tutorial 3, from one-to-many db to many-to-many db

master
grgr 2 years ago
parent 2ff60e02e9
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Copyright 2010 Pallets
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: Flask
Version: 2.2.2
Summary: A simple framework for building complex web applications.
Home-page: https://palletsprojects.com/p/flask
Author: Armin Ronacher
Author-email: armin.ronacher@active-4.com
Maintainer: Pallets
Maintainer-email: contact@palletsprojects.com
License: BSD-3-Clause
Project-URL: Donate, https://palletsprojects.com/donate
Project-URL: Documentation, https://flask.palletsprojects.com/
Project-URL: Changes, https://flask.palletsprojects.com/changes/
Project-URL: Source Code, https://github.com/pallets/flask/
Project-URL: Issue Tracker, https://github.com/pallets/flask/issues/
Project-URL: Twitter, https://twitter.com/PalletsTeam
Project-URL: Chat, https://discord.gg/pallets
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
Classifier: Framework :: Flask
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content
Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: WSGI
Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: WSGI :: Application
Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Application Frameworks
Requires-Python: >=3.7
Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
License-File: LICENSE.rst
Requires-Dist: Werkzeug (>=2.2.2)
Requires-Dist: Jinja2 (>=3.0)
Requires-Dist: itsdangerous (>=2.0)
Requires-Dist: click (>=8.0)
Requires-Dist: importlib-metadata (>=3.6.0) ; python_version < "3.10"
Provides-Extra: async
Requires-Dist: asgiref (>=3.2) ; extra == 'async'
Provides-Extra: dotenv
Requires-Dist: python-dotenv ; extra == 'dotenv'
Flask
=====
Flask is a lightweight `WSGI`_ web application framework. It is designed
to make getting started quick and easy, with the ability to scale up to
complex applications. It began as a simple wrapper around `Werkzeug`_
and `Jinja`_ and has become one of the most popular Python web
application frameworks.
Flask offers suggestions, but doesn't enforce any dependencies or
project layout. It is up to the developer to choose the tools and
libraries they want to use. There are many extensions provided by the
community that make adding new functionality easy.
.. _WSGI: https://wsgi.readthedocs.io/
.. _Werkzeug: https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/
.. _Jinja: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/
Installing
----------
Install and update using `pip`_:
.. code-block:: text
$ pip install -U Flask
.. _pip: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/getting-started/
A Simple Example
----------------
.. code-block:: python
# save this as app.py
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route("/")
def hello():
return "Hello, World!"
.. code-block:: text
$ flask run
* Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
Contributing
------------
For guidance on setting up a development environment and how to make a
contribution to Flask, see the `contributing guidelines`_.
.. _contributing guidelines: https://github.com/pallets/flask/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.rst
Donate
------
The Pallets organization develops and supports Flask and the libraries
it uses. In order to grow the community of contributors and users, and
allow the maintainers to devote more time to the projects, `please
donate today`_.
.. _please donate today: https://palletsprojects.com/donate
Links
-----
- Documentation: https://flask.palletsprojects.com/
- Changes: https://flask.palletsprojects.com/changes/
- PyPI Releases: https://pypi.org/project/Flask/
- Source Code: https://github.com/pallets/flask/
- Issue Tracker: https://github.com/pallets/flask/issues/
- Website: https://palletsprojects.com/p/flask/
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/PalletsTeam
- Chat: https://discord.gg/pallets

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Copyright 2007 Pallets
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: Jinja2
Version: 3.1.2
Summary: A very fast and expressive template engine.
Home-page: https://palletsprojects.com/p/jinja/
Author: Armin Ronacher
Author-email: armin.ronacher@active-4.com
Maintainer: Pallets
Maintainer-email: contact@palletsprojects.com
License: BSD-3-Clause
Project-URL: Donate, https://palletsprojects.com/donate
Project-URL: Documentation, https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/
Project-URL: Changes, https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/changes/
Project-URL: Source Code, https://github.com/pallets/jinja/
Project-URL: Issue Tracker, https://github.com/pallets/jinja/issues/
Project-URL: Twitter, https://twitter.com/PalletsTeam
Project-URL: Chat, https://discord.gg/pallets
Platform: UNKNOWN
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content
Classifier: Topic :: Text Processing :: Markup :: HTML
Requires-Python: >=3.7
Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
License-File: LICENSE.rst
Requires-Dist: MarkupSafe (>=2.0)
Provides-Extra: i18n
Requires-Dist: Babel (>=2.7) ; extra == 'i18n'
Jinja
=====
Jinja is a fast, expressive, extensible templating engine. Special
placeholders in the template allow writing code similar to Python
syntax. Then the template is passed data to render the final document.
It includes:
- Template inheritance and inclusion.
- Define and import macros within templates.
- HTML templates can use autoescaping to prevent XSS from untrusted
user input.
- A sandboxed environment can safely render untrusted templates.
- AsyncIO support for generating templates and calling async
functions.
- I18N support with Babel.
- Templates are compiled to optimized Python code just-in-time and
cached, or can be compiled ahead-of-time.
- Exceptions point to the correct line in templates to make debugging
easier.
- Extensible filters, tests, functions, and even syntax.
Jinja's philosophy is that while application logic belongs in Python if
possible, it shouldn't make the template designer's job difficult by
restricting functionality too much.
Installing
----------
Install and update using `pip`_:
.. code-block:: text
$ pip install -U Jinja2
.. _pip: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/getting-started/
In A Nutshell
-------------
.. code-block:: jinja
{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block title %}Members{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<ul>
{% for user in users %}
<li><a href="{{ user.url }}">{{ user.username }}</a></li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
{% endblock %}
Donate
------
The Pallets organization develops and supports Jinja and other popular
packages. In order to grow the community of contributors and users, and
allow the maintainers to devote more time to the projects, `please
donate today`_.
.. _please donate today: https://palletsprojects.com/donate
Links
-----
- Documentation: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/
- Changes: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/changes/
- PyPI Releases: https://pypi.org/project/Jinja2/
- Source Code: https://github.com/pallets/jinja/
- Issue Tracker: https://github.com/pallets/jinja/issues/
- Website: https://palletsprojects.com/p/jinja/
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/PalletsTeam
- Chat: https://discord.gg/pallets

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[babel.extractors]
jinja2 = jinja2.ext:babel_extract[i18n]

@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
Copyright 2010 Pallets
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

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Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: MarkupSafe
Version: 2.1.1
Summary: Safely add untrusted strings to HTML/XML markup.
Home-page: https://palletsprojects.com/p/markupsafe/
Author: Armin Ronacher
Author-email: armin.ronacher@active-4.com
Maintainer: Pallets
Maintainer-email: contact@palletsprojects.com
License: BSD-3-Clause
Project-URL: Donate, https://palletsprojects.com/donate
Project-URL: Documentation, https://markupsafe.palletsprojects.com/
Project-URL: Changes, https://markupsafe.palletsprojects.com/changes/
Project-URL: Source Code, https://github.com/pallets/markupsafe/
Project-URL: Issue Tracker, https://github.com/pallets/markupsafe/issues/
Project-URL: Twitter, https://twitter.com/PalletsTeam
Project-URL: Chat, https://discord.gg/pallets
Platform: UNKNOWN
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content
Classifier: Topic :: Text Processing :: Markup :: HTML
Requires-Python: >=3.7
Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
License-File: LICENSE.rst
MarkupSafe
==========
MarkupSafe implements a text object that escapes characters so it is
safe to use in HTML and XML. Characters that have special meanings are
replaced so that they display as the actual characters. This mitigates
injection attacks, meaning untrusted user input can safely be displayed
on a page.
Installing
----------
Install and update using `pip`_:
.. code-block:: text
pip install -U MarkupSafe
.. _pip: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/getting-started/
Examples
--------
.. code-block:: pycon
>>> from markupsafe import Markup, escape
>>> # escape replaces special characters and wraps in Markup
>>> escape("<script>alert(document.cookie);</script>")
Markup('&lt;script&gt;alert(document.cookie);&lt;/script&gt;')
>>> # wrap in Markup to mark text "safe" and prevent escaping
>>> Markup("<strong>Hello</strong>")
Markup('<strong>hello</strong>')
>>> escape(Markup("<strong>Hello</strong>"))
Markup('<strong>hello</strong>')
>>> # Markup is a str subclass
>>> # methods and operators escape their arguments
>>> template = Markup("Hello <em>{name}</em>")
>>> template.format(name='"World"')
Markup('Hello <em>&#34;World&#34;</em>')
Donate
------
The Pallets organization develops and supports MarkupSafe and other
popular packages. In order to grow the community of contributors and
users, and allow the maintainers to devote more time to the projects,
`please donate today`_.
.. _please donate today: https://palletsprojects.com/donate
Links
-----
- Documentation: https://markupsafe.palletsprojects.com/
- Changes: https://markupsafe.palletsprojects.com/changes/
- PyPI Releases: https://pypi.org/project/MarkupSafe/
- Source Code: https://github.com/pallets/markupsafe/
- Issue Tracker: https://github.com/pallets/markupsafe/issues/
- Website: https://palletsprojects.com/p/markupsafe/
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/PalletsTeam
- Chat: https://discord.gg/pallets

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Copyright 2007 Pallets
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: Werkzeug
Version: 2.2.2
Summary: The comprehensive WSGI web application library.
Home-page: https://palletsprojects.com/p/werkzeug/
Author: Armin Ronacher
Author-email: armin.ronacher@active-4.com
Maintainer: Pallets
Maintainer-email: contact@palletsprojects.com
License: BSD-3-Clause
Project-URL: Donate, https://palletsprojects.com/donate
Project-URL: Documentation, https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/
Project-URL: Changes, https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/changes/
Project-URL: Source Code, https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/
Project-URL: Issue Tracker, https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/issues/
Project-URL: Twitter, https://twitter.com/PalletsTeam
Project-URL: Chat, https://discord.gg/pallets
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content
Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: WSGI
Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: WSGI :: Application
Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: WSGI :: Middleware
Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Application Frameworks
Requires-Python: >=3.7
Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
License-File: LICENSE.rst
Requires-Dist: MarkupSafe (>=2.1.1)
Provides-Extra: watchdog
Requires-Dist: watchdog ; extra == 'watchdog'
Werkzeug
========
*werkzeug* German noun: "tool". Etymology: *werk* ("work"), *zeug* ("stuff")
Werkzeug is a comprehensive `WSGI`_ web application library. It began as
a simple collection of various utilities for WSGI applications and has
become one of the most advanced WSGI utility libraries.
It includes:
- An interactive debugger that allows inspecting stack traces and
source code in the browser with an interactive interpreter for any
frame in the stack.
- A full-featured request object with objects to interact with
headers, query args, form data, files, and cookies.
- A response object that can wrap other WSGI applications and handle
streaming data.
- A routing system for matching URLs to endpoints and generating URLs
for endpoints, with an extensible system for capturing variables
from URLs.
- HTTP utilities to handle entity tags, cache control, dates, user
agents, cookies, files, and more.
- A threaded WSGI server for use while developing applications
locally.
- A test client for simulating HTTP requests during testing without
requiring running a server.
Werkzeug doesn't enforce any dependencies. It is up to the developer to
choose a template engine, database adapter, and even how to handle
requests. It can be used to build all sorts of end user applications
such as blogs, wikis, or bulletin boards.
`Flask`_ wraps Werkzeug, using it to handle the details of WSGI while
providing more structure and patterns for defining powerful
applications.
.. _WSGI: https://wsgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
.. _Flask: https://www.palletsprojects.com/p/flask/
Installing
----------
Install and update using `pip`_:
.. code-block:: text
pip install -U Werkzeug
.. _pip: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/getting-started/
A Simple Example
----------------
.. code-block:: python
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response
@Request.application
def application(request):
return Response('Hello, World!')
if __name__ == '__main__':
from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
run_simple('localhost', 4000, application)
Donate
------
The Pallets organization develops and supports Werkzeug and other
popular packages. In order to grow the community of contributors and
users, and allow the maintainers to devote more time to the projects,
`please donate today`_.
.. _please donate today: https://palletsprojects.com/donate
Links
-----
- Documentation: https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/
- Changes: https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/changes/
- PyPI Releases: https://pypi.org/project/Werkzeug/
- Source Code: https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/
- Issue Tracker: https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/issues/
- Website: https://palletsprojects.com/p/werkzeug/
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/PalletsTeam
- Chat: https://discord.gg/pallets

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Copyright 2014 Pallets
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: click
Version: 8.1.3
Summary: Composable command line interface toolkit
Home-page: https://palletsprojects.com/p/click/
Author: Armin Ronacher
Author-email: armin.ronacher@active-4.com
Maintainer: Pallets
Maintainer-email: contact@palletsprojects.com
License: BSD-3-Clause
Project-URL: Donate, https://palletsprojects.com/donate
Project-URL: Documentation, https://click.palletsprojects.com/
Project-URL: Changes, https://click.palletsprojects.com/changes/
Project-URL: Source Code, https://github.com/pallets/click/
Project-URL: Issue Tracker, https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/
Project-URL: Twitter, https://twitter.com/PalletsTeam
Project-URL: Chat, https://discord.gg/pallets
Platform: UNKNOWN
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
Requires-Python: >=3.7
Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
License-File: LICENSE.rst
Requires-Dist: colorama ; platform_system == "Windows"
Requires-Dist: importlib-metadata ; python_version < "3.8"
\$ click\_
==========
Click is a Python package for creating beautiful command line interfaces
in a composable way with as little code as necessary. It's the "Command
Line Interface Creation Kit". It's highly configurable but comes with
sensible defaults out of the box.
It aims to make the process of writing command line tools quick and fun
while also preventing any frustration caused by the inability to
implement an intended CLI API.
Click in three points:
- Arbitrary nesting of commands
- Automatic help page generation
- Supports lazy loading of subcommands at runtime
Installing
----------
Install and update using `pip`_:
.. code-block:: text
$ pip install -U click
.. _pip: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/getting-started/
A Simple Example
----------------
.. code-block:: python
import click
@click.command()
@click.option("--count", default=1, help="Number of greetings.")
@click.option("--name", prompt="Your name", help="The person to greet.")
def hello(count, name):
"""Simple program that greets NAME for a total of COUNT times."""
for _ in range(count):
click.echo(f"Hello, {name}!")
if __name__ == '__main__':
hello()
.. code-block:: text
$ python hello.py --count=3
Your name: Click
Hello, Click!
Hello, Click!
Hello, Click!
Donate
------
The Pallets organization develops and supports Click and other popular
packages. In order to grow the community of contributors and users, and
allow the maintainers to devote more time to the projects, `please
donate today`_.
.. _please donate today: https://palletsprojects.com/donate
Links
-----
- Documentation: https://click.palletsprojects.com/
- Changes: https://click.palletsprojects.com/changes/
- PyPI Releases: https://pypi.org/project/click/
- Source Code: https://github.com/pallets/click
- Issue Tracker: https://github.com/pallets/click/issues
- Website: https://palletsprojects.com/p/click
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/PalletsTeam
- Chat: https://discord.gg/pallets

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"""
Click is a simple Python module inspired by the stdlib optparse to make
writing command line scripts fun. Unlike other modules, it's based
around a simple API that does not come with too much magic and is
composable.
"""
from .core import Argument as Argument
from .core import BaseCommand as BaseCommand
from .core import Command as Command
from .core import CommandCollection as CommandCollection
from .core import Context as Context
from .core import Group as Group
from .core import MultiCommand as MultiCommand
from .core import Option as Option
from .core import Parameter as Parameter
from .decorators import argument as argument
from .decorators import command as command
from .decorators import confirmation_option as confirmation_option
from .decorators import group as group
from .decorators import help_option as help_option
from .decorators import make_pass_decorator as make_pass_decorator
from .decorators import option as option
from .decorators import pass_context as pass_context
from .decorators import pass_obj as pass_obj
from .decorators import password_option as password_option
from .decorators import version_option as version_option
from .exceptions import Abort as Abort
from .exceptions import BadArgumentUsage as BadArgumentUsage
from .exceptions import BadOptionUsage as BadOptionUsage
from .exceptions import BadParameter as BadParameter
from .exceptions import ClickException as ClickException
from .exceptions import FileError as FileError
from .exceptions import MissingParameter as MissingParameter
from .exceptions import NoSuchOption as NoSuchOption
from .exceptions import UsageError as UsageError
from .formatting import HelpFormatter as HelpFormatter
from .formatting import wrap_text as wrap_text
from .globals import get_current_context as get_current_context
from .parser import OptionParser as OptionParser
from .termui import clear as clear
from .termui import confirm as confirm
from .termui import echo_via_pager as echo_via_pager
from .termui import edit as edit
from .termui import getchar as getchar
from .termui import launch as launch
from .termui import pause as pause
from .termui import progressbar as progressbar
from .termui import prompt as prompt
from .termui import secho as secho
from .termui import style as style
from .termui import unstyle as unstyle
from .types import BOOL as BOOL
from .types import Choice as Choice
from .types import DateTime as DateTime
from .types import File as File
from .types import FLOAT as FLOAT
from .types import FloatRange as FloatRange
from .types import INT as INT
from .types import IntRange as IntRange
from .types import ParamType as ParamType
from .types import Path as Path
from .types import STRING as STRING
from .types import Tuple as Tuple
from .types import UNPROCESSED as UNPROCESSED
from .types import UUID as UUID
from .utils import echo as echo
from .utils import format_filename as format_filename
from .utils import get_app_dir as get_app_dir
from .utils import get_binary_stream as get_binary_stream
from .utils import get_text_stream as get_text_stream
from .utils import open_file as open_file
__version__ = "8.1.3"

