeight + "px";
oStyle.textAlign = "left";
oStyle.textDecoration = "none";
}
var aDefaultCharList = ( " .,:;i1tfLCG08@" ).split( "" );
var aDefaultColorCharList = ( " CGO08@" ).split( "" );
var strFont = "courier new, monospace";
var oCanvasImg = renderer.domElement;
var oCanvas = document.createElement( "canvas" );
if ( ! oCanvas.getContext ) {
return;
}
var oCtx = oCanvas.getContext( "2d" );
if ( ! oCtx.getImageData ) {
return;
}
var aCharList = ( bColor ? aDefaultColorCharList : aDefaultCharList );
if ( charSet ) aCharList = charSet;
var fResolution = 0.5;
switch ( strResolution ) {
case "low" : fResolution = 0.25; break;
case "medium" : fResolution = 0.5; break;
case "high" : fResolution = 1; break;
}
if ( bResolution ) fResolution = bResolution;
// Setup dom
var fFontSize = ( 2 / fResolution ) * iScale;
var fLineHeight = ( 2 / fResolution ) * iScale;
// adjust letter-spacing for all combinations of scale and resolution to get it to fit the image width.
var fLetterSpacing = 0;
if ( strResolution == "low" ) {
switch ( iScale ) {
case 1 : fLetterSpacing = - 1; break;
case 2 :
case 3 : fLetterSpacing = - 2.1; break;
case 4 : fLetterSpacing = - 3.1; break;
case 5 : fLetterSpacing = - 4.15; break;
}
}
if ( strResolution == "medium" ) {
switch ( iScale ) {
case 1 : fLetterSpacing = 0; break;
case 2 : fLetterSpacing = - 1; break;
case 3 : fLetterSpacing = - 1.04; break;
case 4 :
case 5 : fLetterSpacing = - 2.1; break;
}
}
if ( strResolution == "high" ) {
switch ( iScale ) {
case 1 :
case 2 : fLetterSpacing = 0; break;
case 3 :
case 4 :
case 5 : fLetterSpacing = - 1; break;
}
}
// can't get a span or div to flow like an img element, but a table works?
// convert img element to ascii
function asciifyImage( canvasRenderer, oAscii ) {
oCtx.clearRect( 0, 0, iWidth, iHeight );
oCtx.drawImage( oCanvasImg, 0, 0, iWidth, iHeight );
var oImgData = oCtx.getImageData( 0, 0, iWidth, iHeight ).data;
// Coloring loop starts now
var strChars = "";
// console.time('rendering');
for ( var y = 0; y < iHeight; y += 2 ) {
for ( var x = 0; x < iWidth; x ++ ) {
var iOffset = ( y * iWidth + x ) * 4;
var iRed = oImgData[ iOffset ];
var iGreen = oImgData[ iOffset + 1 ];
var iBlue = oImgData[ iOffset + 2 ];
var iAlpha = oImgData[ iOffset + 3 ];
var iCharIdx;
var fBrightness;
fBrightness = ( 0.3 * iRed + 0.59 * iGreen + 0.11 * iBlue ) / 255;
// fBrightness = (0.3*iRed + 0.5*iGreen + 0.3*iBlue) / 255;
if ( iAlpha == 0 ) {
// should calculate alpha instead, but quick hack :)
//fBrightness *= (iAlpha / 255);
fBrightness = 1;
}
iCharIdx = Math.floor( ( 1 - fBrightness ) * ( aCharList.length - 1 ) );
if ( bInvert ) {
iCharIdx = aCharList.length - iCharIdx - 1;
}
// good for debugging
//fBrightness = Math.floor(fBrightness * 10);
//strThisChar = fBrightness;
var strThisChar = aCharList[ iCharIdx ];
if ( strThisChar === undefined || strThisChar == " " )
strThisChar = "&nbsp;";
if ( bColor ) {
strChars += "<span style='"
+ "color:rgb(" + iRed + "," + iGreen + "," + iBlue + ");"
+ ( bBlock ? "background-color:rgb(" + iRed + "," + iGreen + "," + iBlue + ");" : "" )
+ ( bAlpha ? "opacity:" + ( iAlpha / 255 ) + ";" : "" )
+ "'>" + strThisChar + "</span>";
} else {
strChars += strThisChar;
}
}
strChars += "<br/>";
}
oAscii.innerHTML = "<tr><td>" + strChars + "</td></tr>";
// console.timeEnd('rendering');
// return oAscii;
}
// end modified asciifyImage block
};
export { AsciiEffect };

@ -1,167 +0,0 @@
var Stats = function () {
var mode = 0;
var container = document.createElement( 'div' );
container.style.cssText = 'position:fixed;top:0;left:0;cursor:pointer;opacity:0.9;z-index:10000';
container.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) {
event.preventDefault();
showPanel( ++ mode % container.children.length );
}, false );
//
function addPanel( panel ) {
container.appendChild( panel.dom );
return panel;
}
function showPanel( id ) {
for ( var i = 0; i < container.children.length; i ++ ) {
container.children[ i ].style.display = i === id ? 'block' : 'none';
}
mode = id;
}
//
var beginTime = ( performance || Date ).now(), prevTime = beginTime, frames = 0;
var fpsPanel = addPanel( new Stats.Panel( 'FPS', '#0ff', '#002' ) );
var msPanel = addPanel( new Stats.Panel( 'MS', '#0f0', '#020' ) );
if ( self.performance && self.performance.memory ) {
var memPanel = addPanel( new Stats.Panel( 'MB', '#f08', '#201' ) );
}
showPanel( 0 );
return {
REVISION: 16,
dom: container,
addPanel: addPanel,
showPanel: showPanel,
begin: function () {
beginTime = ( performance || Date ).now();
},
end: function () {
frames ++;
var time = ( performance || Date ).now();
msPanel.update( time - beginTime, 200 );
if ( time >= prevTime + 1000 ) {
fpsPanel.update( ( frames * 1000 ) / ( time - prevTime ), 100 );
prevTime = time;
frames = 0;
if ( memPanel ) {
var memory = performance.memory;
memPanel.update( memory.usedJSHeapSize / 1048576, memory.jsHeapSizeLimit / 1048576 );
}
}
return time;
},
