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+Notes from *Resonant Bodies, Voices, Memories*
+==============================================
+
+Bangma, A., Piet Zwart Instituut (Eds.), 2009. Resonant bodies, voices,
+memories. Revolver Publ, Berlin.
+
+'Phonophobia: The dumb devil of stammering' by Steven Connor, pages 132-144
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The voice is a dream voice - "when we speak of the materiality of the
+voice, we evoke imaginary substance and mythical powers" (pg 133)
+
+"there is no disembodied voice" (pg 133), a voice always has "somebody,
+something of somebody's body, in it" (pg 133)
+
+"The voice is the body's second life---something between a substance and
+a force---a fluency that is yet a form." (pg 133)
+
+### Stammering has been regarded through history as the result of a material or physical impediment, not a spiritual one
+
+-   Hippocratic school of Kos: stammering was the result of excessive
+    dryness of the tongue
+-   Galen (principal authority for humoral theory in the medieval
+    period): stammering comes from excessive moisture of the brain, or
+    tongue, or both
+-   around the same time (16th century), "engorgement of the tongue
+    through alchoholic vapors" (pg 134) was blamed for stammering
+-   Francis Bacon blamed coldness for stammering
+-   Alexander Ross refuted Bacon's claim, proposing that the stutterer's
+    speech was overheated, not congealed
+
+Although humoral theory was replaced by mechanical theories of the
+body's functioning, old ideas persisted
+
+In 1879, William Abbotts' *Impediments of Speech* blamed stammering on
+the weather (wet, cold weather rather than dry bracing weather being the
+culprit) and breathing through the mouth rather than the nose
+
+Freud's development of psychoanalytic theory encouraged a turn to
+psychogenic theories of the functioning of the stammer
+
+It was seen as "a physical disturbance that enacts contrary
+impulses---the impulse to speak, and the impulse to withhold speech"
+
+Other psychoanalytic theories represented stammering with "anxious
+ambivalence"
+
+-   Fenichel: stammering "an anal-sadistic impulse to utter obscenities"
+    (pg 135)
+-   I. H. Coriat: stammering was the unsuccessful result to "manage oral
+    anxietiees related to nursing" (pg 135)
+-   Peter Glauber: the struggle in the mind and body of the stammer is
+    between a huge investment in "the magical omnipotence of words" and
+    the need to repress a desire for verbal power
+
+Altogether, these are representations of castration anxiety
+
+Although psychoanalysis comes closer to analysing the fantasies of the
+magical omnipotence of the voice (and its fearful failure), by its
+nature it is also part of the "delusional apparatus", being "part of the
+cultural framework that forms and deforms the voice" (pg 135)
+
+[Charles Kingsley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kingsley):
+stammering is the result of selfishness (allowing too much self into the
+voice)