@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
import codecs
import io
import os
import re
import sys
import typing as t
from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary
CYGWIN = sys.platform.startswith("cygwin")
MSYS2 = sys.platform.startswith("win") and ("GCC" in sys.version)
# Determine local App Engine environment, per Google's own suggestion
APP_ENGINE = "APPENGINE_RUNTIME" in os.environ and "Development/" in os.environ.get(
"SERVER_SOFTWARE", ""
)
WIN = sys.platform.startswith("win") and not APP_ENGINE and not MSYS2
auto_wrap_for_ansi: t.Optional[t.Callable[[t.TextIO], t.TextIO]] = None
_ansi_re = re.compile(r"\033\[[;?0-9]*[a-zA-Z]")
def get_filesystem_encoding() -> str:
return sys.getfilesystemencoding() or sys.getdefaultencoding()
def _make_text_stream(
stream: t.BinaryIO,
encoding: t.Optional[str],
errors: t.Optional[str],
force_readable: bool = False,
force_writable: bool = False,
) -> t.TextIO:
if encoding is None:
encoding = get_best_encoding(stream)
if errors is None:
errors = "replace"
return _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(
stream,
encoding,
errors,
line_buffering=True,
force_readable=force_readable,
force_writable=force_writable,
)
def is_ascii_encoding(encoding: str) -> bool:
"""Checks if a given encoding is ascii."""
try:
return codecs.lookup(encoding).name == "ascii"
except LookupError:
return False
def get_best_encoding(stream: t.IO) -> str:
"""Returns the default stream encoding if not found."""
rv = getattr(stream, "encoding", None) or sys.getdefaultencoding()
if is_ascii_encoding(rv):
return "utf-8"
return rv
class _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(io.TextIOWrapper):
def __init__(
self,
stream: t.BinaryIO,
encoding: t.Optional[str],
errors: t.Optional[str],
force_readable: bool = False,
force_writable: bool = False,
**extra: t.Any,
) -> None:
self._stream = stream = t.cast(
t.BinaryIO, _FixupStream(stream, force_readable, force_writable)
)
super().__init__(stream, encoding, errors, **extra)
def __del__(self) -> None:
try:
self.detach()
except Exception:
pass
def isatty(self) -> bool:
# https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/issue/1803
return self._stream.isatty()
class _FixupStream:
"""The new io interface needs more from streams than streams
traditionally implement. As such, this fix-up code is necessary in
some circumstances.
The forcing of readable and writable flags are there because some tools
put badly patched objects on sys (one such offender are certain version
of jupyter notebook).
"""
def __init__(
self,
stream: t.BinaryIO,
force_readable: bool = False,
force_writable: bool = False,
):
self._stream = stream
self._force_readable = force_readable
self._force_writable = force_writable
def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> t.Any:
return getattr(self._stream, name)
def read1(self, size: int) -> bytes:
f = getattr(self._stream, "read1", None)
if f is not None:
return t.cast(bytes, f(size))
return self._stream.read(size)
def readable(self) -> bool:
if self._force_readable:
return True
x = getattr(self._stream, "readable", None)
if x is not None:
return t.cast(bool, x())
try:
self._stream.read(0)
except Exception:
return False
return True
def writable(self) -> bool:
if self._force_writable:
return True
x = getattr(self._stream, "writable", None)
if x is not None:
return t.cast(bool, x())
try:
self._stream.write("") # type: ignore
except Exception:
try:
self._stream.write(b"")
except Exception:
return False
return True
def seekable(self) -> bool:
x = getattr(self._stream, "seekable", None)
if x is not None:
return t.cast(bool, x())
try:
self._stream.seek(self._stream.tell())
except Exception:
return False
return True
def _is_binary_reader(stream: t.IO, default: bool = False) -> bool:
try:
return isinstance(stream.read(0), bytes)
except Exception:
return default
# This happens in some cases where the stream was already
# closed. In this case, we assume the default.
def _is_binary_writer(stream: t.IO, default: bool = False) -> bool:
try:
stream.write(b"")
except Exception:
try:
stream.write("")
return False
except Exception:
pass
return default
return True
def _find_binary_reader(stream: t.IO) -> t.Optional[t.BinaryIO]:
# We need to figure out if the given stream is already binary.
# This can happen because the official docs recommend detaching
# the streams to get binary streams. Some code might do this, so
# we need to deal with this case explicitly.
if _is_binary_reader(stream, False):
return t.cast(t.BinaryIO, stream)
buf = getattr(stream, "buffer", None)
# Same situation here; this time we assume that the buffer is
# actually binary in case it's closed.
if buf is not None and _is_binary_reader(buf, True):
return t.cast(t.BinaryIO, buf)
return None
def _find_binary_writer(stream: t.IO) -> t.Optional[t.BinaryIO]:
# We need to figure out if the given stream is already binary.
# This can happen because the official docs recommend detaching
# the streams to get binary streams. Some code might do this, so
# we need to deal with this case explicitly.
if _is_binary_writer(stream, False):
return t.cast(t.BinaryIO, stream)
buf = getattr(stream, "buffer", None)
# Same situation here; this time we assume that the buffer is
# actually binary in case it's closed.
if buf is not None and _is_binary_writer(buf, True):
return t.cast(t.BinaryIO, buf)
return None
def _stream_is_misconfigured(stream: t.TextIO) -> bool:
"""A stream is misconfigured if its encoding is ASCII."""
# If the stream does not have an encoding set, we assume it's set
# to ASCII. This appears to happen in certain unittest
# environments. It's not quite clear what the correct behavior is
# but this at least will force Click to recover somehow.
return is_ascii_encoding(getattr(stream, "encoding", None) or "ascii")
def _is_compat_stream_attr(stream: t.TextIO, attr: str, value: t.Optional[str]) -> bool:
"""A stream attribute is compatible if it is equal to the
desired value or the desired value is unset and the attribute
has a value.
"""
stream_value = getattr(stream, attr, None)
return stream_value == value or (value is None and stream_value is not None)
def _is_compatible_text_stream(
stream: t.TextIO, encoding: t.Optional[str], errors: t.Optional[str]
) -> bool:
"""Check if a stream's encoding and errors attributes are
compatible with the desired values.
"""
return _is_compat_stream_attr(
stream, "encoding", encoding
) and _is_compat_stream_attr(stream, "errors", errors)
def _force_correct_text_stream(
text_stream: t.IO,
encoding: t.Optional[str],
errors: t.Optional[str],
is_binary: t.Callable[[t.IO, bool], bool],
find_binary: t.Callable[[t.IO], t.Optional[t.BinaryIO]],
force_readable: bool = False,
force_writable: bool = False,
) -> t.TextIO:
if is_binary(text_stream, False):
binary_reader = t.cast(t.BinaryIO, text_stream)
else:
text_stream = t.cast(t.TextIO, text_stream)
# If the stream looks compatible, and won't default to a
# misconfigured ascii encoding, return it as-is.
if _is_compatible_text_stream(text_stream, encoding, errors) and not (
encoding is None and _stream_is_misconfigured(text_stream)
):
return text_stream
# Otherwise, get the underlying binary reader.
possible_binary_reader = find_binary(text_stream)
# If that's not possible, silently use the original reader
# and get mojibake instead of exceptions.
if possible_binary_reader is None:
return text_stream
binary_reader = possible_binary_reader
# Default errors to replace instead of strict in order to get
# something that works.
if errors is None:
errors = "replace"
# Wrap the binary stream in a text stream with the correct
# encoding parameters.
return _make_text_stream(
binary_reader,
encoding,
errors,
force_readable=force_readable,
force_writable=force_writable,
)
def _force_correct_text_reader(
text_reader: t.IO,
encoding: t.Optional[str],
errors: t.Optional[str],
force_readable: bool = False,
) -> t.TextIO:
return _force_correct_text_stream(
text_reader,
encoding,
errors,
_is_binary_reader,
_find_binary_reader,
force_readable=force_readable,
)
def _force_correct_text_writer(
text_writer: t.IO,
encoding: t.Optional[str],
errors: t.Optional[str],
force_writable: bool = False,
) -> t.TextIO:
return _force_correct_text_stream(
text_writer,
encoding,
errors,
_is_binary_writer,
_find_binary_writer,
force_writable=force_writable,
)
def get_binary_stdin() -> t.BinaryIO:
reader = _find_binary_reader(sys.stdin)
if reader is None:
raise RuntimeError("Was not able to determine binary stream for sys.stdin.")
return reader
def get_binary_stdout() -> t.BinaryIO:
writer = _find_binary_writer(sys.stdout)
if writer is None:
raise RuntimeError("Was not able to determine binary stream for sys.stdout.")
return writer
def get_binary_stderr() -> t.BinaryIO:
writer = _find_binary_writer(sys.stderr)
if writer is None:
raise RuntimeError("Was not able to determine binary stream for sys.stderr.")
return writer
def get_text_stdin(
encoding: t.Optional[str] = None, errors: t.Optional[str] = None
) -> t.TextIO:
rv = _get_windows_console_stream(sys.stdin, encoding, errors)
if rv is not None:
return rv
return _force_correct_text_reader(sys.stdin, encoding, errors, force_readable=True)
def get_text_stdout(
encoding: t.Optional[str] = None, errors: t.Optional[str] = None
) -> t.TextIO:
rv = _get_windows_console_stream(sys.stdout, encoding, errors)
if rv is not None:
return rv
return _force_correct_text_writer(sys.stdout, encoding, errors, force_writable=True)
def get_text_stderr(
encoding: t.Optional[str] = None, errors: t.Optional[str] = None
) -> t.TextIO:
rv = _get_windows_console_stream(sys.stderr, encoding, errors)
if rv is not None:
return rv
return _force_correct_text_writer(sys.stderr, encoding, errors, force_writable=True)
def _wrap_io_open(
file: t.Union[str, os.PathLike, int],
mode: str,
encoding: t.Optional[str],
errors: t.Optional[str],
) -> t.IO:
"""Handles not passing ``encoding`` and ``errors`` in binary mode."""
if "b" in mode:
return open(file, mode)
return open(file, mode, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
def open_stream(
filename: str,
mode: str = "r",
encoding: t.Optional[str] = None,
errors: t.Optional[str] = "strict",
atomic: bool = False,
) -> t.Tuple[t.IO, bool]:
binary = "b" in mode
# Standard streams first. These are simple because they ignore the
# atomic flag. Use fsdecode to handle Path("-").
if os.fsdecode(filename) == "-":
if any(m in mode for m in ["w", "a", "x"]):
if binary:
return get_binary_stdout(), False
return get_text_stdout(encoding=encoding, errors=errors), False
if binary:
return get_binary_stdin(), False
return get_text_stdin(encoding=encoding, errors=errors), False
# Non-atomic writes directly go out through the regular open functions.
if not atomic:
return _wrap_io_open(filename, mode, encoding, errors), True
# Some usability stuff for atomic writes
if "a" in mode:
raise ValueError(
"Appending to an existing file is not supported, because that"
" would involve an expensive `copy`-operation to a temporary"
" file. Open the file in normal `w`-mode and copy explicitly"
" if that's what you're after."
)
if "x" in mode:
raise ValueError("Use the `overwrite`-parameter instead.")
if "w" not in mode:
raise ValueError("Atomic writes only make sense with `w`-mode.")
# Atomic writes are more complicated. They work by opening a file
# as a proxy in the same folder and then using the fdopen
# functionality to wrap it in a Python file. Then we wrap it in an
# atomic file that moves the file over on close.
import errno
import random
try:
perm: t.Optional[int] = os.stat(filename).st_mode
except OSError:
perm = None
flags = os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL
if binary:
flags |= getattr(os, "O_BINARY", 0)
while True:
tmp_filename = os.path.join(
os.path.dirname(filename),
f".__atomic-write{random.randrange(1 << 32):08x}",
)
try:
fd = os.open(tmp_filename, flags, 0o666 if perm is None else perm)
break
except OSError as e:
if e.errno == errno.EEXIST or (
os.name == "nt"
and e.errno == errno.EACCES
and os.path.isdir(e.filename)
and os.access(e.filename, os.W_OK)
):
continue
raise
if perm is not None:
os.chmod(tmp_filename, perm) # in case perm includes bits in umask
f = _wrap_io_open(fd, mode, encoding, errors)
af = _AtomicFile(f, tmp_filename, os.path.realpath(filename))
return t.cast(t.IO, af), True
class _AtomicFile:
def __init__(self, f: t.IO, tmp_filename: str, real_filename: str) -> None:
self._f = f
self._tmp_filename = tmp_filename
self._real_filename = real_filename
self.closed = False
@property
def name(self) -> str:
return self._real_filename
def close(self, delete: bool = False) -> None:
if self.closed:
return
self._f.close()
os.replace(self._tmp_filename, self._real_filename)
self.closed = True
def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> t.Any:
return getattr(self._f, name)
def __enter__(self) -> "_AtomicFile":
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb): # type: ignore
self.close(delete=exc_type is not None)
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return repr(self._f)
def strip_ansi(value: str) -> str:
return _ansi_re.sub("", value)
def _is_jupyter_kernel_output(stream: t.IO) -> bool:
while isinstance(stream, (_FixupStream, _NonClosingTextIOWrapper)):
stream = stream._stream
return stream.__class__.__module__.startswith("ipykernel.")
def should_strip_ansi(
stream: t.Optional[t.IO] = None, color: t.Optional[bool] = None
) -> bool:
if color is None:
if stream is None:
stream = sys.stdin
return not isatty(stream) and not _is_jupyter_kernel_output(stream)
return not color
# On Windows, wrap the output streams with colorama to support ANSI
# color codes.
# NOTE: double check is needed so mypy does not analyze this on Linux
if sys.platform.startswith("win") and WIN:
from ._winconsole import _get_windows_console_stream
def _get_argv_encoding() -> str:
import locale
return locale.getpreferredencoding()
_ansi_stream_wrappers: t.MutableMapping[t.TextIO, t.TextIO] = WeakKeyDictionary()
def auto_wrap_for_ansi(
stream: t.TextIO, color: t.Optional[bool] = None
) -> t.TextIO:
"""Support ANSI color and style codes on Windows by wrapping a
stream with colorama.
"""
try:
cached = _ansi_stream_wrappers.get(stream)
except Exception:
cached = None
if cached is not None:
return cached
import colorama
strip = should_strip_ansi(stream, color)
ansi_wrapper = colorama.AnsiToWin32(stream, strip=strip)
rv = t.cast(t.TextIO, ansi_wrapper.stream)
_write = rv.write
def _safe_write(s):
try:
return _write(s)
except BaseException:
ansi_wrapper.reset_all()
raise
rv.write = _safe_write
try:
_ansi_stream_wrappers[stream] = rv
except Exception:
pass
return rv
else:
def _get_argv_encoding() -> str:
return getattr(sys.stdin, "encoding", None) or get_filesystem_encoding()
def _get_windows_console_stream(
f: t.TextIO, encoding: t.Optional[str], errors: t.Optional[str]
) -> t.Optional[t.TextIO]:
return None
def term_len(x: str) -> int:
return len(strip_ansi(x))
def isatty(stream: t.IO) -> bool:
try:
return stream.isatty()
except Exception:
return False
def _make_cached_stream_func(
src_func: t.Callable[[], t.TextIO], wrapper_func: t.Callable[[], t.TextIO]
) -> t.Callable[[], t.TextIO]:
cache: t.MutableMapping[t.TextIO, t.TextIO] = WeakKeyDictionary()
def func() -> t.TextIO:
stream = src_func()
try:
rv = cache.get(stream)
except Exception:
rv = None
if rv is not None:
return rv
rv = wrapper_func()
try:
cache[stream] = rv
except Exception:
pass
return rv
return func
_default_text_stdin = _make_cached_stream_func(lambda: sys.stdin, get_text_stdin)
_default_text_stdout = _make_cached_stream_func(lambda: sys.stdout, get_text_stdout)
_default_text_stderr = _make_cached_stream_func(lambda: sys.stderr, get_text_stderr)
binary_streams: t.Mapping[str, t.Callable[[], t.BinaryIO]] = {
"stdin": get_binary_stdin,
"stdout": get_binary_stdout,
"stderr": get_binary_stderr,
}
text_streams: t.Mapping[
str, t.Callable[[t.Optional[str], t.Optional[str]], t.TextIO]
] = {
"stdin": get_text_stdin,
"stdout": get_text_stdout,
"stderr": get_text_stderr,
}