update: function () {
beginTime = this.end();
},
// Backwards Compatibility
domElement: container,
setMode: showPanel
};
};
Stats.Panel = function ( name, fg, bg ) {
var min = Infinity, max = 0, round = Math.round;
var PR = round( window.devicePixelRatio || 1 );
var WIDTH = 80 * PR, HEIGHT = 48 * PR,
TEXT_X = 3 * PR, TEXT_Y = 2 * PR,
GRAPH_X = 3 * PR, GRAPH_Y = 15 * PR,
GRAPH_WIDTH = 74 * PR, GRAPH_HEIGHT = 30 * PR;
var canvas = document.createElement( 'canvas' );
canvas.width = WIDTH;
canvas.height = HEIGHT;
canvas.style.cssText = 'width:80px;height:48px';
var context = canvas.getContext( '2d' );
context.font = 'bold ' + ( 9 * PR ) + 'px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif';
context.textBaseline = 'top';
context.fillStyle = bg;
context.fillRect( 0, 0, WIDTH, HEIGHT );
context.fillStyle = fg;
context.fillText( name, TEXT_X, TEXT_Y );
context.fillRect( GRAPH_X, GRAPH_Y, GRAPH_WIDTH, GRAPH_HEIGHT );
context.fillStyle = bg;
context.globalAlpha = 0.9;
context.fillRect( GRAPH_X, GRAPH_Y, GRAPH_WIDTH, GRAPH_HEIGHT );
return {
dom: canvas,
update: function ( value, maxValue ) {
min = Math.min( min, value );
max = Math.max( max, value );
context.fillStyle = bg;
context.globalAlpha = 1;
context.fillRect( 0, 0, WIDTH, GRAPH_Y );
context.fillStyle = fg;
context.fillText( round( value ) + ' ' + name + ' (' + round( min ) + '-' + round( max ) + ')', TEXT_X, TEXT_Y );
context.drawImage( canvas, GRAPH_X + PR, GRAPH_Y, GRAPH_WIDTH - PR, GRAPH_HEIGHT, GRAPH_X, GRAPH_Y, GRAPH_WIDTH - PR, GRAPH_HEIGHT );
context.fillRect( GRAPH_X + GRAPH_WIDTH - PR, GRAPH_Y, PR, GRAPH_HEIGHT );
context.fillStyle = bg;
context.globalAlpha = 0.9;
context.fillRect( GRAPH_X + GRAPH_WIDTH - PR, GRAPH_Y, PR, round( ( 1 - ( value / maxValue ) ) * GRAPH_HEIGHT ) );
}
};
};
export default Stats;

@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
import * as THREE from '/sandbot/words-for-the-future/RESURGENCE/GLTFLoader/js/three/build/three.module.js';
import {FBXLoader} from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/three@0.118.1/examples/jsm/loaders/FBXLoader.js';
import { GLTFLoader } from "/sandbot/words-for-the-future/RESURGENCE/GLTFLoader/GLTFLoader.js";
import Stats from "/sandbot/words-for-the-future/RESURGENCE/jsm/libs/stats.module.js";
var container;
var camera, scene, raycaster, renderer;
var boolMouseOn = false,boolMouseClick = false;
var mouse = new THREE.Vector2(), INTERSECTED;
var radius = 100, theta = 0;
//creating custom IDs for Gltfs
const GltfId = "gltf1";
//caught critter counter:
let count = 0 ;
let boolcrittercaught = false;
init();
animate();
function init() {
container = document.createElement( 'div' );
document.body.appendChild( container );
camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera( 70, window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight, 1, 10000 );
scene = new THREE.Scene();
var light = new THREE.DirectionalLight( 0xffffff, 1 );
light.position.set( 1, 1, 1 ).normalize();
scene.background = new THREE.Color(0x000000, 1);
var geometry = new THREE.BoxBufferGeometry( 20, 20, 20 );
for ( var i = 0; i < 1; i ++ ) {
var object = new THREE.Mesh( geometry, new THREE.MeshLambertMaterial( { color: 0xffffff } ) );
object.position.z = 0;
object.position.x = -25;
object.position.y = -40;
object.rotation.y = -20;
//object.rotation.x = 0;
object.name = "cube";
//scene.add( object );
}
//clickable critter placehoders:
var object1 = new THREE.Mesh( geometry, new THREE.MeshLambertMaterial( { color: 0xffffff } ) );
object1.position.z = 0;
object1.position.x = 5;
object1.position.y = -40;
object1.rotation.y = -20;
//object.rotation.x = 90;
//scene.add(object1);
//GLTF loader with carmens critter (iphone)
var loader = new GLTFLoader(); new THREE.CubeTextureLoader();
loader.load( '/sandbot/words-for-the-future/RESURGENCE/models/ben-rock.glb', function ( gltf ) {
gltf.scene.position.x = -1;
gltf.scene.position.z = -78;
gltf.scene.position.y = 0;
gltf.scene.rotation.x = 0;
//gltf.scene.scale = Vector3(3,3,3);
//gtlf.material.opacity = 0.5;
//gltf.scene.material.transparent = true;
scene.add( gltf.scene );
gltf.scene.visible = false;
//louisa's code: onclick (window is placeholder for what should be clicked) makes it appear:
document.getElementById("buttonright").addEventListener("mousedown", function(){
gltf.scene.visible = !gltf.scene.visible;
scene.add( light );
console.log( "map is visible now" );
});
}, undefined, function ( error ) {
console.error( error );
} );
raycaster = new THREE.Raycaster();
renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer();
renderer.setPixelRatio( window.devicePixelRatio );
renderer.setSize( window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight );
container.appendChild( renderer.domElement );
window.addEventListener( 'mousedown', onDocumentMouseDown, false );
//document.addEventListener( 'mousedown', onDocumentMouseDown, false );
window.addEventListener( 'mousemove', onMouseMove, false );