@ -0,0 +1,717 @@
"""
This module contains implementations for the termui module. To keep the
import time of Click down, some infrequently used functionality is
placed in this module and only imported as needed.
"""
import contextlib
import math
import os
import sys
import time
import typing as t
from gettext import gettext as _
from ._compat import _default_text_stdout
from ._compat import CYGWIN
from ._compat import get_best_encoding
from ._compat import isatty
from ._compat import open_stream
from ._compat import strip_ansi
from ._compat import term_len
from ._compat import WIN
from .exceptions import ClickException
from .utils import echo
V = t.TypeVar("V")
if os.name == "nt":
BEFORE_BAR = "\r"
AFTER_BAR = "\n"
else:
BEFORE_BAR = "\r\033[?25l"
AFTER_BAR = "\033[?25h\n"
class ProgressBar(t.Generic[V]):
def __init__(
self,
iterable: t.Optional[t.Iterable[V]],
length: t.Optional[int] = None,
fill_char: str = "#",
empty_char: str = " ",
bar_template: str = "%(bar)s",
info_sep: str = " ",
show_eta: bool = True,
show_percent: t.Optional[bool] = None,
show_pos: bool = False,
item_show_func: t.Optional[t.Callable[[t.Optional[V]], t.Optional[str]]] = None,
label: t.Optional[str] = None,
file: t.Optional[t.TextIO] = None,
color: t.Optional[bool] = None,
update_min_steps: int = 1,
width: int = 30,
) -> None:
self.fill_char = fill_char
self.empty_char = empty_char
self.bar_template = bar_template
self.info_sep = info_sep
self.show_eta = show_eta
self.show_percent = show_percent
self.show_pos = show_pos
self.item_show_func = item_show_func
self.label = label or ""
if file is None:
file = _default_text_stdout()
self.file = file
self.color = color
self.update_min_steps = update_min_steps
self._completed_intervals = 0
self.width = width
self.autowidth = width == 0
if length is None:
from operator import length_hint
length = length_hint(iterable, -1)
if length == -1:
length = None
if iterable is None:
if length is None:
raise TypeError("iterable or length is required")
iterable = t.cast(t.Iterable[V], range(length))
self.iter = iter(iterable)
self.length = length
self.pos = 0
self.avg: t.List[float] = []
self.start = self.last_eta = time.time()
self.eta_known = False
self.finished = False
self.max_width: t.Optional[int] = None
self.entered = False
self.current_item: t.Optional[V] = None
self.is_hidden = not isatty(self.file)
self._last_line: t.Optional[str] = None
def __enter__(self) -> "ProgressBar":
self.entered = True
self.render_progress()
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb): # type: ignore
self.render_finish()
def __iter__(self) -> t.Iterator[V]:
if not self.entered:
raise RuntimeError("You need to use progress bars in a with block.")
self.render_progress()
return self.generator()
def __next__(self) -> V:
# Iteration is defined in terms of a generator function,
# returned by iter(self); use that to define next(). This works
# because `self.iter` is an iterable consumed by that generator,
# so it is re-entry safe. Calling `next(self.generator())`
# twice works and does "what you want".
return next(iter(self))
def render_finish(self) -> None:
if self.is_hidden:
return
self.file.write(AFTER_BAR)
self.file.flush()
@property
def pct(self) -> float:
if self.finished:
return 1.0
return min(self.pos / (float(self.length or 1) or 1), 1.0)
@property
def time_per_iteration(self) -> float:
if not self.avg:
return 0.0
return sum(self.avg) / float(len(self.avg))
@property
def eta(self) -> float:
if self.length is not None and not self.finished:
return self.time_per_iteration * (self.length - self.pos)
return 0.0
def format_eta(self) -> str:
if self.eta_known:
t = int(self.eta)
seconds = t % 60
t //= 60
minutes = t % 60
t //= 60
hours = t % 24
t //= 24
if t > 0:
return f"{t}d {hours:02}:{minutes:02}:{seconds:02}"
else:
return f"{hours:02}:{minutes:02}:{seconds:02}"
return ""
def format_pos(self) -> str:
pos = str(self.pos)
if self.length is not None:
pos += f"/{self.length}"
return pos
def format_pct(self) -> str:
return f"{int(self.pct * 100): 4}%"[1:]
def format_bar(self) -> str:
if self.length is not None:
bar_length = int(self.pct * self.width)
bar = self.fill_char * bar_length
bar += self.empty_char * (self.width - bar_length)
elif self.finished:
bar = self.fill_char * self.width
else:
chars = list(self.empty_char * (self.width or 1))
if self.time_per_iteration != 0:
chars[
int(
(math.cos(self.pos * self.time_per_iteration) / 2.0 + 0.5)
* self.width
)
] = self.fill_char
bar = "".join(chars)
return bar
def format_progress_line(self) -> str:
show_percent = self.show_percent
info_bits = []
if self.length is not None and show_percent is None:
show_percent = not self.show_pos
if self.show_pos:
info_bits.append(self.format_pos())
if show_percent:
info_bits.append(self.format_pct())
if self.show_eta and self.eta_known and not self.finished:
info_bits.append(self.format_eta())
if self.item_show_func is not None:
item_info = self.item_show_func(self.current_item)
if item_info is not None:
info_bits.append(item_info)
return (
self.bar_template
% {
"label": self.label,
"bar": self.format_bar(),
"info": self.info_sep.join(info_bits),
}
).rstrip()
def render_progress(self) -> None:
import shutil
if self.is_hidden:
# Only output the label as it changes if the output is not a
# TTY. Use file=stderr if you expect to be piping stdout.
if self._last_line != self.label:
self._last_line = self.label
echo(self.label, file=self.file, color=self.color)
return
buf = []
# Update width in case the terminal has been resized
if self.autowidth:
old_width = self.width
self.width = 0
clutter_length = term_len(self.format_progress_line())
new_width = max(0, shutil.get_terminal_size().columns - clutter_length)
if new_width < old_width:
buf.append(BEFORE_BAR)
buf.append(" " * self.max_width) # type: ignore
self.max_width = new_width
self.width = new_width
clear_width = self.width
if self.max_width is not None:
clear_width = self.max_width
buf.append(BEFORE_BAR)
line = self.format_progress_line()
line_len = term_len(line)
if self.max_width is None or self.max_width < line_len:
self.max_width = line_len
buf.append(line)
buf.append(" " * (clear_width - line_len))
line = "".join(buf)
# Render the line only if it changed.
if line != self._last_line:
self._last_line = line
echo(line, file=self.file, color=self.color, nl=False)
self.file.flush()
def make_step(self, n_steps: int) -> None:
self.pos += n_steps
if self.length is not None and self.pos >= self.length:
self.finished = True
if (time.time() - self.last_eta) < 1.0:
return
self.last_eta = time.time()
# self.avg is a rolling list of length <= 7 of steps where steps are
# defined as time elapsed divided by the total progress through
# self.length.
if self.pos:
step = (time.time() - self.start) / self.pos
else:
step = time.time() - self.start
self.avg = self.avg[-6:] + [step]
self.eta_known = self.length is not None
def update(self, n_steps: int, current_item: t.Optional[V] = None) -> None:
"""Update the progress bar by advancing a specified number of
steps, and optionally set the ``current_item`` for this new
position.
:param n_steps: Number of steps to advance.
:param current_item: Optional item to set as ``current_item``
for the updated position.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Added the ``current_item`` optional parameter.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Only render when the number of steps meets the
``update_min_steps`` threshold.
"""
if current_item is not None:
self.current_item = current_item
self._completed_intervals += n_steps
if self._completed_intervals >= self.update_min_steps:
self.make_step(self._completed_intervals)
self.render_progress()
self._completed_intervals = 0
def finish(self) -> None:
self.eta_known = False
self.current_item = None
self.finished = True
def generator(self) -> t.Iterator[V]:
"""Return a generator which yields the items added to the bar
during construction, and updates the progress bar *after* the
yielded block returns.
"""
# WARNING: the iterator interface for `ProgressBar` relies on
# this and only works because this is a simple generator which
# doesn't create or manage additional state. If this function
# changes, the impact should be evaluated both against
# `iter(bar)` and `next(bar)`. `next()` in particular may call
# `self.generator()` repeatedly, and this must remain safe in
# order for that interface to work.
if not self.entered:
raise RuntimeError("You need to use progress bars in a with block.")
if self.is_hidden:
yield from self.iter
else:
for rv in self.iter:
self.current_item = rv
# This allows show_item_func to be updated before the
# item is processed. Only trigger at the beginning of
# the update interval.
if self._completed_intervals == 0:
self.render_progress()
yield rv
self.update(1)
self.finish()
self.render_progress()
def pager(generator: t.Iterable[str], color: t.Optional[bool] = None) -> None:
"""Decide what method to use for paging through text."""
stdout = _default_text_stdout()
if not isatty(sys.stdin) or not isatty(stdout):
return _nullpager(stdout, generator, color)
pager_cmd = (os.environ.get("PAGER", None) or "").strip()
if pager_cmd:
if WIN:
return _tempfilepager(generator, pager_cmd, color)
return _pipepager(generator, pager_cmd, color)
if os.environ.get("TERM") in ("dumb", "emacs"):
return _nullpager(stdout, generator, color)
if WIN or sys.platform.startswith("os2"):
return _tempfilepager(generator, "more <", color)
if hasattr(os, "system") and os.system("(less) 2>/dev/null") == 0:
return _pipepager(generator, "less", color)
import tempfile
fd, filename = tempfile.mkstemp()
os.close(fd)
try:
if hasattr(os, "system") and os.system(f'more "{filename}"') == 0:
return _pipepager(generator, "more", color)
return _nullpager(stdout, generator, color)
finally:
os.unlink(filename)
def _pipepager(generator: t.Iterable[str], cmd: str, color: t.Optional[bool]) -> None:
"""Page through text by feeding it to another program. Invoking a
pager through this might support colors.
"""
import subprocess
env = dict(os.environ)
# If we're piping to less we might support colors under the
# condition that
cmd_detail = cmd.rsplit("/", 1)[-1].split()
if color is None and cmd_detail[0] == "less":
less_flags = f"{os.environ.get('LESS', '')}{' '.join(cmd_detail[1:])}"
if not less_flags:
env["LESS"] = "-R"
color = True
elif "r" in less_flags or "R" in less_flags:
color = True
c = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, env=env)
stdin = t.cast(t.BinaryIO, c.stdin)
encoding = get_best_encoding(stdin)
try:
for text in generator:
if not color:
text = strip_ansi(text)
stdin.write(text.encode(encoding, "replace"))
except (OSError, KeyboardInterrupt):
pass
else:
stdin.close()
# Less doesn't respect ^C, but catches it for its own UI purposes (aborting
# search or other commands inside less).
#
# That means when the user hits ^C, the parent process (click) terminates,
# but less is still alive, paging the output and messing up the terminal.
#
# If the user wants to make the pager exit on ^C, they should set
# `LESS='-K'`. It's not our decision to make.
while True:
try:
c.wait()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass
else:
break
def _tempfilepager(
generator: t.Iterable[str], cmd: str, color: t.Optional[bool]
) -> None:
"""Page through text by invoking a program on a temporary file."""
import tempfile
fd, filename = tempfile.mkstemp()
# TODO: This never terminates if the passed generator never terminates.
text = "".join(generator)
if not color:
text = strip_ansi(text)
encoding = get_best_encoding(sys.stdout)
with open_stream(filename, "wb")[0] as f:
f.write(text.encode(encoding))
try:
os.system(f'{cmd} "{filename}"')
finally:
os.close(fd)
os.unlink(filename)
def _nullpager(
stream: t.TextIO, generator: t.Iterable[str], color: t.Optional[bool]
) -> None:
"""Simply print unformatted text. This is the ultimate fallback."""
for text in generator:
if not color:
text = strip_ansi(text)
stream.write(text)
class Editor:
def __init__(
self,
editor: t.Optional[str] = None,
env: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, str]] = None,
require_save: bool = True,
extension: str = ".txt",
) -> None:
self.editor = editor
self.env = env
self.require_save = require_save
self.extension = extension
def get_editor(self) -> str:
if self.editor is not None:
return self.editor
for key in "VISUAL", "EDITOR":
rv = os.environ.get(key)
if rv:
return rv
if WIN:
return "notepad"
for editor in "sensible-editor", "vim", "nano":
if os.system(f"which {editor} >/dev/null 2>&1") == 0:
return editor
return "vi"
def edit_file(self, filename: str) -> None:
import subprocess
editor = self.get_editor()
environ: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]] = None
if self.env:
environ = os.environ.copy()
environ.update(self.env)
try:
c = subprocess.Popen(f'{editor} "{filename}"', env=environ, shell=True)
exit_code = c.wait()
if exit_code != 0:
raise ClickException(
_("{editor}: Editing failed").format(editor=editor)
)
except OSError as e:
raise ClickException(
_("{editor}: Editing failed: {e}").format(editor=editor, e=e)
) from e
def edit(self, text: t.Optional[t.AnyStr]) -> t.Optional[t.AnyStr]:
import tempfile
if not text:
data = b""
elif isinstance(text, (bytes, bytearray)):
data = text
else:
if text and not text.endswith("\n"):
text += "\n"
if WIN:
data = text.replace("\n", "\r\n").encode("utf-8-sig")
else:
data = text.encode("utf-8")
fd, name = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix="editor-", suffix=self.extension)
f: t.BinaryIO
try:
with os.fdopen(fd, "wb") as f:
f.write(data)
# If the filesystem resolution is 1 second, like Mac OS
# 10.12 Extended, or 2 seconds, like FAT32, and the editor
# closes very fast, require_save can fail. Set the modified
# time to be 2 seconds in the past to work around this.
os.utime(name, (os.path.getatime(name), os.path.getmtime(name) - 2))
# Depending on the resolution, the exact value might not be
# recorded, so get the new recorded value.
timestamp = os.path.getmtime(name)
self.edit_file(name)
if self.require_save and os.path.getmtime(name) == timestamp:
return None
with open(name, "rb") as f:
rv = f.read()
if isinstance(text, (bytes, bytearray)):
return rv
return rv.decode("utf-8-sig").replace("\r\n", "\n") # type: ignore
finally:
os.unlink(name)
def open_url(url: str, wait: bool = False, locate: bool = False) -> int:
import subprocess
def _unquote_file(url: str) -> str:
from urllib.parse import unquote
if url.startswith("file://"):
url = unquote(url[7:])
return url
if sys.platform == "darwin":
args = ["open"]
if wait:
args.append("-W")
if locate:
args.append("-R")
args.append(_unquote_file(url))
null = open("/dev/null", "w")
try:
return subprocess.Popen(args, stderr=null).wait()
finally:
null.close()
elif WIN:
if locate:
url = _unquote_file(url.replace('"', ""))
args = f'explorer /select,"{url}"'
else:
url = url.replace('"', "")
wait_str = "/WAIT" if wait else ""
args = f'start {wait_str} "" "{url}"'
return os.system(args)
elif CYGWIN:
if locate:
url = os.path.dirname(_unquote_file(url).replace('"', ""))
args = f'cygstart "{url}"'
else:
url = url.replace('"', "")
wait_str = "-w" if wait else ""
args = f'cygstart {wait_str} "{url}"'
return os.system(args)
try:
if locate:
url = os.path.dirname(_unquote_file(url)) or "."
else:
url = _unquote_file(url)
c = subprocess.Popen(["xdg-open", url])
if wait:
return c.wait()
return 0
except OSError:
if url.startswith(("http://", "https://")) and not locate and not wait:
import webbrowser
webbrowser.open(url)
return 0
return 1
def _translate_ch_to_exc(ch: str) -> t.Optional[BaseException]:
if ch == "\x03":
raise KeyboardInterrupt()
if ch == "\x04" and not WIN: # Unix-like, Ctrl+D
raise EOFError()
if ch == "\x1a" and WIN: # Windows, Ctrl+Z
raise EOFError()
return None
if WIN:
import msvcrt
@contextlib.contextmanager
def raw_terminal() -> t.Iterator[int]:
yield -1
def getchar(echo: bool) -> str:
# The function `getch` will return a bytes object corresponding to
# the pressed character. Since Windows 10 build 1803, it will also
# return \x00 when called a second time after pressing a regular key.
#
# `getwch` does not share this probably-bugged behavior. Moreover, it
# returns a Unicode object by default, which is what we want.
#
# Either of these functions will return \x00 or \xe0 to indicate
# a special key, and you need to call the same function again to get
# the "rest" of the code. The fun part is that \u00e0 is
# "latin small letter a with grave", so if you type that on a French
# keyboard, you _also_ get a \xe0.
# E.g., consider the Up arrow. This returns \xe0 and then \x48. The
# resulting Unicode string reads as "a with grave" + "capital H".
# This is indistinguishable from when the user actually types
# "a with grave" and then "capital H".
#
# When \xe0 is returned, we assume it's part of a special-key sequence
# and call `getwch` again, but that means that when the user types
# the \u00e0 character, `getchar` doesn't return until a second
# character is typed.
# The alternative is returning immediately, but that would mess up
# cross-platform handling of arrow keys and others that start with
# \xe0. Another option is using `getch`, but then we can't reliably
# read non-ASCII characters, because return values of `getch` are
# limited to the current 8-bit codepage.
#
# Anyway, Click doesn't claim to do this Right(tm), and using `getwch`
# is doing the right thing in more situations than with `getch`.
func: t.Callable[[], str]
if echo:
func = msvcrt.getwche # type: ignore
else:
func = msvcrt.getwch # type: ignore
rv = func()
if rv in ("\x00", "\xe0"):
# \x00 and \xe0 are control characters that indicate special key,
# see above.
rv += func()
_translate_ch_to_exc(rv)
return rv
else:
import tty
import termios
@contextlib.contextmanager
def raw_terminal() -> t.Iterator[int]:
f: t.Optional[t.TextIO]
fd: int
if not isatty(sys.stdin):
f = open("/dev/tty")
fd = f.fileno()
else:
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
f = None
try:
old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
try:
tty.setraw(fd)
yield fd
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings)
sys.stdout.flush()
if f is not None:
f.close()
except termios.error:
pass
def getchar(echo: bool) -> str:
with raw_terminal() as fd:
ch = os.read(fd, 32).decode(get_best_encoding(sys.stdin), "replace")
if echo and isatty(sys.stdout):
sys.stdout.write(ch)
_translate_ch_to_exc(ch)
return ch

@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
import textwrap
import typing as t
from contextlib import contextmanager
class TextWrapper(textwrap.TextWrapper):
def _handle_long_word(
self,
reversed_chunks: t.List[str],
cur_line: t.List[str],
cur_len: int,
width: int,
) -> None:
space_left = max(width - cur_len, 1)
if self.break_long_words:
last = reversed_chunks[-1]
cut = last[:space_left]
res = last[space_left:]
cur_line.append(cut)
reversed_chunks[-1] = res
elif not cur_line:
cur_line.append(reversed_chunks.pop())
@contextmanager
def extra_indent(self, indent: str) -> t.Iterator[None]:
old_initial_indent = self.initial_indent
old_subsequent_indent = self.subsequent_indent
self.initial_indent += indent
self.subsequent_indent += indent
try:
yield
finally:
self.initial_indent = old_initial_indent
self.subsequent_indent = old_subsequent_indent
def indent_only(self, text: str) -> str:
rv = []
for idx, line in enumerate(text.splitlines()):
indent = self.initial_indent
if idx > 0:
indent = self.subsequent_indent
rv.append(f"{indent}{line}")
return "\n".join(rv)

@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
# This module is based on the excellent work by Adam Bartoš who
# provided a lot of what went into the implementation here in
# the discussion to issue1602 in the Python bug tracker.
#
# There are some general differences in regards to how this works
# compared to the original patches as we do not need to patch
# the entire interpreter but just work in our little world of
# echo and prompt.
import io
import sys
import time
import typing as t
from ctypes import byref
from ctypes import c_char
from ctypes import c_char_p
from ctypes import c_int
from ctypes import c_ssize_t
from ctypes import c_ulong
from ctypes import c_void_p
from ctypes import POINTER
from ctypes import py_object
from ctypes import Structure
from ctypes.wintypes import DWORD
from ctypes.wintypes import HANDLE
from ctypes.wintypes import LPCWSTR
from ctypes.wintypes import LPWSTR
from ._compat import _NonClosingTextIOWrapper
assert sys.platform == "win32"
import msvcrt # noqa: E402
from ctypes import windll # noqa: E402
from ctypes import WINFUNCTYPE # noqa: E402
c_ssize_p = POINTER(c_ssize_t)
kernel32 = windll.kernel32
GetStdHandle = kernel32.GetStdHandle
ReadConsoleW = kernel32.ReadConsoleW
WriteConsoleW = kernel32.WriteConsoleW
GetConsoleMode = kernel32.GetConsoleMode
GetLastError = kernel32.GetLastError
GetCommandLineW = WINFUNCTYPE(LPWSTR)(("GetCommandLineW", windll.kernel32))
CommandLineToArgvW = WINFUNCTYPE(POINTER(LPWSTR), LPCWSTR, POINTER(c_int))(
("CommandLineToArgvW", windll.shell32)
)
LocalFree = WINFUNCTYPE(c_void_p, c_void_p)(("LocalFree", windll.kernel32))
STDIN_HANDLE = GetStdHandle(-10)
STDOUT_HANDLE = GetStdHandle(-11)
STDERR_HANDLE = GetStdHandle(-12)
PyBUF_SIMPLE = 0
PyBUF_WRITABLE = 1
ERROR_SUCCESS = 0
ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY = 8
ERROR_OPERATION_ABORTED = 995
STDIN_FILENO = 0
STDOUT_FILENO = 1
STDERR_FILENO = 2
EOF = b"\x1a"
MAX_BYTES_WRITTEN = 32767
try:
from ctypes import pythonapi
except ImportError:
# On PyPy we cannot get buffers so our ability to operate here is
# severely limited.
get_buffer = None
else:
class Py_buffer(Structure):
_fields_ = [
("buf", c_void_p),
("obj", py_object),
("len", c_ssize_t),
("itemsize", c_ssize_t),
("readonly", c_int),
("ndim", c_int),
("format", c_char_p),
("shape", c_ssize_p),
("strides", c_ssize_p),
("suboffsets", c_ssize_p),
("internal", c_void_p),
]
PyObject_GetBuffer = pythonapi.PyObject_GetBuffer
PyBuffer_Release = pythonapi.PyBuffer_Release
def get_buffer(obj, writable=False):
buf = Py_buffer()
flags = PyBUF_WRITABLE if writable else PyBUF_SIMPLE
PyObject_GetBuffer(py_object(obj), byref(buf), flags)
try:
buffer_type = c_char * buf.len
return buffer_type.from_address(buf.buf)
finally:
PyBuffer_Release(byref(buf))
class _WindowsConsoleRawIOBase(io.RawIOBase):
def __init__(self, handle):
self.handle = handle
def isatty(self):
super().isatty()
return True
class _WindowsConsoleReader(_WindowsConsoleRawIOBase):
def readable(self):
return True
def readinto(self, b):
bytes_to_be_read = len(b)
if not bytes_to_be_read:
return 0
elif bytes_to_be_read % 2:
raise ValueError(
"cannot read odd number of bytes from UTF-16-LE encoded console"
)
buffer = get_buffer(b, writable=True)
code_units_to_be_read = bytes_to_be_read // 2
code_units_read = c_ulong()
rv = ReadConsoleW(
HANDLE(self.handle),
buffer,
code_units_to_be_read,
byref(code_units_read),
None,
)
if GetLastError() == ERROR_OPERATION_ABORTED:
# wait for KeyboardInterrupt
time.sleep(0.1)
if not rv:
raise OSError(f"Windows error: {GetLastError()}")
if buffer[0] == EOF:
return 0
return 2 * code_units_read.value
class _WindowsConsoleWriter(_WindowsConsoleRawIOBase):
def writable(self):
return True
@staticmethod
def _get_error_message(errno):
if errno == ERROR_SUCCESS:
return "ERROR_SUCCESS"
elif errno == ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY:
return "ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY"
return f"Windows error {errno}"
def write(self, b):
bytes_to_be_written = len(b)
buf = get_buffer(b)
code_units_to_be_written = min(bytes_to_be_written, MAX_BYTES_WRITTEN) // 2
code_units_written = c_ulong()
WriteConsoleW(
HANDLE(self.handle),
buf,
code_units_to_be_written,
byref(code_units_written),
None,
)
bytes_written = 2 * code_units_written.value
if bytes_written == 0 and bytes_to_be_written > 0:
raise OSError(self._get_error_message(GetLastError()))
return bytes_written
class ConsoleStream:
def __init__(self, text_stream: t.TextIO, byte_stream: t.BinaryIO) -> None:
self._text_stream = text_stream
self.buffer = byte_stream
@property
def name(self) -> str:
return self.buffer.name
def write(self, x: t.AnyStr) -> int:
if isinstance(x, str):
return self._text_stream.write(x)
try:
self.flush()
except Exception:
pass
return self.buffer.write(x)
def writelines(self, lines: t.Iterable[t.AnyStr]) -> None:
for line in lines:
self.write(line)
def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> t.Any:
return getattr(self._text_stream, name)
def isatty(self) -> bool:
return self.buffer.isatty()
def __repr__(self):
return f"<ConsoleStream name={self.name!r} encoding={self.encoding!r}>"
def _get_text_stdin(buffer_stream: t.BinaryIO) -> t.TextIO:
text_stream = _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(
io.BufferedReader(_WindowsConsoleReader(STDIN_HANDLE)),
"utf-16-le",
"strict",
line_buffering=True,
)
return t.cast(t.TextIO, ConsoleStream(text_stream, buffer_stream))
def _get_text_stdout(buffer_stream: t.BinaryIO) -> t.TextIO:
text_stream = _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(
io.BufferedWriter(_WindowsConsoleWriter(STDOUT_HANDLE)),
"utf-16-le",
"strict",
line_buffering=True,
)
return t.cast(t.TextIO, ConsoleStream(text_stream, buffer_stream))
def _get_text_stderr(buffer_stream: t.BinaryIO) -> t.TextIO:
text_stream = _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(
io.BufferedWriter(_WindowsConsoleWriter(STDERR_HANDLE)),
"utf-16-le",
"strict",
line_buffering=True,
)
return t.cast(t.TextIO, ConsoleStream(text_stream, buffer_stream))
_stream_factories: t.Mapping[int, t.Callable[[t.BinaryIO], t.TextIO]] = {
0: _get_text_stdin,
1: _get_text_stdout,
2: _get_text_stderr,
}
def _is_console(f: t.TextIO) -> bool:
if not hasattr(f, "fileno"):
return False
try:
fileno = f.fileno()
except (OSError, io.UnsupportedOperation):
return False
handle = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(fileno)
return bool(GetConsoleMode(handle, byref(DWORD())))
def _get_windows_console_stream(
f: t.TextIO, encoding: t.Optional[str], errors: t.Optional[str]
) -> t.Optional[t.TextIO]:
if (
get_buffer is not None
and encoding in {"utf-16-le", None}
and errors in {"strict", None}
and _is_console(f)
):
func = _stream_factories.get(f.fileno())
if func is not None:
b = getattr(f, "buffer", None)
if b is None:
return None
return func(b)

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@ -0,0 +1,497 @@
import inspect
import types
import typing as t
from functools import update_wrapper
from gettext import gettext as _
from .core import Argument
from .core import Command
from .core import Context
from .core import Group
from .core import Option
from .core import Parameter
from .globals import get_current_context
from .utils import echo
F = t.TypeVar("F", bound=t.Callable[..., t.Any])
FC = t.TypeVar("FC", bound=t.Union[t.Callable[..., t.Any], Command])
def pass_context(f: F) -> F:
"""Marks a callback as wanting to receive the current context
object as first argument.
"""
def new_func(*args, **kwargs): # type: ignore
return f(get_current_context(), *args, **kwargs)
return update_wrapper(t.cast(F, new_func), f)
def pass_obj(f: F) -> F:
"""Similar to :func:`pass_context`, but only pass the object on the
context onwards (:attr:`Context.obj`). This is useful if that object
represents the state of a nested system.
"""
def new_func(*args, **kwargs): # type: ignore
return f(get_current_context().obj, *args, **kwargs)
return update_wrapper(t.cast(F, new_func), f)
def make_pass_decorator(
object_type: t.Type, ensure: bool = False
) -> "t.Callable[[F], F]":
"""Given an object type this creates a decorator that will work
similar to :func:`pass_obj` but instead of passing the object of the
current context, it will find the innermost context of type
:func:`object_type`.
This generates a decorator that works roughly like this::
from functools import update_wrapper
def decorator(f):
@pass_context
def new_func(ctx, *args, **kwargs):
obj = ctx.find_object(object_type)
return ctx.invoke(f, obj, *args, **kwargs)
return update_wrapper(new_func, f)
return decorator
:param object_type: the type of the object to pass.
:param ensure: if set to `True`, a new object will be created and
remembered on the context if it's not there yet.
"""
def decorator(f: F) -> F:
def new_func(*args, **kwargs): # type: ignore
ctx = get_current_context()
if ensure:
obj = ctx.ensure_object(object_type)
else:
obj = ctx.find_object(object_type)
if obj is None:
raise RuntimeError(
"Managed to invoke callback without a context"
f" object of type {object_type.__name__!r}"
" existing."
)
return ctx.invoke(f, obj, *args, **kwargs)
return update_wrapper(t.cast(F, new_func), f)
return decorator
def pass_meta_key(
key: str, *, doc_description: t.Optional[str] = None
) -> "t.Callable[[F], F]":
"""Create a decorator that passes a key from
:attr:`click.Context.meta` as the first argument to the decorated
function.
:param key: Key in ``Context.meta`` to pass.
:param doc_description: Description of the object being passed,
inserted into the decorator's docstring. Defaults to "the 'key'
key from Context.meta".
.. versionadded:: 8.0
"""
def decorator(f: F) -> F:
def new_func(*args, **kwargs): # type: ignore
ctx = get_current_context()
obj = ctx.meta[key]
return ctx.invoke(f, obj, *args, **kwargs)
return update_wrapper(t.cast(F, new_func), f)
if doc_description is None:
doc_description = f"the {key!r} key from :attr:`click.Context.meta`"
decorator.__doc__ = (
f"Decorator that passes {doc_description} as the first argument"
" to the decorated function."
)
return decorator
CmdType = t.TypeVar("CmdType", bound=Command)
@t.overload
def command(
__func: t.Callable[..., t.Any],
) -> Command:
...
@t.overload
def command(
name: t.Optional[str] = None,
**attrs: t.Any,
) -> t.Callable[..., Command]:
...
@t.overload
def command(
name: t.Optional[str] = None,
cls: t.Type[CmdType] = ...,
**attrs: t.Any,
) -> t.Callable[..., CmdType]:
...
def command(
name: t.Union[str, t.Callable[..., t.Any], None] = None,
cls: t.Optional[t.Type[Command]] = None,
**attrs: t.Any,
) -> t.Union[Command, t.Callable[..., Command]]:
r"""Creates a new :class:`Command` and uses the decorated function as
callback. This will also automatically attach all decorated
:func:`option`\s and :func:`argument`\s as parameters to the command.
The name of the command defaults to the name of the function with
underscores replaced by dashes. If you want to change that, you can
pass the intended name as the first argument.
All keyword arguments are forwarded to the underlying command class.
For the ``params`` argument, any decorated params are appended to
the end of the list.
Once decorated the function turns into a :class:`Command` instance
that can be invoked as a command line utility or be attached to a
command :class:`Group`.
:param name: the name of the command. This defaults to the function
name with underscores replaced by dashes.
:param cls: the command class to instantiate. This defaults to
:class:`Command`.
.. versionchanged:: 8.1
This decorator can be applied without parentheses.
.. versionchanged:: 8.1
The ``params`` argument can be used. Decorated params are
appended to the end of the list.
"""
func: t.Optional[t.Callable[..., t.Any]] = None
if callable(name):
func = name
name = None
assert cls is None, "Use 'command(cls=cls)(callable)' to specify a class."
assert not attrs, "Use 'command(**kwargs)(callable)' to provide arguments."
if cls is None:
cls = Command
def decorator(f: t.Callable[..., t.Any]) -> Command:
if isinstance(f, Command):
raise TypeError("Attempted to convert a callback into a command twice.")
attr_params = attrs.pop("params", None)
params = attr_params if attr_params is not None else []
try:
decorator_params = f.__click_params__ # type: ignore
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
del f.__click_params__ # type: ignore
params.extend(reversed(decorator_params))
if attrs.get("help") is None:
attrs["help"] = f.__doc__
cmd = cls( # type: ignore[misc]
name=name or f.__name__.lower().replace("_", "-"), # type: ignore[arg-type]
callback=f,
params=params,
**attrs,
)
cmd.__doc__ = f.__doc__
return cmd
if func is not None:
return decorator(func)
return decorator
@t.overload
def group(
__func: t.Callable[..., t.Any],
) -> Group:
...
@t.overload
def group(
name: t.Optional[str] = None,
**attrs: t.Any,
) -> t.Callable[[F], Group]:
...
def group(
name: t.Union[str, t.Callable[..., t.Any], None] = None, **attrs: t.Any
) -> t.Union[Group, t.Callable[[F], Group]]:
"""Creates a new :class:`Group` with a function as callback. This
works otherwise the same as :func:`command` just that the `cls`
parameter is set to :class:`Group`.
.. versionchanged:: 8.1
This decorator can be applied without parentheses.
"""
if attrs.get("cls") is None:
attrs["cls"] = Group
if callable(name):
grp: t.Callable[[F], Group] = t.cast(Group, command(**attrs))
return grp(name)
return t.cast(Group, command(name, **attrs))
def _param_memo(f: FC, param: Parameter) -> None:
if isinstance(f, Command):
f.params.append(param)
else:
if not hasattr(f, "__click_params__"):
f.__click_params__ = [] # type: ignore
f.__click_params__.append(param) # type: ignore
def argument(*param_decls: str, **attrs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
"""Attaches an argument to the command. All positional arguments are
passed as parameter declarations to :class:`Argument`; all keyword
arguments are forwarded unchanged (except ``cls``).
This is equivalent to creating an :class:`Argument` instance manually
and attaching it to the :attr:`Command.params` list.
:param cls: the argument class to instantiate. This defaults to
:class:`Argument`.
"""
def decorator(f: FC) -> FC:
ArgumentClass = attrs.pop("cls", None) or Argument
_param_memo(f, ArgumentClass(param_decls, **attrs))
return f
return decorator
def option(*param_decls: str, **attrs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
"""Attaches an option to the command. All positional arguments are
passed as parameter declarations to :class:`Option`; all keyword
arguments are forwarded unchanged (except ``cls``).
This is equivalent to creating an :class:`Option` instance manually
and attaching it to the :attr:`Command.params` list.
:param cls: the option class to instantiate. This defaults to
:class:`Option`.
"""
def decorator(f: FC) -> FC:
# Issue 926, copy attrs, so pre-defined options can re-use the same cls=
option_attrs = attrs.copy()
OptionClass = option_attrs.pop("cls", None) or Option
_param_memo(f, OptionClass(param_decls, **option_attrs))
return f
return decorator
def confirmation_option(*param_decls: str, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
"""Add a ``--yes`` option which shows a prompt before continuing if
not passed. If the prompt is declined, the program will exit.
:param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
value ``"--yes"``.
:param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`.
"""
def callback(ctx: Context, param: Parameter, value: bool) -> None:
if not value:
ctx.abort()
if not param_decls:
param_decls = ("--yes",)
kwargs.setdefault("is_flag", True)
kwargs.setdefault("callback", callback)
kwargs.setdefault("expose_value", False)
kwargs.setdefault("prompt", "Do you want to continue?")
kwargs.setdefault("help", "Confirm the action without prompting.")
return option(*param_decls, **kwargs)
def password_option(*param_decls: str, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
"""Add a ``--password`` option which prompts for a password, hiding
input and asking to enter the value again for confirmation.
:param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
value ``"--password"``.
:param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`.
"""
if not param_decls:
param_decls = ("--password",)
kwargs.setdefault("prompt", True)
kwargs.setdefault("confirmation_prompt", True)
kwargs.setdefault("hide_input", True)
return option(*param_decls, **kwargs)
def version_option(
version: t.Optional[str] = None,
*param_decls: str,
package_name: t.Optional[str] = None,
prog_name: t.Optional[str] = None,
message: t.Optional[str] = None,
**kwargs: t.Any,
) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
"""Add a ``--version`` option which immediately prints the version
number and exits the program.
If ``version`` is not provided, Click will try to detect it using
:func:`importlib.metadata.version` to get the version for the
``package_name``. On Python < 3.8, the ``importlib_metadata``
backport must be installed.
If ``package_name`` is not provided, Click will try to detect it by
inspecting the stack frames. This will be used to detect the
version, so it must match the name of the installed package.
:param version: The version number to show. If not provided, Click
will try to detect it.
:param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
value ``"--version"``.
:param package_name: The package name to detect the version from. If
not provided, Click will try to detect it.
:param prog_name: The name of the CLI to show in the message. If not
provided, it will be detected from the command.
:param message: The message to show. The values ``%(prog)s``,
``%(package)s``, and ``%(version)s`` are available. Defaults to
``"%(prog)s, version %(version)s"``.
:param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`.
:raise RuntimeError: ``version`` could not be detected.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Add the ``package_name`` parameter, and the ``%(package)s``
value for messages.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Use :mod:`importlib.metadata` instead of ``pkg_resources``. The
version is detected based on the package name, not the entry
point name. The Python package name must match the installed
package name, or be passed with ``package_name=``.
"""
if message is None:
message = _("%(prog)s, version %(version)s")
if version is None and package_name is None:
frame = inspect.currentframe()
f_back = frame.f_back if frame is not None else None
f_globals = f_back.f_globals if f_back is not None else None
# break reference cycle
# https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html#the-interpreter-stack
del frame
if f_globals is not None:
package_name = f_globals.get("__name__")
if package_name == "__main__":
package_name = f_globals.get("__package__")
if package_name:
package_name = package_name.partition(".")[0]
def callback(ctx: Context, param: Parameter, value: bool) -> None:
if not value or ctx.resilient_parsing:
return
nonlocal prog_name
nonlocal version
if prog_name is None:
prog_name = ctx.find_root().info_name
if version is None and package_name is not None:
metadata: t.Optional[types.ModuleType]
try:
from importlib import metadata # type: ignore
except ImportError:
# Python < 3.8
import importlib_metadata as metadata # type: ignore
try:
version = metadata.version(package_name) # type: ignore
except metadata.PackageNotFoundError: # type: ignore
raise RuntimeError(
f"{package_name!r} is not installed. Try passing"
" 'package_name' instead."
) from None
if version is None:
raise RuntimeError(
f"Could not determine the version for {package_name!r} automatically."
)
echo(
t.cast(str, message)
% {"prog": prog_name, "package": package_name, "version": version},
color=ctx.color,
)
ctx.exit()
if not param_decls:
param_decls = ("--version",)
kwargs.setdefault("is_flag", True)
kwargs.setdefault("expose_value", False)
kwargs.setdefault("is_eager", True)
kwargs.setdefault("help", _("Show the version and exit."))
kwargs["callback"] = callback
return option(*param_decls, **kwargs)
def help_option(*param_decls: str, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
"""Add a ``--help`` option which immediately prints the help page
and exits the program.
This is usually unnecessary, as the ``--help`` option is added to
each command automatically unless ``add_help_option=False`` is
passed.
:param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
value ``"--help"``.
:param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`.
"""
def callback(ctx: Context, param: Parameter, value: bool) -> None:
if not value or ctx.resilient_parsing:
return
echo(ctx.get_help(), color=ctx.color)
ctx.exit()
if not param_decls:
param_decls = ("--help",)
kwargs.setdefault("is_flag", True)
kwargs.setdefault("expose_value", False)
kwargs.setdefault("is_eager", True)
kwargs.setdefault("help", _("Show this message and exit."))
kwargs["callback"] = callback
return option(*param_decls, **kwargs)