window.addEventListener( 'resize', onWindowResize, false );
// var onDocumentMouseDown = function ( event ) {
// mouse.x = ( event.clientX / window.innerWidth ) * 2 - 1;
// mouse.y = - ( event.clientY / window.innerHeight ) * 2 + 1;
// var intersects = raycaster.intersectObjects( object );
// var intersection = intersects[0], object = intersection.object;
// object.visible = false ;
// };
}
function onWindowResize() {
camera.aspect = window.innerWidth / window.innerHeight;
camera.updateProjectionMatrix();
renderer.setSize( window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight );
}
function onMouseMove( event ) {
// calculate mouse position in normalized device coordinates
// (-1 to +1) for both components
mouse.x = ( event.clientX / window.innerWidth ) * 2 - 1;
mouse.y = - ( event.clientY / window.innerHeight ) * 2 + 1;
}
//
//const stats = Stats()
//document.body.appendChild(stats.dom)
function animate() {
requestAnimationFrame( animate );
render();
}
const ground = new THREE.Mesh(
new THREE.PlaneBufferGeometry( 1000, 1000, 1, 1 ),
new THREE.MeshLambertMaterial( { color: 0xffffff} )
);
ground.position.z = 95;
ground.visible = true;
//scene.add( ground );
function render() {
theta += 0.1;
camera.position.x = radius * Math.sin( THREE.MathUtils.degToRad( theta ) );
camera.position.y = radius * Math.sin( THREE.MathUtils.degToRad( theta ) );
camera.position.z = radius * Math.cos( THREE.MathUtils.degToRad( theta ) );
camera.lookAt( scene.position );
camera.updateMatrixWorld();
// find intersections
raycaster.setFromCamera( mouse, camera );
var intersects = raycaster.intersectObjects( scene.children);
//console.log('mouse click is '+boolMouseClick);
//console.log('mousedown');
//louisa's code, trying to make the pop up happen onclick of an object
if(boolMouseOn == true && boolMouseClick == true ){
console.log("its a hit!");
}
//turn off mouseclick after possible event
renderer.render( scene, camera );
}
function onDocumentMouseDown( event ) {
event.preventDefault();
switch ( event.which ) {
case 1: // left mouse click
//console.log('click!');
boolMouseClick = true;
//mouse.x = ( event.clientX / window.innerWidth ) * 2 - 1;
//mouse.y = - ( event.clientY / window.innerHeight ) * 2 + 1;
//mouse.unproject( camera );
//addPoint( mouse );
break;
case 3: // right mouse click
//removeLastPoint();
break;
}
}

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@ -1,305 +0,0 @@
*{
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
box-sizing: border-box;
transition: 1s;
}
body { margin: 1em; background: black; font-family: 'Uncial Antiqua', serif; color: black; overflow: hidden; overflow-x: hidden; padding-top: 10px;
}
font-family: 'Rakkas', cursive;
font-family: 'Spectral', serif;
font-family: 'Texturina', serif;
font-family: 'Uncial Antiqua', cursive;
canvas {
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
z-index: 1;
position:fixed;
top:0;
bottom:0;
left:0;
right:0;
}
#quote{
font-size: 10px;
color: orange}
@font-face {font-family: Anka;
src: url("fonts/AnkaCoder-b.ttf");}
@font-face {font-family: wftfs;
src: url("wftfs-Regular.otf");}
.cover {
width: 100%;
max-width: 100%;
height:100%;
background-color:#000000;
padding: 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px 2px;
z-index: 10;
color: black;
position: fixed;
top: 50%;
left: 50%;
z-index:9;
transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
opacity: 1;
visibility:hidden;
}
#game-text{
position: sticky;
margin-top: 20px;
z-index: 10;
max-width: 30%;
top: 50%;
left: 50%;
transform: translate(-50%, -50%);}
/*button {
width: 1%;
height: 30px;
text-align:left;
font-size: 1em;
margin-top:15px;
padding: 12px 20px;
margin: 8px 0;
box-sizing: border-box;
border: red;
font-family: Anka;
color: yellowgreen;
background-color:rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);;
position: fixed;
text-decoration: none;
z-index: 10;
top: 50%;
border-radius: 20px;
}
button:hover {
width: 1%;
height: 30px;
text-align:left;
font-size: 1em;
margin-top:15px;
padding: 12px 20px;
margin: 8px 0;
box-sizing: border-box;
border: red;
font-family: Anka;
color: yellowgreen;
background-color:rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);
position: fixed;
text-decoration: none;
z-index: 10;
top: 50%;
scale: 160%;
}*/
#yes{
left: 35%;
}
#no{
right:35%;
}
#forward{
top:35%;
left: 50%;
transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
}
#back{
top: 70%;
left: 50%;
transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
}
.container {
width: 60%;
max-width: 70%;
height: 80%;
background-color: #b0abb4de;
padding: 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
z-index: 10;
color: blue;
position:fixed;
top: 20em;
left: 50%;
transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
opacity: 1;
padding: 1em;
background-color: grey;
box-shadow: 0 0 40px #214c12;
overflow: scroll;
overflow-x: hidden;
}
.container:hover{box-shadow: 0 0 60px #FF2200;}