@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
import os
import typing as t
from gettext import gettext as _
from gettext import ngettext
from ._compat import get_text_stderr
from .utils import echo
if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
from .core import Context
from .core import Parameter
def _join_param_hints(
param_hint: t.Optional[t.Union[t.Sequence[str], str]]
) -> t.Optional[str]:
if param_hint is not None and not isinstance(param_hint, str):
return " / ".join(repr(x) for x in param_hint)
return param_hint
class ClickException(Exception):
"""An exception that Click can handle and show to the user."""
#: The exit code for this exception.
exit_code = 1
def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
super().__init__(message)
self.message = message
def format_message(self) -> str:
return self.message
def __str__(self) -> str:
return self.message
def show(self, file: t.Optional[t.IO] = None) -> None:
if file is None:
file = get_text_stderr()
echo(_("Error: {message}").format(message=self.format_message()), file=file)
class UsageError(ClickException):
"""An internal exception that signals a usage error. This typically
aborts any further handling.
:param message: the error message to display.
:param ctx: optionally the context that caused this error. Click will
fill in the context automatically in some situations.
"""
exit_code = 2
def __init__(self, message: str, ctx: t.Optional["Context"] = None) -> None:
super().__init__(message)
self.ctx = ctx
self.cmd = self.ctx.command if self.ctx else None
def show(self, file: t.Optional[t.IO] = None) -> None:
if file is None:
file = get_text_stderr()
color = None
hint = ""
if (
self.ctx is not None
and self.ctx.command.get_help_option(self.ctx) is not None
):
hint = _("Try '{command} {option}' for help.").format(
command=self.ctx.command_path, option=self.ctx.help_option_names[0]
)
hint = f"{hint}\n"
if self.ctx is not None:
color = self.ctx.color
echo(f"{self.ctx.get_usage()}\n{hint}", file=file, color=color)
echo(
_("Error: {message}").format(message=self.format_message()),
file=file,
color=color,
)
class BadParameter(UsageError):
"""An exception that formats out a standardized error message for a
bad parameter. This is useful when thrown from a callback or type as
Click will attach contextual information to it (for instance, which
parameter it is).
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param param: the parameter object that caused this error. This can
be left out, and Click will attach this info itself
if possible.
:param param_hint: a string that shows up as parameter name. This
can be used as alternative to `param` in cases
where custom validation should happen. If it is
a string it's used as such, if it's a list then
each item is quoted and separated.
"""
def __init__(
self,
message: str,
ctx: t.Optional["Context"] = None,
param: t.Optional["Parameter"] = None,
param_hint: t.Optional[str] = None,
) -> None:
super().__init__(message, ctx)
self.param = param
self.param_hint = param_hint
def format_message(self) -> str:
if self.param_hint is not None:
param_hint = self.param_hint
elif self.param is not None:
param_hint = self.param.get_error_hint(self.ctx) # type: ignore
else:
return _("Invalid value: {message}").format(message=self.message)
return _("Invalid value for {param_hint}: {message}").format(
param_hint=_join_param_hints(param_hint), message=self.message
)
class MissingParameter(BadParameter):
"""Raised if click required an option or argument but it was not
provided when invoking the script.
.. versionadded:: 4.0
:param param_type: a string that indicates the type of the parameter.
The default is to inherit the parameter type from
the given `param`. Valid values are ``'parameter'``,
``'option'`` or ``'argument'``.
"""
def __init__(
self,
message: t.Optional[str] = None,
ctx: t.Optional["Context"] = None,
param: t.Optional["Parameter"] = None,
param_hint: t.Optional[str] = None,
param_type: t.Optional[str] = None,
) -> None:
super().__init__(message or "", ctx, param, param_hint)
self.param_type = param_type
def format_message(self) -> str:
if self.param_hint is not None:
param_hint: t.Optional[str] = self.param_hint
elif self.param is not None:
param_hint = self.param.get_error_hint(self.ctx) # type: ignore
else:
param_hint = None
param_hint = _join_param_hints(param_hint)
param_hint = f" {param_hint}" if param_hint else ""
param_type = self.param_type
if param_type is None and self.param is not None:
param_type = self.param.param_type_name
msg = self.message
if self.param is not None:
msg_extra = self.param.type.get_missing_message(self.param)
if msg_extra:
if msg:
msg += f". {msg_extra}"
else:
msg = msg_extra
msg = f" {msg}" if msg else ""
# Translate param_type for known types.
if param_type == "argument":
missing = _("Missing argument")
elif param_type == "option":
missing = _("Missing option")
elif param_type == "parameter":
missing = _("Missing parameter")
else:
missing = _("Missing {param_type}").format(param_type=param_type)
return f"{missing}{param_hint}.{msg}"
def __str__(self) -> str:
if not self.message:
param_name = self.param.name if self.param else None
return _("Missing parameter: {param_name}").format(param_name=param_name)
else:
return self.message
class NoSuchOption(UsageError):
"""Raised if click attempted to handle an option that does not
exist.
.. versionadded:: 4.0
"""
def __init__(
self,
option_name: str,
message: t.Optional[str] = None,
possibilities: t.Optional[t.Sequence[str]] = None,
ctx: t.Optional["Context"] = None,
) -> None:
if message is None:
message = _("No such option: {name}").format(name=option_name)
super().__init__(message, ctx)
self.option_name = option_name
self.possibilities = possibilities
def format_message(self) -> str:
if not self.possibilities:
return self.message
possibility_str = ", ".join(sorted(self.possibilities))
suggest = ngettext(
"Did you mean {possibility}?",
"(Possible options: {possibilities})",
len(self.possibilities),
).format(possibility=possibility_str, possibilities=possibility_str)
return f"{self.message} {suggest}"
class BadOptionUsage(UsageError):
"""Raised if an option is generally supplied but the use of the option
was incorrect. This is for instance raised if the number of arguments
for an option is not correct.
.. versionadded:: 4.0
:param option_name: the name of the option being used incorrectly.
"""
def __init__(
self, option_name: str, message: str, ctx: t.Optional["Context"] = None
) -> None:
super().__init__(message, ctx)
self.option_name = option_name
class BadArgumentUsage(UsageError):
"""Raised if an argument is generally supplied but the use of the argument
was incorrect. This is for instance raised if the number of values
for an argument is not correct.
.. versionadded:: 6.0
"""
class FileError(ClickException):
"""Raised if a file cannot be opened."""
def __init__(self, filename: str, hint: t.Optional[str] = None) -> None:
if hint is None:
hint = _("unknown error")
super().__init__(hint)
self.ui_filename = os.fsdecode(filename)
self.filename = filename
def format_message(self) -> str:
return _("Could not open file {filename!r}: {message}").format(
filename=self.ui_filename, message=self.message
)
class Abort(RuntimeError):
"""An internal signalling exception that signals Click to abort."""
class Exit(RuntimeError):
"""An exception that indicates that the application should exit with some
status code.
:param code: the status code to exit with.
"""
__slots__ = ("exit_code",)
def __init__(self, code: int = 0) -> None:
self.exit_code = code

@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
import typing as t
from contextlib import contextmanager
from gettext import gettext as _
from ._compat import term_len
from .parser import split_opt
# Can force a width. This is used by the test system
FORCED_WIDTH: t.Optional[int] = None
def measure_table(rows: t.Iterable[t.Tuple[str, str]]) -> t.Tuple[int, ...]:
widths: t.Dict[int, int] = {}
for row in rows:
for idx, col in enumerate(row):
widths[idx] = max(widths.get(idx, 0), term_len(col))
return tuple(y for x, y in sorted(widths.items()))
def iter_rows(
rows: t.Iterable[t.Tuple[str, str]], col_count: int
) -> t.Iterator[t.Tuple[str, ...]]:
for row in rows:
yield row + ("",) * (col_count - len(row))
def wrap_text(
text: str,
width: int = 78,
initial_indent: str = "",
subsequent_indent: str = "",
preserve_paragraphs: bool = False,
) -> str:
"""A helper function that intelligently wraps text. By default, it
assumes that it operates on a single paragraph of text but if the
`preserve_paragraphs` parameter is provided it will intelligently
handle paragraphs (defined by two empty lines).
If paragraphs are handled, a paragraph can be prefixed with an empty
line containing the ``\\b`` character (``\\x08``) to indicate that
no rewrapping should happen in that block.
:param text: the text that should be rewrapped.
:param width: the maximum width for the text.
:param initial_indent: the initial indent that should be placed on the
first line as a string.
:param subsequent_indent: the indent string that should be placed on
each consecutive line.
:param preserve_paragraphs: if this flag is set then the wrapping will
intelligently handle paragraphs.
"""
from ._textwrap import TextWrapper
text = text.expandtabs()
wrapper = TextWrapper(
width,
initial_indent=initial_indent,
subsequent_indent=subsequent_indent,
replace_whitespace=False,
)
if not preserve_paragraphs:
return wrapper.fill(text)
p: t.List[t.Tuple[int, bool, str]] = []
buf: t.List[str] = []
indent = None
def _flush_par() -> None:
if not buf:
return
if buf[0].strip() == "\b":
p.append((indent or 0, True, "\n".join(buf[1:])))
else:
p.append((indent or 0, False, " ".join(buf)))
del buf[:]
for line in text.splitlines():
if not line:
_flush_par()
indent = None
else:
if indent is None:
orig_len = term_len(line)
line = line.lstrip()
indent = orig_len - term_len(line)
buf.append(line)
_flush_par()
rv = []
for indent, raw, text in p:
with wrapper.extra_indent(" " * indent):
if raw:
rv.append(wrapper.indent_only(text))
else:
rv.append(wrapper.fill(text))
return "\n\n".join(rv)
class HelpFormatter:
"""This class helps with formatting text-based help pages. It's
usually just needed for very special internal cases, but it's also
exposed so that developers can write their own fancy outputs.
At present, it always writes into memory.
:param indent_increment: the additional increment for each level.
:param width: the width for the text. This defaults to the terminal
width clamped to a maximum of 78.
"""
def __init__(
self,
indent_increment: int = 2,
width: t.Optional[int] = None,
max_width: t.Optional[int] = None,
) -> None:
import shutil
self.indent_increment = indent_increment
if max_width is None:
max_width = 80
if width is None:
width = FORCED_WIDTH
if width is None:
width = max(min(shutil.get_terminal_size().columns, max_width) - 2, 50)
self.width = width
self.current_indent = 0
self.buffer: t.List[str] = []
def write(self, string: str) -> None:
"""Writes a unicode string into the internal buffer."""
self.buffer.append(string)
def indent(self) -> None:
"""Increases the indentation."""
self.current_indent += self.indent_increment
def dedent(self) -> None:
"""Decreases the indentation."""
self.current_indent -= self.indent_increment
def write_usage(
self, prog: str, args: str = "", prefix: t.Optional[str] = None
) -> None:
"""Writes a usage line into the buffer.
:param prog: the program name.
:param args: whitespace separated list of arguments.
:param prefix: The prefix for the first line. Defaults to
``"Usage: "``.
"""
if prefix is None:
prefix = f"{_('Usage:')} "
usage_prefix = f"{prefix:>{self.current_indent}}{prog} "
text_width = self.width - self.current_indent
if text_width >= (term_len(usage_prefix) + 20):
# The arguments will fit to the right of the prefix.
indent = " " * term_len(usage_prefix)
self.write(
wrap_text(
args,
text_width,
initial_indent=usage_prefix,
subsequent_indent=indent,
)
)
else:
# The prefix is too long, put the arguments on the next line.
self.write(usage_prefix)
self.write("\n")
indent = " " * (max(self.current_indent, term_len(prefix)) + 4)
self.write(
wrap_text(
args, text_width, initial_indent=indent, subsequent_indent=indent
)
)
self.write("\n")
def write_heading(self, heading: str) -> None:
"""Writes a heading into the buffer."""
self.write(f"{'':>{self.current_indent}}{heading}:\n")
def write_paragraph(self) -> None:
"""Writes a paragraph into the buffer."""
if self.buffer:
self.write("\n")
def write_text(self, text: str) -> None:
"""Writes re-indented text into the buffer. This rewraps and
preserves paragraphs.
"""
indent = " " * self.current_indent
self.write(
wrap_text(
text,
self.width,
initial_indent=indent,
subsequent_indent=indent,
preserve_paragraphs=True,
)
)
self.write("\n")
def write_dl(
self,
rows: t.Sequence[t.Tuple[str, str]],
col_max: int = 30,
col_spacing: int = 2,
) -> None:
"""Writes a definition list into the buffer. This is how options
and commands are usually formatted.
:param rows: a list of two item tuples for the terms and values.
:param col_max: the maximum width of the first column.
:param col_spacing: the number of spaces between the first and
second column.
"""
rows = list(rows)
widths = measure_table(rows)
if len(widths) != 2:
raise TypeError("Expected two columns for definition list")
first_col = min(widths[0], col_max) + col_spacing
for first, second in iter_rows(rows, len(widths)):
self.write(f"{'':>{self.current_indent}}{first}")
if not second:
self.write("\n")
continue
if term_len(first) <= first_col - col_spacing:
self.write(" " * (first_col - term_len(first)))
else:
self.write("\n")
self.write(" " * (first_col + self.current_indent))
text_width = max(self.width - first_col - 2, 10)
wrapped_text = wrap_text(second, text_width, preserve_paragraphs=True)
lines = wrapped_text.splitlines()
if lines:
self.write(f"{lines[0]}\n")
for line in lines[1:]:
self.write(f"{'':>{first_col + self.current_indent}}{line}\n")
else:
self.write("\n")
@contextmanager
def section(self, name: str) -> t.Iterator[None]:
"""Helpful context manager that writes a paragraph, a heading,
and the indents.
:param name: the section name that is written as heading.
"""
self.write_paragraph()
self.write_heading(name)
self.indent()
try:
yield
finally:
self.dedent()
@contextmanager
def indentation(self) -> t.Iterator[None]:
"""A context manager that increases the indentation."""
self.indent()
try:
yield
finally:
self.dedent()
def getvalue(self) -> str:
"""Returns the buffer contents."""
return "".join(self.buffer)
def join_options(options: t.Sequence[str]) -> t.Tuple[str, bool]:
"""Given a list of option strings this joins them in the most appropriate
way and returns them in the form ``(formatted_string,
any_prefix_is_slash)`` where the second item in the tuple is a flag that
indicates if any of the option prefixes was a slash.
"""
rv = []
any_prefix_is_slash = False
for opt in options:
prefix = split_opt(opt)[0]
if prefix == "/":
any_prefix_is_slash = True
rv.append((len(prefix), opt))
rv.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
return ", ".join(x[1] for x in rv), any_prefix_is_slash

@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
import typing as t
from threading import local
if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
import typing_extensions as te
from .core import Context
_local = local()
@t.overload
def get_current_context(silent: "te.Literal[False]" = False) -> "Context":
...
@t.overload
def get_current_context(silent: bool = ...) -> t.Optional["Context"]:
...
def get_current_context(silent: bool = False) -> t.Optional["Context"]:
"""Returns the current click context. This can be used as a way to
access the current context object from anywhere. This is a more implicit
alternative to the :func:`pass_context` decorator. This function is
primarily useful for helpers such as :func:`echo` which might be
interested in changing its behavior based on the current context.
To push the current context, :meth:`Context.scope` can be used.
.. versionadded:: 5.0
:param silent: if set to `True` the return value is `None` if no context
is available. The default behavior is to raise a
:exc:`RuntimeError`.
"""
try:
return t.cast("Context", _local.stack[-1])
except (AttributeError, IndexError) as e:
if not silent:
raise RuntimeError("There is no active click context.") from e
return None
def push_context(ctx: "Context") -> None:
"""Pushes a new context to the current stack."""
_local.__dict__.setdefault("stack", []).append(ctx)
def pop_context() -> None:
"""Removes the top level from the stack."""
_local.stack.pop()
def resolve_color_default(color: t.Optional[bool] = None) -> t.Optional[bool]:
"""Internal helper to get the default value of the color flag. If a
value is passed it's returned unchanged, otherwise it's looked up from
the current context.
"""
if color is not None:
return color
ctx = get_current_context(silent=True)
if ctx is not None:
return ctx.color
return None

@ -0,0 +1,529 @@
"""
This module started out as largely a copy paste from the stdlib's
optparse module with the features removed that we do not need from
optparse because we implement them in Click on a higher level (for
instance type handling, help formatting and a lot more).
The plan is to remove more and more from here over time.
The reason this is a different module and not optparse from the stdlib
is that there are differences in 2.x and 3.x about the error messages
generated and optparse in the stdlib uses gettext for no good reason
and might cause us issues.
Click uses parts of optparse written by Gregory P. Ward and maintained
by the Python Software Foundation. This is limited to code in parser.py.
Copyright 2001-2006 Gregory P. Ward. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2002-2006 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved.
"""
# This code uses parts of optparse written by Gregory P. Ward and
# maintained by the Python Software Foundation.
# Copyright 2001-2006 Gregory P. Ward
# Copyright 2002-2006 Python Software Foundation
import typing as t
from collections import deque
from gettext import gettext as _
from gettext import ngettext
from .exceptions import BadArgumentUsage
from .exceptions import BadOptionUsage
from .exceptions import NoSuchOption
from .exceptions import UsageError
if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
import typing_extensions as te
from .core import Argument as CoreArgument
from .core import Context
from .core import Option as CoreOption
from .core import Parameter as CoreParameter
V = t.TypeVar("V")
# Sentinel value that indicates an option was passed as a flag without a
# value but is not a flag option. Option.consume_value uses this to
# prompt or use the flag_value.
_flag_needs_value = object()
def _unpack_args(
args: t.Sequence[str], nargs_spec: t.Sequence[int]
) -> t.Tuple[t.Sequence[t.Union[str, t.Sequence[t.Optional[str]], None]], t.List[str]]:
"""Given an iterable of arguments and an iterable of nargs specifications,
it returns a tuple with all the unpacked arguments at the first index
and all remaining arguments as the second.
The nargs specification is the number of arguments that should be consumed
or `-1` to indicate that this position should eat up all the remainders.
Missing items are filled with `None`.
"""
args = deque(args)
nargs_spec = deque(nargs_spec)
rv: t.List[t.Union[str, t.Tuple[t.Optional[str], ...], None]] = []
spos: t.Optional[int] = None
def _fetch(c: "te.Deque[V]") -> t.Optional[V]:
try:
if spos is None:
return c.popleft()
else:
return c.pop()
except IndexError:
return None
while nargs_spec:
nargs = _fetch(nargs_spec)
if nargs is None:
continue
if nargs == 1:
rv.append(_fetch(args))
elif nargs > 1:
x = [_fetch(args) for _ in range(nargs)]
# If we're reversed, we're pulling in the arguments in reverse,
# so we need to turn them around.
if spos is not None:
x.reverse()
rv.append(tuple(x))
elif nargs < 0:
if spos is not None:
raise TypeError("Cannot have two nargs < 0")
spos = len(rv)
rv.append(None)
# spos is the position of the wildcard (star). If it's not `None`,
# we fill it with the remainder.
if spos is not None:
rv[spos] = tuple(args)
args = []
rv[spos + 1 :] = reversed(rv[spos + 1 :])
return tuple(rv), list(args)
def split_opt(opt: str) -> t.Tuple[str, str]:
first = opt[:1]
if first.isalnum():
return "", opt
if opt[1:2] == first:
return opt[:2], opt[2:]
return first, opt[1:]
def normalize_opt(opt: str, ctx: t.Optional["Context"]) -> str:
if ctx is None or ctx.token_normalize_func is None:
return opt
prefix, opt = split_opt(opt)
return f"{prefix}{ctx.token_normalize_func(opt)}"
def split_arg_string(string: str) -> t.List[str]:
"""Split an argument string as with :func:`shlex.split`, but don't
fail if the string is incomplete. Ignores a missing closing quote or
incomplete escape sequence and uses the partial token as-is.
.. code-block:: python
split_arg_string("example 'my file")
["example", "my file"]
split_arg_string("example my\\")
["example", "my"]
:param string: String to split.
"""
import shlex
lex = shlex.shlex(string, posix=True)
lex.whitespace_split = True
lex.commenters = ""
out = []
try:
for token in lex:
out.append(token)
except ValueError:
# Raised when end-of-string is reached in an invalid state. Use
# the partial token as-is. The quote or escape character is in
# lex.state, not lex.token.
out.append(lex.token)
return out
class Option:
def __init__(
self,
obj: "CoreOption",
opts: t.Sequence[str],
dest: t.Optional[str],
action: t.Optional[str] = None,
nargs: int = 1,
const: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
):
self._short_opts = []
self._long_opts = []
self.prefixes = set()
for opt in opts:
prefix, value = split_opt(opt)
if not prefix:
raise ValueError(f"Invalid start character for option ({opt})")
self.prefixes.add(prefix[0])
if len(prefix) == 1 and len(value) == 1:
self._short_opts.append(opt)
else:
self._long_opts.append(opt)
self.prefixes.add(prefix)
if action is None:
action = "store"
self.dest = dest
self.action = action
self.nargs = nargs
self.const = const
self.obj = obj
@property
def takes_value(self) -> bool:
return self.action in ("store", "append")
def process(self, value: str, state: "ParsingState") -> None:
if self.action == "store":
state.opts[self.dest] = value # type: ignore
elif self.action == "store_const":
state.opts[self.dest] = self.const # type: ignore
elif self.action == "append":
state.opts.setdefault(self.dest, []).append(value) # type: ignore
elif self.action == "append_const":
state.opts.setdefault(self.dest, []).append(self.const) # type: ignore
elif self.action == "count":
state.opts[self.dest] = state.opts.get(self.dest, 0) + 1 # type: ignore
else:
raise ValueError(f"unknown action '{self.action}'")
state.order.append(self.obj)
class Argument:
def __init__(self, obj: "CoreArgument", dest: t.Optional[str], nargs: int = 1):
self.dest = dest
self.nargs = nargs
self.obj = obj
def process(
self,
value: t.Union[t.Optional[str], t.Sequence[t.Optional[str]]],
state: "ParsingState",
) -> None:
if self.nargs > 1:
assert value is not None
holes = sum(1 for x in value if x is None)
if holes == len(value):
value = None
elif holes != 0:
raise BadArgumentUsage(
_("Argument {name!r} takes {nargs} values.").format(
name=self.dest, nargs=self.nargs
)
)
if self.nargs == -1 and self.obj.envvar is not None and value == ():
# Replace empty tuple with None so that a value from the
# environment may be tried.
value = None
state.opts[self.dest] = value # type: ignore
state.order.append(self.obj)
class ParsingState:
def __init__(self, rargs: t.List[str]) -> None:
self.opts: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
self.largs: t.List[str] = []
self.rargs = rargs
self.order: t.List["CoreParameter"] = []
class OptionParser:
"""The option parser is an internal class that is ultimately used to
parse options and arguments. It's modelled after optparse and brings
a similar but vastly simplified API. It should generally not be used
directly as the high level Click classes wrap it for you.
It's not nearly as extensible as optparse or argparse as it does not
implement features that are implemented on a higher level (such as
types or defaults).
:param ctx: optionally the :class:`~click.Context` where this parser
should go with.
"""
def __init__(self, ctx: t.Optional["Context"] = None) -> None:
#: The :class:`~click.Context` for this parser. This might be
#: `None` for some advanced use cases.
self.ctx = ctx
#: This controls how the parser deals with interspersed arguments.
#: If this is set to `False`, the parser will stop on the first
#: non-option. Click uses this to implement nested subcommands
#: safely.
self.allow_interspersed_args = True
#: This tells the parser how to deal with unknown options. By
#: default it will error out (which is sensible), but there is a
#: second mode where it will ignore it and continue processing
#: after shifting all the unknown options into the resulting args.
self.ignore_unknown_options = False
if ctx is not None:
self.allow_interspersed_args = ctx.allow_interspersed_args
self.ignore_unknown_options = ctx.ignore_unknown_options
self._short_opt: t.Dict[str, Option] = {}
self._long_opt: t.Dict[str, Option] = {}
self._opt_prefixes = {"-", "--"}
self._args: t.List[Argument] = []
def add_option(
self,
obj: "CoreOption",
opts: t.Sequence[str],
dest: t.Optional[str],
action: t.Optional[str] = None,
nargs: int = 1,
const: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
) -> None:
"""Adds a new option named `dest` to the parser. The destination
is not inferred (unlike with optparse) and needs to be explicitly
provided. Action can be any of ``store``, ``store_const``,
``append``, ``append_const`` or ``count``.
The `obj` can be used to identify the option in the order list
that is returned from the parser.
"""
opts = [normalize_opt(opt, self.ctx) for opt in opts]
option = Option(obj, opts, dest, action=action, nargs=nargs, const=const)
self._opt_prefixes.update(option.prefixes)
for opt in option._short_opts:
self._short_opt[opt] = option
for opt in option._long_opts:
self._long_opt[opt] = option
def add_argument(
self, obj: "CoreArgument", dest: t.Optional[str], nargs: int = 1
) -> None:
"""Adds a positional argument named `dest` to the parser.
The `obj` can be used to identify the option in the order list
that is returned from the parser.
"""
self._args.append(Argument(obj, dest=dest, nargs=nargs))
def parse_args(
self, args: t.List[str]
) -> t.Tuple[t.Dict[str, t.Any], t.List[str], t.List["CoreParameter"]]:
"""Parses positional arguments and returns ``(values, args, order)``
for the parsed options and arguments as well as the leftover
arguments if there are any. The order is a list of objects as they
appear on the command line. If arguments appear multiple times they
will be memorized multiple times as well.
"""
state = ParsingState(args)
try:
self._process_args_for_options(state)
self._process_args_for_args(state)
except UsageError:
if self.ctx is None or not self.ctx.resilient_parsing:
raise
return state.opts, state.largs, state.order
def _process_args_for_args(self, state: ParsingState) -> None:
pargs, args = _unpack_args(
state.largs + state.rargs, [x.nargs for x in self._args]
)
for idx, arg in enumerate(self._args):
arg.process(pargs[idx], state)
state.largs = args
state.rargs = []
def _process_args_for_options(self, state: ParsingState) -> None:
while state.rargs:
arg = state.rargs.pop(0)
arglen = len(arg)
# Double dashes always handled explicitly regardless of what
# prefixes are valid.
if arg == "--":
return
elif arg[:1] in self._opt_prefixes and arglen > 1:
self._process_opts(arg, state)
elif self.allow_interspersed_args:
state.largs.append(arg)
else:
state.rargs.insert(0, arg)
return
# Say this is the original argument list:
# [arg0, arg1, ..., arg(i-1), arg(i), arg(i+1), ..., arg(N-1)]
# ^
# (we are about to process arg(i)).
#
# Then rargs is [arg(i), ..., arg(N-1)] and largs is a *subset* of
# [arg0, ..., arg(i-1)] (any options and their arguments will have
# been removed from largs).
#
# The while loop will usually consume 1 or more arguments per pass.
# If it consumes 1 (eg. arg is an option that takes no arguments),
# then after _process_arg() is done the situation is:
#
# largs = subset of [arg0, ..., arg(i)]
# rargs = [arg(i+1), ..., arg(N-1)]
#
# If allow_interspersed_args is false, largs will always be
# *empty* -- still a subset of [arg0, ..., arg(i-1)], but
# not a very interesting subset!
def _match_long_opt(
self, opt: str, explicit_value: t.Optional[str], state: ParsingState
) -> None:
if opt not in self._long_opt:
from difflib import get_close_matches
possibilities = get_close_matches(opt, self._long_opt)
raise NoSuchOption(opt, possibilities=possibilities, ctx=self.ctx)
option = self._long_opt[opt]
if option.takes_value:
# At this point it's safe to modify rargs by injecting the
# explicit value, because no exception is raised in this
# branch. This means that the inserted value will be fully
# consumed.
if explicit_value is not None:
state.rargs.insert(0, explicit_value)
value = self._get_value_from_state(opt, option, state)
elif explicit_value is not None:
raise BadOptionUsage(
opt, _("Option {name!r} does not take a value.").format(name=opt)
)
else:
value = None
option.process(value, state)
def _match_short_opt(self, arg: str, state: ParsingState) -> None:
stop = False
i = 1
prefix = arg[0]
unknown_options = []
for ch in arg[1:]:
opt = normalize_opt(f"{prefix}{ch}", self.ctx)
option = self._short_opt.get(opt)
i += 1
if not option:
if self.ignore_unknown_options:
unknown_options.append(ch)
continue
raise NoSuchOption(opt, ctx=self.ctx)
if option.takes_value:
# Any characters left in arg? Pretend they're the
# next arg, and stop consuming characters of arg.
if i < len(arg):
state.rargs.insert(0, arg[i:])
stop = True
value = self._get_value_from_state(opt, option, state)
else:
value = None
option.process(value, state)
if stop:
break
# If we got any unknown options we re-combinate the string of the
# remaining options and re-attach the prefix, then report that
# to the state as new larg. This way there is basic combinatorics
# that can be achieved while still ignoring unknown arguments.
if self.ignore_unknown_options and unknown_options:
state.largs.append(f"{prefix}{''.join(unknown_options)}")
def _get_value_from_state(
self, option_name: str, option: Option, state: ParsingState
) -> t.Any:
nargs = option.nargs
if len(state.rargs) < nargs:
if option.obj._flag_needs_value:
# Option allows omitting the value.
value = _flag_needs_value
else:
raise BadOptionUsage(
option_name,
ngettext(
"Option {name!r} requires an argument.",
"Option {name!r} requires {nargs} arguments.",
nargs,
).format(name=option_name, nargs=nargs),
)
elif nargs == 1:
next_rarg = state.rargs[0]
if (
option.obj._flag_needs_value
and isinstance(next_rarg, str)
and next_rarg[:1] in self._opt_prefixes
and len(next_rarg) > 1
):
# The next arg looks like the start of an option, don't
# use it as the value if omitting the value is allowed.
value = _flag_needs_value
else:
value = state.rargs.pop(0)
else:
value = tuple(state.rargs[:nargs])
del state.rargs[:nargs]
return value
def _process_opts(self, arg: str, state: ParsingState) -> None:
explicit_value = None
# Long option handling happens in two parts. The first part is
# supporting explicitly attached values. In any case, we will try
# to long match the option first.
if "=" in arg:
long_opt, explicit_value = arg.split("=", 1)
else:
long_opt = arg
norm_long_opt = normalize_opt(long_opt, self.ctx)
# At this point we will match the (assumed) long option through
# the long option matching code. Note that this allows options
# like "-foo" to be matched as long options.
try:
self._match_long_opt(norm_long_opt, explicit_value, state)
except NoSuchOption:
# At this point the long option matching failed, and we need
# to try with short options. However there is a special rule
# which says, that if we have a two character options prefix
# (applies to "--foo" for instance), we do not dispatch to the
# short option code and will instead raise the no option
# error.
if arg[:2] not in self._opt_prefixes:
self._match_short_opt(arg, state)
return
if not self.ignore_unknown_options:
raise
state.largs.append(arg)