.container:hover{box-shadow: 0 0 10px black, 0 0 20px black, 0 0 30px yellowgreen;}
.container2 {
width: 50%;
max-width: 80%;
background-color: white;
padding: 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px 2px;
z-index: 10;
color: #214c12;
position: fixed;
top: 30%;
left: 50%;
transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
opacity: 0;
visibility: hidden;
}
.btn {
background-color: grey;
border: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);
border-radius: 5px;
color:#214c12;
outline: none;
z-index: 11;
font-family: Anka;
position: fixed;
top: 10px;
left: 10px;
max-width: 50%;
text-decoration: none;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px #214c12;
padding: 2px;
}
.btn2 {
background-color: #bfeaea;
border: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);
border-radius: 5px;
color:#214c12;
outline: none;
z-index: 11;
font-family: Anka;
position: fixed;
top: 10px;
right: 10px;
max-width: 50%;
text-decoration: none;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px #214c12;
padding: 2px;
}
.btn3 {
background-color: #bfeaea;
border: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0);
border-radius: 5px;
color:#214c12;
outline: none;
z-index: 11;
font-family: Anka;
position: fixed;
top: 3em;
left: 10px;
max-width: 50%;
text-decoration: none;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px #214c12;
padding: 2px;
}
#text{z-index: 10;
color: #7f00ff}
p{z-index: 110;
max-width: 75ch;
color:#3f00ff;
font-family: 'Texturina', serif;
}
a{ text-decoration: none;
color: red;
}
a:hover{ text-decoration: none;
color: red;
size: 4em;}
button:hover {
border-color: black;
background-color: darkgray;
z-index: 10;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px #214c12;
}
button {background-color:yellow;}
@media only screen and (max-width: 768px) {
/* For mobile phones: */
[class*="container"] {
width: 100%;
}
}
#anchor{}
.header{position: absolute;
height: 10px;
z-index: 100;}
.new{z-index:15; position: absolute; overflow: scroll; color: blue;
height: 97%;
padding: 10px;
z-index: 10;
color: #242322;
position:fixed;
right: 0.01px;
border-radius: 2px;
top: 10px;
opacity: 1;
padding: 1em;
box-shadow: 0 0 40px #214c12;
background-color:#bbb9c17d;
overflow: scroll;
overflow-x: hidden;
resize: both;}
.new:hover{box-shadow: 0 0 40px #242322;}
#rock{z-index: 5;
position: fixed;
top: 10px;
right:0.1px;
height:120%;}

@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>TEST</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, user-scalable=no, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
<div><p class="header">Resurgence by Isabelle Stengers</p></div>
</head>
<body>
<script defer src="game.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.2.1.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="rooms.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="script.js"></script>
<button class="btn"><p><a href="../">HOME</a></button>
<!-- <button class="btn3"><a href="../PRACTICAL_VISION/">Previous: Practical Vision</a></button>
<button class="btn2"> <a href="../TENSE/">Next: Tense</a></button> -->
<br><div class="new">
<h1>R</h1><br>
<p id="quote">“We are the grandchildren of the witches you were not able to burn” Tish Thawer</p>
<p >I will take this motto, which has flourished in recent protests in the United States, as the defiant cry of resurgence refusing to define the past as dead and buried. Not only were the witches killed all over Europe, but their memory has been buried by the many retrospective analyses which triumphantly concluded that their power and practices were a matter of imaginary collective construction affecting both the victims and the inquisitors. Eco-feminists have proposed a very different understanding of the burning times. They associate it with the destruction of rural cultures and their old rites, with the violent appropriation of the commons, with the rule of a law that consecrated the unquestionable rights of the owner, and with the invention of the modern workers who can only sell their labour-power on the market as a commodity. Listening to the defiant cry of the women who name themselves granddaughters of the past witches, I will go further. I will honour the vision which, since the Reagan era, has sustained reclaiming witches such as Starhawk, who associate their activism with the memory of a past earth-based religion of the goddess - who now returns. Against the ongoing academic critical judgement, I claim that the witches resurgence, their chant about the goddess return, and inseparably their return to the goddess, should not be taken as a regression.</p>