@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
import os
import re
import typing as t
from gettext import gettext as _
from .core import Argument
from .core import BaseCommand
from .core import Context
from .core import MultiCommand
from .core import Option
from .core import Parameter
from .core import ParameterSource
from .parser import split_arg_string
from .utils import echo
def shell_complete(
cli: BaseCommand,
ctx_args: t.Dict[str, t.Any],
prog_name: str,
complete_var: str,
instruction: str,
) -> int:
"""Perform shell completion for the given CLI program.
:param cli: Command being called.
:param ctx_args: Extra arguments to pass to
``cli.make_context``.
:param prog_name: Name of the executable in the shell.
:param complete_var: Name of the environment variable that holds
the completion instruction.
:param instruction: Value of ``complete_var`` with the completion
instruction and shell, in the form ``instruction_shell``.
:return: Status code to exit with.
"""
shell, _, instruction = instruction.partition("_")
comp_cls = get_completion_class(shell)
if comp_cls is None:
return 1
comp = comp_cls(cli, ctx_args, prog_name, complete_var)
if instruction == "source":
echo(comp.source())
return 0
if instruction == "complete":
echo(comp.complete())
return 0
return 1
class CompletionItem:
"""Represents a completion value and metadata about the value. The
default metadata is ``type`` to indicate special shell handling,
and ``help`` if a shell supports showing a help string next to the
value.
Arbitrary parameters can be passed when creating the object, and
accessed using ``item.attr``. If an attribute wasn't passed,
accessing it returns ``None``.
:param value: The completion suggestion.
:param type: Tells the shell script to provide special completion
support for the type. Click uses ``"dir"`` and ``"file"``.
:param help: String shown next to the value if supported.
:param kwargs: Arbitrary metadata. The built-in implementations
don't use this, but custom type completions paired with custom
shell support could use it.
"""
__slots__ = ("value", "type", "help", "_info")
def __init__(
self,
value: t.Any,
type: str = "plain",
help: t.Optional[str] = None,
**kwargs: t.Any,
) -> None:
self.value = value
self.type = type
self.help = help
self._info = kwargs
def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> t.Any:
return self._info.get(name)
# Only Bash >= 4.4 has the nosort option.
_SOURCE_BASH = """\
%(complete_func)s() {
local IFS=$'\\n'
local response
response=$(env COMP_WORDS="${COMP_WORDS[*]}" COMP_CWORD=$COMP_CWORD \
%(complete_var)s=bash_complete $1)
for completion in $response; do
IFS=',' read type value <<< "$completion"
if [[ $type == 'dir' ]]; then
COMPREPLY=()
compopt -o dirnames
elif [[ $type == 'file' ]]; then
COMPREPLY=()
compopt -o default
elif [[ $type == 'plain' ]]; then
COMPREPLY+=($value)
fi
done
return 0
}
%(complete_func)s_setup() {
complete -o nosort -F %(complete_func)s %(prog_name)s
}
%(complete_func)s_setup;
"""
_SOURCE_ZSH = """\
#compdef %(prog_name)s
%(complete_func)s() {
local -a completions
local -a completions_with_descriptions
local -a response
(( ! $+commands[%(prog_name)s] )) && return 1
response=("${(@f)$(env COMP_WORDS="${words[*]}" COMP_CWORD=$((CURRENT-1)) \
%(complete_var)s=zsh_complete %(prog_name)s)}")
for type key descr in ${response}; do
if [[ "$type" == "plain" ]]; then
if [[ "$descr" == "_" ]]; then
completions+=("$key")
else
completions_with_descriptions+=("$key":"$descr")
fi
elif [[ "$type" == "dir" ]]; then
_path_files -/
elif [[ "$type" == "file" ]]; then
_path_files -f
fi
done
if [ -n "$completions_with_descriptions" ]; then
_describe -V unsorted completions_with_descriptions -U
fi
if [ -n "$completions" ]; then
compadd -U -V unsorted -a completions
fi
}
compdef %(complete_func)s %(prog_name)s;
"""
_SOURCE_FISH = """\
function %(complete_func)s;
set -l response;
for value in (env %(complete_var)s=fish_complete COMP_WORDS=(commandline -cp) \
COMP_CWORD=(commandline -t) %(prog_name)s);
set response $response $value;
end;
for completion in $response;
set -l metadata (string split "," $completion);
if test $metadata[1] = "dir";
__fish_complete_directories $metadata[2];
else if test $metadata[1] = "file";
__fish_complete_path $metadata[2];
else if test $metadata[1] = "plain";
echo $metadata[2];
end;
end;
end;
complete --no-files --command %(prog_name)s --arguments \
"(%(complete_func)s)";
"""
class ShellComplete:
"""Base class for providing shell completion support. A subclass for
a given shell will override attributes and methods to implement the
completion instructions (``source`` and ``complete``).
:param cli: Command being called.
:param prog_name: Name of the executable in the shell.
:param complete_var: Name of the environment variable that holds
the completion instruction.
.. versionadded:: 8.0
"""
name: t.ClassVar[str]
"""Name to register the shell as with :func:`add_completion_class`.
This is used in completion instructions (``{name}_source`` and
``{name}_complete``).
"""
source_template: t.ClassVar[str]
"""Completion script template formatted by :meth:`source`. This must
be provided by subclasses.
"""
def __init__(
self,
cli: BaseCommand,
ctx_args: t.Dict[str, t.Any],
prog_name: str,
complete_var: str,
) -> None:
self.cli = cli
self.ctx_args = ctx_args
self.prog_name = prog_name
self.complete_var = complete_var
@property
def func_name(self) -> str:
"""The name of the shell function defined by the completion
script.
"""
safe_name = re.sub(r"\W*", "", self.prog_name.replace("-", "_"), re.ASCII)
return f"_{safe_name}_completion"
def source_vars(self) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
"""Vars for formatting :attr:`source_template`.
By default this provides ``complete_func``, ``complete_var``,
and ``prog_name``.
"""
return {
"complete_func": self.func_name,
"complete_var": self.complete_var,
"prog_name": self.prog_name,
}
def source(self) -> str:
"""Produce the shell script that defines the completion
function. By default this ``%``-style formats
:attr:`source_template` with the dict returned by
:meth:`source_vars`.
"""
return self.source_template % self.source_vars()
def get_completion_args(self) -> t.Tuple[t.List[str], str]:
"""Use the env vars defined by the shell script to return a
tuple of ``args, incomplete``. This must be implemented by
subclasses.
"""
raise NotImplementedError
def get_completions(
self, args: t.List[str], incomplete: str
) -> t.List[CompletionItem]:
"""Determine the context and last complete command or parameter
from the complete args. Call that object's ``shell_complete``
method to get the completions for the incomplete value.
:param args: List of complete args before the incomplete value.
:param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty.
"""
ctx = _resolve_context(self.cli, self.ctx_args, self.prog_name, args)
obj, incomplete = _resolve_incomplete(ctx, args, incomplete)
return obj.shell_complete(ctx, incomplete)
def format_completion(self, item: CompletionItem) -> str:
"""Format a completion item into the form recognized by the
shell script. This must be implemented by subclasses.
:param item: Completion item to format.
"""
raise NotImplementedError
def complete(self) -> str:
"""Produce the completion data to send back to the shell.
By default this calls :meth:`get_completion_args`, gets the
completions, then calls :meth:`format_completion` for each
completion.
"""
args, incomplete = self.get_completion_args()
completions = self.get_completions(args, incomplete)
out = [self.format_completion(item) for item in completions]
return "\n".join(out)
class BashComplete(ShellComplete):
"""Shell completion for Bash."""
name = "bash"
source_template = _SOURCE_BASH
def _check_version(self) -> None:
import subprocess
output = subprocess.run(
["bash", "-c", "echo ${BASH_VERSION}"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE
)
match = re.search(r"^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.\d+", output.stdout.decode())
if match is not None:
major, minor = match.groups()
if major < "4" or major == "4" and minor < "4":
raise RuntimeError(
_(
"Shell completion is not supported for Bash"
" versions older than 4.4."
)
)
else:
raise RuntimeError(
_("Couldn't detect Bash version, shell completion is not supported.")
)
def source(self) -> str:
self._check_version()
return super().source()
def get_completion_args(self) -> t.Tuple[t.List[str], str]:
cwords = split_arg_string(os.environ["COMP_WORDS"])
cword = int(os.environ["COMP_CWORD"])
args = cwords[1:cword]
try:
incomplete = cwords[cword]
except IndexError:
incomplete = ""
return args, incomplete
def format_completion(self, item: CompletionItem) -> str:
return f"{item.type},{item.value}"
class ZshComplete(ShellComplete):
"""Shell completion for Zsh."""
name = "zsh"
source_template = _SOURCE_ZSH
def get_completion_args(self) -> t.Tuple[t.List[str], str]:
cwords = split_arg_string(os.environ["COMP_WORDS"])
cword = int(os.environ["COMP_CWORD"])
args = cwords[1:cword]
try:
incomplete = cwords[cword]
except IndexError:
incomplete = ""
return args, incomplete
def format_completion(self, item: CompletionItem) -> str:
return f"{item.type}\n{item.value}\n{item.help if item.help else '_'}"
class FishComplete(ShellComplete):
"""Shell completion for Fish."""
name = "fish"
source_template = _SOURCE_FISH
def get_completion_args(self) -> t.Tuple[t.List[str], str]:
cwords = split_arg_string(os.environ["COMP_WORDS"])
incomplete = os.environ["COMP_CWORD"]
args = cwords[1:]
# Fish stores the partial word in both COMP_WORDS and
# COMP_CWORD, remove it from complete args.
if incomplete and args and args[-1] == incomplete:
args.pop()
return args, incomplete
def format_completion(self, item: CompletionItem) -> str:
if item.help:
return f"{item.type},{item.value}\t{item.help}"
return f"{item.type},{item.value}"
_available_shells: t.Dict[str, t.Type[ShellComplete]] = {
"bash": BashComplete,
"fish": FishComplete,
"zsh": ZshComplete,
}
def add_completion_class(
cls: t.Type[ShellComplete], name: t.Optional[str] = None
) -> None:
"""Register a :class:`ShellComplete` subclass under the given name.
The name will be provided by the completion instruction environment
variable during completion.
:param cls: The completion class that will handle completion for the
shell.
:param name: Name to register the class under. Defaults to the
class's ``name`` attribute.
"""
if name is None:
name = cls.name
_available_shells[name] = cls
def get_completion_class(shell: str) -> t.Optional[t.Type[ShellComplete]]:
"""Look up a registered :class:`ShellComplete` subclass by the name
provided by the completion instruction environment variable. If the
name isn't registered, returns ``None``.
:param shell: Name the class is registered under.
"""
return _available_shells.get(shell)
def _is_incomplete_argument(ctx: Context, param: Parameter) -> bool:
"""Determine if the given parameter is an argument that can still
accept values.
:param ctx: Invocation context for the command represented by the
parsed complete args.
:param param: Argument object being checked.
"""
if not isinstance(param, Argument):
return False
assert param.name is not None
value = ctx.params[param.name]
return (
param.nargs == -1
or ctx.get_parameter_source(param.name) is not ParameterSource.COMMANDLINE
or (
param.nargs > 1
and isinstance(value, (tuple, list))
and len(value) < param.nargs
)
)
def _start_of_option(ctx: Context, value: str) -> bool:
"""Check if the value looks like the start of an option."""
if not value:
return False
c = value[0]
return c in ctx._opt_prefixes
def _is_incomplete_option(ctx: Context, args: t.List[str], param: Parameter) -> bool:
"""Determine if the given parameter is an option that needs a value.
:param args: List of complete args before the incomplete value.
:param param: Option object being checked.
"""
if not isinstance(param, Option):
return False
if param.is_flag or param.count:
return False
last_option = None
for index, arg in enumerate(reversed(args)):
if index + 1 > param.nargs:
break
if _start_of_option(ctx, arg):
last_option = arg
return last_option is not None and last_option in param.opts
def _resolve_context(
cli: BaseCommand, ctx_args: t.Dict[str, t.Any], prog_name: str, args: t.List[str]
) -> Context:
"""Produce the context hierarchy starting with the command and
traversing the complete arguments. This only follows the commands,
it doesn't trigger input prompts or callbacks.
:param cli: Command being called.
:param prog_name: Name of the executable in the shell.
:param args: List of complete args before the incomplete value.
"""
ctx_args["resilient_parsing"] = True
ctx = cli.make_context(prog_name, args.copy(), **ctx_args)
args = ctx.protected_args + ctx.args
while args:
command = ctx.command
if isinstance(command, MultiCommand):
if not command.chain:
name, cmd, args = command.resolve_command(ctx, args)
if cmd is None:
return ctx
ctx = cmd.make_context(name, args, parent=ctx, resilient_parsing=True)
args = ctx.protected_args + ctx.args
else:
while args:
name, cmd, args = command.resolve_command(ctx, args)
if cmd is None:
return ctx
sub_ctx = cmd.make_context(
name,
args,
parent=ctx,
allow_extra_args=True,
allow_interspersed_args=False,
resilient_parsing=True,
)
args = sub_ctx.args
ctx = sub_ctx
args = [*sub_ctx.protected_args, *sub_ctx.args]
else:
break
return ctx
def _resolve_incomplete(
ctx: Context, args: t.List[str], incomplete: str
) -> t.Tuple[t.Union[BaseCommand, Parameter], str]:
"""Find the Click object that will handle the completion of the
incomplete value. Return the object and the incomplete value.
:param ctx: Invocation context for the command represented by
the parsed complete args.
:param args: List of complete args before the incomplete value.
:param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty.
"""
# Different shells treat an "=" between a long option name and
# value differently. Might keep the value joined, return the "="
# as a separate item, or return the split name and value. Always
# split and discard the "=" to make completion easier.
if incomplete == "=":
incomplete = ""
elif "=" in incomplete and _start_of_option(ctx, incomplete):
name, _, incomplete = incomplete.partition("=")
args.append(name)
# The "--" marker tells Click to stop treating values as options
# even if they start with the option character. If it hasn't been
# given and the incomplete arg looks like an option, the current
# command will provide option name completions.
if "--" not in args and _start_of_option(ctx, incomplete):
return ctx.command, incomplete
params = ctx.command.get_params(ctx)
# If the last complete arg is an option name with an incomplete
# value, the option will provide value completions.
for param in params:
if _is_incomplete_option(ctx, args, param):
return param, incomplete
# It's not an option name or value. The first argument without a
# parsed value will provide value completions.
for param in params:
if _is_incomplete_argument(ctx, param):
return param, incomplete
# There were no unparsed arguments, the command may be a group that
# will provide command name completions.
return ctx.command, incomplete