<p>Given the threatening unknown our future is facing, the question of academic judgements may seem like a rather futile one. Very few, including academics themselves, among those who disqualify the resurgence of witches as regressive, are effectively forced to think by this future, which the witches resolutely address. They are too busy living up to the relentless neoliberal demands which they have now to satisfy in order to survive. However, if there is something to be learned from the past, it may well be the way in which defending the victims of eradicative operations has so often deemed futile. In one way or another, these victims deserved their fate, or this fate was the price to be unhappily paid for progress. “Creative destructions,” economists croon. What we have now discovered is that these destructions come with cascading and interconnecting consequences. Worlds are destroyed and no such destruction is ever deserved. This is why I will address the academic world, which, in turns, is facing its own destruction. Probably, because it is the one I know best, also because of its specific responsibility in the formation of the generations which will have to make their way in the future.</p><a href="../HOPE/#whatever">🌲</a>
<p>Resurgence often refers to the reappearance of something defined as deleterious e.g. an agricultural pest or an epidemic vector after a seemingly successful operation of eradication. It may also refer to the reworlding of a landscape after a natural catastrophe or a devastating industrial exploitation. Today, such a reworlding is no longer understood by researchers in ecology in terms of the restoration of some stable equilibrium. Ecology has succeeded in freeing itself from the association of what we call “natural” with an ordered reality verifying scientific generalization. In contrast, academic judgements entailing the idea of regression still imply what has been called “The Ascent of Man:” “Man” irrevocably turning his back on past attachments, beliefs, and scruples, affirming his destiny of emancipation from traditions and the order of nature. Even critical humanities including feminist studies, whatever their deconstruction of the imperialist, sexist, and colonialist character of the “Ascent of Man” motto, still do not know how to disentangle themselves from the reference to a rational progress which opposes the possibility of taking seriously the contemporary resurgence of what does not conform to a materialist, that is, secularist, position.</p>
<p>If resurgence is a word for the future, it is because we may use it in the way the granddaughters of the witches do: as a challenge to eradicative operations, with which what we call materialism and secularism are irreducibly associated, are still going on today. It is quite possible to inherit the struggle against the oppressive character of religious institutions without forgetting what came together with materialism and secularism; the destruction of what opposed the transition to capitalism both in Europe and in the colonized world.<a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1"><sup>1</sup></a> It is quite possible to resist the idea that what was destroyed is irrevocably lost and that we should have the courage to accept this loss. Certainly it cannot be a question of resurrecting the past. What eventually returns is also reinventing itself as it takes root in a new environment, challenging the way it defined its destruction as a fait accompli. In the academic environment, defining as a fait accompli the destruction of the witches might be the only true point of agreement uniting two antagonist powers: those who take as an “objective fact” that the magic they claimed to practice does not exist, and those who understand magic as a cultural-subjective construction belonging to the past. <a id="anchor" href="../LIQUID/" > <span class="chapters"></span> </a></p><a name="spirituality">🌙</a>
<p>Getting rid of the Objectivity Subjectivity banners</p>
<p>In the academic world eradicative operations are a routine, performed as methodology by researchers who see it as their duty to disentangle situations in order to define them. Some will extract information about human practices only and give (always subjective) meaning to these situations. Others will only look at (objective) facts, the value of which should be to hold independently of the way humans evaluate them. Doing so, these academics are not motivated by a quest for a relevant approach. Instead they act as mobilized armies of either objectivity or subjectivity, destroying complex situations that might have slowed them down, and would have forced them to listen to voices protesting against the way their method leaves unattended knowledge that matters to others. <a id="anchor" href="../UNDECIDABILITY/" > <span class="chapters"></span> </a></p>
<p>That objectivity is a mobilizing banner is easy to demonstrate. It would have no power if it were taken in the strict experimental sense, where it means the obtaining of an exceptional and fragile achievement. An experimental objective fact is always extracted by active questioning. However, achieving objectivity then implies the creation of a situation that gives the thing questioned the very unusual power to authorize one interpretation that stands against any other possible one. Experimental objectivity is thus the name of an event, not the outcome of a method. Further, it is fragile because it is lost as soon as the experimental facts leave the lab the techno-social rarefied milieu required by experimental achievements and become ingredients in messy real world situations. When a claim of objectivity nevertheless sticks to those facts outside of the lab, it transforms this claim into a devastating operator. As for the kind of objectivity claimed by the sheer extraction of “data” or by the unilateral imposition of a method, it is a mere banner for conquest. On the other hand, holding the ground of subjectivity against the claims of objectivity, not so very often means empowering the muted voices that point to ignored or disqualified matters. Scientists trying to resist the pseudo-facts that colonialize their fields, caring for a difference to be made between good (relevant) and bad (abusive) sciences, have found no allies in critical sciences.[2] For those who are mobilized under the banner of subjectivity such scruples are ludicrous.</p>
<p>Academic events such as theoretical turns or scientific revolutions including the famous Anthropocene turn wont help to foster cooperative relations or care for collaborative situations. Indeed, such events typically signal an advance, usually the creative destruction of some dregs of common sense that are still contaminating what was previously accepted. In contrast, if there were to be resurgence it would signal itself by the demoralization of the perspective of advance. Demoralization is not however about the sad recognition of a limit to the possibility of knowing. It rather conveys the possibility of reducing the feeling of legitimacy that academic researchers have about their objectivity subjectivity methodologies. The signal of a process of resurgence might be researchers deserting their position when they recognise that subjectivity and objectivity are banners only, imperatives to distance themselves from concerned voices, protesting against the dismemberment of what they care for.</p>
<p>Making common sense</p>
<p>Addressing situations that are a matter of usually diverging concerns in a way that resists dismembering them, means betraying the mobilization for the advance of knowledge. The resurgence of cooperative and non-antagonist relations points towards situation-centred achievements. It requires that the situation itself be given the power to make those concerned think together, that is to induce a laborious, hesitant, and sometimes conflictual collective learning process of what each particular situation demands from those who approach it. This requirement is a practical one. If the eradicative power of the objective/subjective disjunction is to collapse and give way to a collective process, we need to question many academic customs. The ritual of presentations with PowerPoint authoritative bullet-point like arguments, for instance, perfectly illustrates the way situations are mobilized in a confrontational game, when truth is associated with the power of one position to defeat the others. In addition, we may need to find inspiration in ancient customs. New academic rituals may learn for instance from the way the traditional African palavers or the sweat lodge rituals in North American First Nations, these examples ward off one-way-truths and weaponized arguments. <a id="anchor" href="../--/" > <span class="chapters"></span> </a></p>
<p>Today, many activist groups share with reclaiming contemporary witches the reinvention of the art of consensus-making deliberation; giving the issue of deliberation the power to make common sense. What they learn to artfully design are resurgent ways to take care of the truth, to protect it from power games and relate it to an agreement - generated by a very deliberative process - that no party may appropriate it. They experiment with practices that generate the capacity to think and feel together. For the witches, convoking the goddess is giving room to the power of generativity. When they chant “She changes everything She touches, and everything She touches changes,” they honour a change that affects everything, but to which each affected being responds in its own way and not through some conversion [i]She[i] would command. Of course, such arts presuppose a shared trust in the possibility of generativity and we are free to suspect some kind of participatory role-playing. But refusing to participate is also playing a role. Holding to our own reasons demands that, when we feel we understand something about the others position, we suppress any temptation to doubt the kind of authority we confer to our reasons, as if such a hesitation was a betrayal of oneself. What if the art of transformative encounters cultivated the slow emergence and intensification of a mutual sensitivity? A mutual sensitivity that generates a change in the relationship that each entertains with their own reasons.</p>
<a name="whatever"></a><p >Polyphonic song</p>
<p>Curiously enough the resurgence of the arts of partnering around a situation, of composing and weaving together relevant but not authoritative reasons, echoes with the work of laboratory biologists. Against the biotechnological redefinition of biology they claim that the self-contained isolable organisms might be a dubious abstraction. What they study are not individual beings competing for having their interest prevail, but multiple specific assemblages between interdependent mutually sensitive partners weaving together capacities to make a living which belong to none of them separately. “We have never been individuals” write Scott Gilbert and his colleagues who are specialists in evolutionary developmental biology.[3] “It is the song that matters, not the singer,” adds Ford Doolittle, specialist in evolutionary microbiology, emphasizing the open character of assemblages, the composition of which (the singers) can change as long as the cooperative pattern, the polyphonic song, is preserved.[4] In other words, biologists now discover that both in the lab and in the field, they have to address cooperative worlds and beings whose ways of life emerge together with their participation in worlding compositions. One could be tempted to speak about a revolution in biology, but it can also be said that it is a heresy, a challenge against the mobilizing creed in the advance of science. Undoubtedly, biology is becoming more interesting, but it is losing its power to define a conquering research direction, since each “song”; each assemblage, needs to be deciphered as such. If modes of interdependence are what matters, extraction and isolation are no longer the royal road for progress. No theory - including complex or systemic ones - can define [i]a priori[i] its rightful object, that is, anticipate the way a situation should be addressed.</p>
<p>This “heretical” biology is apt to become an ally in the resurgence of cooperative relations between positive sciences and humanities at a time when we vitally need demobilization, relinquishing banners which justified our business-as-usual academic routines. I will borrow Anna Tsings challenging proposition, that our future might be about learning to live in “capitalist ruins.”[5] That is, in the ruins of the socio-technical organizational infrastructures that ensured our business-as-usual life. Ruins may be horrific, but Tsing recognises ruins also as a place for the resurgence and cultivation of an art of paying attention, which she calls the “art of noticing.” Indeed ruins are places where vigilance is required, where the relevance of our reasons is always at risk, where trusting the abstractions we entertain is inviting disaster. Ruins demand consenting to the precariousness of perspectives taken for granted, that stable capitalist infrastructures allowed us, or more precisely, allowed some of us. Tsing follows the wild Matsutake mushroom that thrives in ruined forests - forests ruined by natural catastrophes or by blind extraction, but also by projects meant to ensure a rational and sustainable exploitation, that discovered too late that what they had eliminated as prejudicial or expendable [I]did matter[I]. Devastation, the unravelling of the weaving that enables life, does not need to be willful, deliberate blindly trusting an idea may be sufficient. As for Tsing, she is not relying on overbearing ideas. What she notices is factual but does not allow to abstract what would objectively matter from situational entanglements, in this case articulated by the highly sought mushroom and its [i]symbionts[i] including humans. Facts, here, are not stepping stones for a conquering knowledge and do not oppose objectivity to subjectivity. What is noticed is first of all what appears as interesting or intriguing. It may be enlightening but the light is not defining the situation, it rather generates new possible ways of learning, of weaving new relations with the situation.</p><a name="spirituality"></a>
<p>We are the weavers and we are the woven</p>
<p>If our future is in the ruins, the possibility of resurgence is the possibility of cultivating, of weaving again what has been unravelled in the name of “the Ascent of Man.” We are not to take ourselves for the weavers after having played the masters, or the assemblers after having glorified extraction. “We are the weavers and we are the web,” sing the contemporary witches who know and cultivate generativity.[6] <a id="anchor" href="../UNDECIDABILITY/" title="Undecidability" > <span class="chapters"></span> </a>The arts of cultivation are arts of interdependence, of consenting to the precariousness of lives involved in each other. Those who cultivate do their part, trusting that others may do their own but knowing that what they aim at depends on what cannot be commanded or explained. Those who claim to explain growth or weaving are often only telling about the preparations required by what they have learned to foster, or they depend on the selection of what can be obtained and mobilized off-ground in rarefied, reproducible environments. In the ruins of such environments, resurgence is not a return to the past, rather the challenge to learn again what we were made to forget but what some have refused to forget.</p>
<p>When the environmental, social and climate justice, multiracial [i]Alliance of alliances[i], led by women, gender oppressed people of colour, and Indigenous Peoples, claim that “it takes roots to grow resistance,” or else, “to weather the storm,” they talk about the need to name and honour what sustains them and what they struggle for.[7] When those who try to revive the ancient commons, which were destroyed all over the world in the name of property rights, claim that there is “no commons without commoning,” that is, without learning how to “think like commoners,” they talk about the need to not only reclaim what was privatized but to recover the capacity to be involved with others in the ongoing concern and care for their maintenance of the commons.[8] Resurgence is a word for the future as it confronts us with what William James called a genuine option concerning this future. Daring to trust, as do todays activists, in an uncertified, indeed improbable, not to say speculative, possibility of reclaiming a future worth living and dying for, may seem ludicrous. But the option cannot be avoided because today there is no free standing place outside of the alternative: condescending skepticism, refusing to opt or opting against resurgence, are equivalent.</p>
<p>Such an option has no privileged ground. Neither the soil sustaining the roots nor the mutually involved of interdependent partners composing a commons, can be defined in abstraction from the always-situated learning process of weaving relations that matter. These are generative processes liable to include new ways of being with new concerns. New voices enter a song, both participating in this song and contributing to reinvent it. For us academics it does not mean giving up scientific facts, critical attention, or critical concern. It demands instead that such facts, attention, and concerns are liable to participate in the song, even if it means adding new dimensions that complicate it. As such, even scientific facts thus communicate with what William James presented as the “great question” associated with a pluriverse in the making: “does it, with our additions, rise or fall in value? Are the additions worthy or unworthy?”[9] Such a question is great because it obviously cannot get a certified answer but demands that we do accept that what we add makes a difference in the world and that we have to answer for the manner of this difference.</p>
<h1 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h1>
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<li id="fn1"><p>Silvia Federici, [i]Caliban and the Witch. Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation[i]. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia, 2004. 2. Rose, Hilary. “My Enemys Enemy Is, Only Perhaps, My Friend.” [i]Social Text[i], no. 45 (1996): 61-80. doi:10.2307/466844.3. Gilbert, Scott F., Jan Sapp, and Alfred I. Tauber. “A Symbiotic View of Life: We Have Never Been Individuals.” [i]The Quarterly Review of Biology[i] 87, no. 4 (2012): 325-41. doi:10.1086/668166.4. Doolittle, W. Ford, and Austin Booth. “Its the Song, Not the Singer: An Exploration of Holobiosis and Evolutionary Theory.” [i]Biology &amp; Philosophy[i] 32, no. 1 (2016): 5-24. doi:10.1007/s10539-016-9542-2.5. Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. [i]The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins[i]. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.6. Starhawk. [i]Dreaming the Dark: Magic, Sex, and Politics[i]. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1997. 225.7. “It Takes Roots An Alliance of Alliances.” It Takes Roots. http://ittakesroots.org/.8. Bollier, David. [i]Think like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons[i]. Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2014.9. William, James. [i]Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking[i]. New York, NY: Longman Green and Co., 1907. 98.<a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-back"></a></p></li>
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RESURGENCE | Isabelle Stengers

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“ We are the grandchildren of the witches you were not able to burn ” Tish Thawer

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