@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
import inspect
import io
import itertools
import os
import sys
import typing as t
from gettext import gettext as _
from ._compat import isatty
from ._compat import strip_ansi
from ._compat import WIN
from .exceptions import Abort
from .exceptions import UsageError
from .globals import resolve_color_default
from .types import Choice
from .types import convert_type
from .types import ParamType
from .utils import echo
from .utils import LazyFile
if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
from ._termui_impl import ProgressBar
V = t.TypeVar("V")
# The prompt functions to use. The doc tools currently override these
# functions to customize how they work.
visible_prompt_func: t.Callable[[str], str] = input
_ansi_colors = {
"black": 30,
"red": 31,
"green": 32,
"yellow": 33,
"blue": 34,
"magenta": 35,
"cyan": 36,
"white": 37,
"reset": 39,
"bright_black": 90,
"bright_red": 91,
"bright_green": 92,
"bright_yellow": 93,
"bright_blue": 94,
"bright_magenta": 95,
"bright_cyan": 96,
"bright_white": 97,
}
_ansi_reset_all = "\033[0m"
def hidden_prompt_func(prompt: str) -> str:
import getpass
return getpass.getpass(prompt)
def _build_prompt(
text: str,
suffix: str,
show_default: bool = False,
default: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
show_choices: bool = True,
type: t.Optional[ParamType] = None,
) -> str:
prompt = text
if type is not None and show_choices and isinstance(type, Choice):
prompt += f" ({', '.join(map(str, type.choices))})"
if default is not None and show_default:
prompt = f"{prompt} [{_format_default(default)}]"
return f"{prompt}{suffix}"
def _format_default(default: t.Any) -> t.Any:
if isinstance(default, (io.IOBase, LazyFile)) and hasattr(default, "name"):
return default.name # type: ignore
return default
def prompt(
text: str,
default: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
hide_input: bool = False,
confirmation_prompt: t.Union[bool, str] = False,
type: t.Optional[t.Union[ParamType, t.Any]] = None,
value_proc: t.Optional[t.Callable[[str], t.Any]] = None,
prompt_suffix: str = ": ",
show_default: bool = True,
err: bool = False,
show_choices: bool = True,
) -> t.Any:
"""Prompts a user for input. This is a convenience function that can
be used to prompt a user for input later.
If the user aborts the input by sending an interrupt signal, this
function will catch it and raise a :exc:`Abort` exception.
:param text: the text to show for the prompt.
:param default: the default value to use if no input happens. If this
is not given it will prompt until it's aborted.
:param hide_input: if this is set to true then the input value will
be hidden.
:param confirmation_prompt: Prompt a second time to confirm the
value. Can be set to a string instead of ``True`` to customize
the message.
:param type: the type to use to check the value against.
:param value_proc: if this parameter is provided it's a function that
is invoked instead of the type conversion to
convert a value.
:param prompt_suffix: a suffix that should be added to the prompt.
:param show_default: shows or hides the default value in the prompt.
:param err: if set to true the file defaults to ``stderr`` instead of
``stdout``, the same as with echo.
:param show_choices: Show or hide choices if the passed type is a Choice.
For example if type is a Choice of either day or week,
show_choices is true and text is "Group by" then the
prompt will be "Group by (day, week): ".
.. versionadded:: 8.0
``confirmation_prompt`` can be a custom string.
.. versionadded:: 7.0
Added the ``show_choices`` parameter.
.. versionadded:: 6.0
Added unicode support for cmd.exe on Windows.
.. versionadded:: 4.0
Added the `err` parameter.
"""
def prompt_func(text: str) -> str:
f = hidden_prompt_func if hide_input else visible_prompt_func
try:
# Write the prompt separately so that we get nice
# coloring through colorama on Windows
echo(text.rstrip(" "), nl=False, err=err)
# Echo a space to stdout to work around an issue where
# readline causes backspace to clear the whole line.
return f(" ")
except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
# getpass doesn't print a newline if the user aborts input with ^C.
# Allegedly this behavior is inherited from getpass(3).
# A doc bug has been filed at https://bugs.python.org/issue24711
if hide_input:
echo(None, err=err)
raise Abort() from None
if value_proc is None:
value_proc = convert_type(type, default)
prompt = _build_prompt(
text, prompt_suffix, show_default, default, show_choices, type
)
if confirmation_prompt:
if confirmation_prompt is True:
confirmation_prompt = _("Repeat for confirmation")
confirmation_prompt = _build_prompt(confirmation_prompt, prompt_suffix)
while True:
while True:
value = prompt_func(prompt)
if value:
break
elif default is not None:
value = default
break
try:
result = value_proc(value)
except UsageError as e:
if hide_input:
echo(_("Error: The value you entered was invalid."), err=err)
else:
echo(_("Error: {e.message}").format(e=e), err=err) # noqa: B306
continue
if not confirmation_prompt:
return result
while True:
value2 = prompt_func(confirmation_prompt)
is_empty = not value and not value2
if value2 or is_empty:
break
if value == value2:
return result
echo(_("Error: The two entered values do not match."), err=err)
def confirm(
text: str,
default: t.Optional[bool] = False,
abort: bool = False,
prompt_suffix: str = ": ",
show_default: bool = True,
err: bool = False,
) -> bool:
"""Prompts for confirmation (yes/no question).
If the user aborts the input by sending a interrupt signal this
function will catch it and raise a :exc:`Abort` exception.
:param text: the question to ask.
:param default: The default value to use when no input is given. If
``None``, repeat until input is given.
:param abort: if this is set to `True` a negative answer aborts the
exception by raising :exc:`Abort`.
:param prompt_suffix: a suffix that should be added to the prompt.
:param show_default: shows or hides the default value in the prompt.
:param err: if set to true the file defaults to ``stderr`` instead of
``stdout``, the same as with echo.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Repeat until input is given if ``default`` is ``None``.
.. versionadded:: 4.0
Added the ``err`` parameter.
"""
prompt = _build_prompt(
text,
prompt_suffix,
show_default,
"y/n" if default is None else ("Y/n" if default else "y/N"),
)
while True:
try:
# Write the prompt separately so that we get nice
# coloring through colorama on Windows
echo(prompt.rstrip(" "), nl=False, err=err)
# Echo a space to stdout to work around an issue where
# readline causes backspace to clear the whole line.
value = visible_prompt_func(" ").lower().strip()
except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
raise Abort() from None
if value in ("y", "yes"):
rv = True
elif value in ("n", "no"):
rv = False
elif default is not None and value == "":
rv = default
else:
echo(_("Error: invalid input"), err=err)
continue
break
if abort and not rv:
raise Abort()
return rv
def echo_via_pager(
text_or_generator: t.Union[t.Iterable[str], t.Callable[[], t.Iterable[str]], str],
color: t.Optional[bool] = None,
) -> None:
"""This function takes a text and shows it via an environment specific
pager on stdout.
.. versionchanged:: 3.0
Added the `color` flag.
:param text_or_generator: the text to page, or alternatively, a
generator emitting the text to page.
:param color: controls if the pager supports ANSI colors or not. The
default is autodetection.
"""
color = resolve_color_default(color)
if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(text_or_generator):
i = t.cast(t.Callable[[], t.Iterable[str]], text_or_generator)()
elif isinstance(text_or_generator, str):
i = [text_or_generator]
else:
i = iter(t.cast(t.Iterable[str], text_or_generator))
# convert every element of i to a text type if necessary
text_generator = (el if isinstance(el, str) else str(el) for el in i)
from ._termui_impl import pager
return pager(itertools.chain(text_generator, "\n"), color)
def progressbar(
iterable: t.Optional[t.Iterable[V]] = None,
length: t.Optional[int] = None,
label: t.Optional[str] = None,
show_eta: bool = True,
show_percent: t.Optional[bool] = None,
show_pos: bool = False,
item_show_func: t.Optional[t.Callable[[t.Optional[V]], t.Optional[str]]] = None,
fill_char: str = "#",
empty_char: str = "-",
bar_template: str = "%(label)s [%(bar)s] %(info)s",
info_sep: str = " ",
width: int = 36,
file: t.Optional[t.TextIO] = None,
color: t.Optional[bool] = None,
update_min_steps: int = 1,
) -> "ProgressBar[V]":
"""This function creates an iterable context manager that can be used
to iterate over something while showing a progress bar. It will
either iterate over the `iterable` or `length` items (that are counted
up). While iteration happens, this function will print a rendered
progress bar to the given `file` (defaults to stdout) and will attempt
to calculate remaining time and more. By default, this progress bar
will not be rendered if the file is not a terminal.
The context manager creates the progress bar. When the context
manager is entered the progress bar is already created. With every
iteration over the progress bar, the iterable passed to the bar is
advanced and the bar is updated. When the context manager exits,
a newline is printed and the progress bar is finalized on screen.
Note: The progress bar is currently designed for use cases where the
total progress can be expected to take at least several seconds.
Because of this, the ProgressBar class object won't display
progress that is considered too fast, and progress where the time
between steps is less than a second.
No printing must happen or the progress bar will be unintentionally
destroyed.
Example usage::
with progressbar(items) as bar:
for item in bar:
do_something_with(item)
Alternatively, if no iterable is specified, one can manually update the
progress bar through the `update()` method instead of directly
iterating over the progress bar. The update method accepts the number
of steps to increment the bar with::
with progressbar(length=chunks.total_bytes) as bar:
for chunk in chunks:
process_chunk(chunk)
bar.update(chunks.bytes)
The ``update()`` method also takes an optional value specifying the
``current_item`` at the new position. This is useful when used
together with ``item_show_func`` to customize the output for each
manual step::
with click.progressbar(
length=total_size,
label='Unzipping archive',
item_show_func=lambda a: a.filename
) as bar:
for archive in zip_file:
archive.extract()
bar.update(archive.size, archive)
:param iterable: an iterable to iterate over. If not provided the length
is required.
:param length: the number of items to iterate over. By default the
progressbar will attempt to ask the iterator about its
length, which might or might not work. If an iterable is
also provided this parameter can be used to override the
length. If an iterable is not provided the progress bar
will iterate over a range of that length.
:param label: the label to show next to the progress bar.
:param show_eta: enables or disables the estimated time display. This is
automatically disabled if the length cannot be
determined.
:param show_percent: enables or disables the percentage display. The
default is `True` if the iterable has a length or
`False` if not.
:param show_pos: enables or disables the absolute position display. The
default is `False`.
:param item_show_func: A function called with the current item which
can return a string to show next to the progress bar. If the
function returns ``None`` nothing is shown. The current item can
be ``None``, such as when entering and exiting the bar.
:param fill_char: the character to use to show the filled part of the
progress bar.
:param empty_char: the character to use to show the non-filled part of
the progress bar.
:param bar_template: the format string to use as template for the bar.
The parameters in it are ``label`` for the label,
``bar`` for the progress bar and ``info`` for the
info section.
:param info_sep: the separator between multiple info items (eta etc.)
:param width: the width of the progress bar in characters, 0 means full
terminal width
:param file: The file to write to. If this is not a terminal then
only the label is printed.
:param color: controls if the terminal supports ANSI colors or not. The
default is autodetection. This is only needed if ANSI
codes are included anywhere in the progress bar output
which is not the case by default.
:param update_min_steps: Render only when this many updates have
completed. This allows tuning for very fast iterators.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Output is shown even if execution time is less than 0.5 seconds.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
``item_show_func`` shows the current item, not the previous one.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Labels are echoed if the output is not a TTY. Reverts a change
in 7.0 that removed all output.
.. versionadded:: 8.0
Added the ``update_min_steps`` parameter.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Added the ``color`` parameter. Added the ``update`` method to
the object.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
from ._termui_impl import ProgressBar
color = resolve_color_default(color)
return ProgressBar(
iterable=iterable,
length=length,
show_eta=show_eta,
show_percent=show_percent,
show_pos=show_pos,
item_show_func=item_show_func,
fill_char=fill_char,
empty_char=empty_char,
bar_template=bar_template,
info_sep=info_sep,
file=file,
label=label,
width=width,
color=color,
update_min_steps=update_min_steps,
)
def clear() -> None:
"""Clears the terminal screen. This will have the effect of clearing
the whole visible space of the terminal and moving the cursor to the
top left. This does not do anything if not connected to a terminal.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
if not isatty(sys.stdout):
return
if WIN:
os.system("cls")
else:
sys.stdout.write("\033[2J\033[1;1H")
def _interpret_color(
color: t.Union[int, t.Tuple[int, int, int], str], offset: int = 0
) -> str:
if isinstance(color, int):
return f"{38 + offset};5;{color:d}"
if isinstance(color, (tuple, list)):
r, g, b = color
return f"{38 + offset};2;{r:d};{g:d};{b:d}"
return str(_ansi_colors[color] + offset)
def style(
text: t.Any,
fg: t.Optional[t.Union[int, t.Tuple[int, int, int], str]] = None,
bg: t.Optional[t.Union[int, t.Tuple[int, int, int], str]] = None,
bold: t.Optional[bool] = None,
dim: t.Optional[bool] = None,
underline: t.Optional[bool] = None,
overline: t.Optional[bool] = None,
italic: t.Optional[bool] = None,
blink: t.Optional[bool] = None,
reverse: t.Optional[bool] = None,
strikethrough: t.Optional[bool] = None,
reset: bool = True,
) -> str:
"""Styles a text with ANSI styles and returns the new string. By
default the styling is self contained which means that at the end
of the string a reset code is issued. This can be prevented by
passing ``reset=False``.
Examples::
click.echo(click.style('Hello World!', fg='green'))
click.echo(click.style('ATTENTION!', blink=True))
click.echo(click.style('Some things', reverse=True, fg='cyan'))
click.echo(click.style('More colors', fg=(255, 12, 128), bg=117))
Supported color names:
* ``black`` (might be a gray)
* ``red``
* ``green``
* ``yellow`` (might be an orange)
* ``blue``
* ``magenta``
* ``cyan``
* ``white`` (might be light gray)
* ``bright_black``
* ``bright_red``
* ``bright_green``
* ``bright_yellow``
* ``bright_blue``
* ``bright_magenta``
* ``bright_cyan``
* ``bright_white``
* ``reset`` (reset the color code only)
If the terminal supports it, color may also be specified as:
- An integer in the interval [0, 255]. The terminal must support
8-bit/256-color mode.
- An RGB tuple of three integers in [0, 255]. The terminal must
support 24-bit/true-color mode.
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_color and
https://gist.github.com/XVilka/8346728 for more information.
:param text: the string to style with ansi codes.
:param fg: if provided this will become the foreground color.
:param bg: if provided this will become the background color.
:param bold: if provided this will enable or disable bold mode.
:param dim: if provided this will enable or disable dim mode. This is
badly supported.
:param underline: if provided this will enable or disable underline.
:param overline: if provided this will enable or disable overline.
:param italic: if provided this will enable or disable italic.
:param blink: if provided this will enable or disable blinking.
:param reverse: if provided this will enable or disable inverse
rendering (foreground becomes background and the
other way round).
:param strikethrough: if provided this will enable or disable
striking through text.
:param reset: by default a reset-all code is added at the end of the
string which means that styles do not carry over. This
can be disabled to compose styles.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
A non-string ``message`` is converted to a string.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Added support for 256 and RGB color codes.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Added the ``strikethrough``, ``italic``, and ``overline``
parameters.
.. versionchanged:: 7.0
Added support for bright colors.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
if not isinstance(text, str):
text = str(text)
bits = []
if fg:
try:
bits.append(f"\033[{_interpret_color(fg)}m")
except KeyError:
raise TypeError(f"Unknown color {fg!r}") from None
if bg:
try:
bits.append(f"\033[{_interpret_color(bg, 10)}m")
except KeyError:
raise TypeError(f"Unknown color {bg!r}") from None
if bold is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{1 if bold else 22}m")
if dim is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{2 if dim else 22}m")
if underline is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{4 if underline else 24}m")
if overline is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{53 if overline else 55}m")
if italic is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{3 if italic else 23}m")
if blink is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{5 if blink else 25}m")
if reverse is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{7 if reverse else 27}m")
if strikethrough is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{9 if strikethrough else 29}m")
bits.append(text)
if reset:
bits.append(_ansi_reset_all)
return "".join(bits)
def unstyle(text: str) -> str:
"""Removes ANSI styling information from a string. Usually it's not
necessary to use this function as Click's echo function will
automatically remove styling if necessary.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param text: the text to remove style information from.
"""
return strip_ansi(text)
def secho(
message: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
file: t.Optional[t.IO[t.AnyStr]] = None,
nl: bool = True,
err: bool = False,
color: t.Optional[bool] = None,
**styles: t.Any,
) -> None:
"""This function combines :func:`echo` and :func:`style` into one
call. As such the following two calls are the same::
click.secho('Hello World!', fg='green')
click.echo(click.style('Hello World!', fg='green'))
All keyword arguments are forwarded to the underlying functions
depending on which one they go with.
Non-string types will be converted to :class:`str`. However,
:class:`bytes` are passed directly to :meth:`echo` without applying
style. If you want to style bytes that represent text, call
:meth:`bytes.decode` first.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
A non-string ``message`` is converted to a string. Bytes are
passed through without style applied.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
if message is not None and not isinstance(message, (bytes, bytearray)):
message = style(message, **styles)
return echo(message, file=file, nl=nl, err=err, color=color)
def edit(
text: t.Optional[t.AnyStr] = None,
editor: t.Optional[str] = None,
env: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, str]] = None,
require_save: bool = True,
extension: str = ".txt",
filename: t.Optional[str] = None,
) -> t.Optional[t.AnyStr]:
r"""Edits the given text in the defined editor. If an editor is given
(should be the full path to the executable but the regular operating
system search path is used for finding the executable) it overrides
the detected editor. Optionally, some environment variables can be
used. If the editor is closed without changes, `None` is returned. In
case a file is edited directly the return value is always `None` and
`require_save` and `extension` are ignored.
If the editor cannot be opened a :exc:`UsageError` is raised.
Note for Windows: to simplify cross-platform usage, the newlines are
automatically converted from POSIX to Windows and vice versa. As such,
the message here will have ``\n`` as newline markers.
:param text: the text to edit.
:param editor: optionally the editor to use. Defaults to automatic
detection.
:param env: environment variables to forward to the editor.
:param require_save: if this is true, then not saving in the editor
will make the return value become `None`.
:param extension: the extension to tell the editor about. This defaults
to `.txt` but changing this might change syntax
highlighting.
:param filename: if provided it will edit this file instead of the
provided text contents. It will not use a temporary
file as an indirection in that case.
"""
from ._termui_impl import Editor
ed = Editor(editor=editor, env=env, require_save=require_save, extension=extension)
if filename is None:
return ed.edit(text)
ed.edit_file(filename)
return None
def launch(url: str, wait: bool = False, locate: bool = False) -> int:
"""This function launches the given URL (or filename) in the default
viewer application for this file type. If this is an executable, it
might launch the executable in a new session. The return value is
the exit code of the launched application. Usually, ``0`` indicates
success.
Examples::
click.launch('https://click.palletsprojects.com/')
click.launch('/my/downloaded/file', locate=True)
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param url: URL or filename of the thing to launch.
:param wait: Wait for the program to exit before returning. This
only works if the launched program blocks. In particular,
``xdg-open`` on Linux does not block.
:param locate: if this is set to `True` then instead of launching the
application associated with the URL it will attempt to
launch a file manager with the file located. This
might have weird effects if the URL does not point to
the filesystem.
"""
from ._termui_impl import open_url
return open_url(url, wait=wait, locate=locate)
# If this is provided, getchar() calls into this instead. This is used
# for unittesting purposes.
_getchar: t.Optional[t.Callable[[bool], str]] = None
def getchar(echo: bool = False) -> str:
"""Fetches a single character from the terminal and returns it. This
will always return a unicode character and under certain rare
circumstances this might return more than one character. The
situations which more than one character is returned is when for
whatever reason multiple characters end up in the terminal buffer or
standard input was not actually a terminal.
Note that this will always read from the terminal, even if something
is piped into the standard input.
Note for Windows: in rare cases when typing non-ASCII characters, this
function might wait for a second character and then return both at once.
This is because certain Unicode characters look like special-key markers.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param echo: if set to `True`, the character read will also show up on
the terminal. The default is to not show it.
"""
global _getchar
if _getchar is None:
from ._termui_impl import getchar as f
_getchar = f
return _getchar(echo)
def raw_terminal() -> t.ContextManager[int]:
from ._termui_impl import raw_terminal as f
return f()
def pause(info: t.Optional[str] = None, err: bool = False) -> None:
"""This command stops execution and waits for the user to press any
key to continue. This is similar to the Windows batch "pause"
command. If the program is not run through a terminal, this command
will instead do nothing.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
.. versionadded:: 4.0
Added the `err` parameter.
:param info: The message to print before pausing. Defaults to
``"Press any key to continue..."``.
:param err: if set to message goes to ``stderr`` instead of
``stdout``, the same as with echo.
"""
if not isatty(sys.stdin) or not isatty(sys.stdout):
return
if info is None:
info = _("Press any key to continue...")
try:
if info:
echo(info, nl=False, err=err)
try:
getchar()
except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
pass
finally:
if info:
echo(err=err)

@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
import contextlib
import io
import os
import shlex
import shutil
import sys
import tempfile
import typing as t
from types import TracebackType
from . import formatting
from . import termui
from . import utils
from ._compat import _find_binary_reader
if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
from .core import BaseCommand
class EchoingStdin:
def __init__(self, input: t.BinaryIO, output: t.BinaryIO) -> None:
self._input = input
self._output = output
self._paused = False
def __getattr__(self, x: str) -> t.Any:
return getattr(self._input, x)
def _echo(self, rv: bytes) -> bytes:
if not self._paused:
self._output.write(rv)
return rv
def read(self, n: int = -1) -> bytes:
return self._echo(self._input.read(n))
def read1(self, n: int = -1) -> bytes:
return self._echo(self._input.read1(n)) # type: ignore
def readline(self, n: int = -1) -> bytes:
return self._echo(self._input.readline(n))
def readlines(self) -> t.List[bytes]:
return [self._echo(x) for x in self._input.readlines()]
def __iter__(self) -> t.Iterator[bytes]:
return iter(self._echo(x) for x in self._input)
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return repr(self._input)
@contextlib.contextmanager
def _pause_echo(stream: t.Optional[EchoingStdin]) -> t.Iterator[None]:
if stream is None:
yield
else:
stream._paused = True
yield
stream._paused = False
class _NamedTextIOWrapper(io.TextIOWrapper):
def __init__(
self, buffer: t.BinaryIO, name: str, mode: str, **kwargs: t.Any
) -> None:
super().__init__(buffer, **kwargs)
self._name = name
self._mode = mode
@property
def name(self) -> str:
return self._name
@property
def mode(self) -> str:
return self._mode
def make_input_stream(
input: t.Optional[t.Union[str, bytes, t.IO]], charset: str
) -> t.BinaryIO:
# Is already an input stream.
if hasattr(input, "read"):
rv = _find_binary_reader(t.cast(t.IO, input))
if rv is not None:
return rv
raise TypeError("Could not find binary reader for input stream.")
if input is None:
input = b""
elif isinstance(input, str):
input = input.encode(charset)
return io.BytesIO(t.cast(bytes, input))
class Result:
"""Holds the captured result of an invoked CLI script."""
def __init__(
self,
runner: "CliRunner",
stdout_bytes: bytes,
stderr_bytes: t.Optional[bytes],
return_value: t.Any,
exit_code: int,
exception: t.Optional[BaseException],
exc_info: t.Optional[
t.Tuple[t.Type[BaseException], BaseException, TracebackType]
] = None,
):
#: The runner that created the result
self.runner = runner
#: The standard output as bytes.
self.stdout_bytes = stdout_bytes
#: The standard error as bytes, or None if not available
self.stderr_bytes = stderr_bytes
#: The value returned from the invoked command.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 8.0
self.return_value = return_value
#: The exit code as integer.
self.exit_code = exit_code
#: The exception that happened if one did.
self.exception = exception
#: The traceback
self.exc_info = exc_info
@property
def output(self) -> str:
"""The (standard) output as unicode string."""
return self.stdout
@property
def stdout(self) -> str:
"""The standard output as unicode string."""
return self.stdout_bytes.decode(self.runner.charset, "replace").replace(
"\r\n", "\n"
)
@property
def stderr(self) -> str:
"""The standard error as unicode string."""
if self.stderr_bytes is None:
raise ValueError("stderr not separately captured")
return self.stderr_bytes.decode(self.runner.charset, "replace").replace(
"\r\n", "\n"
)
def __repr__(self) -> str:
exc_str = repr(self.exception) if self.exception else "okay"
return f"<{type(self).__name__} {exc_str}>"
class CliRunner:
"""The CLI runner provides functionality to invoke a Click command line
script for unittesting purposes in a isolated environment. This only
works in single-threaded systems without any concurrency as it changes the
global interpreter state.
:param charset: the character set for the input and output data.
:param env: a dictionary with environment variables for overriding.
:param echo_stdin: if this is set to `True`, then reading from stdin writes
to stdout. This is useful for showing examples in
some circumstances. Note that regular prompts
will automatically echo the input.
:param mix_stderr: if this is set to `False`, then stdout and stderr are
preserved as independent streams. This is useful for
Unix-philosophy apps that have predictable stdout and
noisy stderr, such that each may be measured
independently
"""
def __init__(
self,
charset: str = "utf-8",
env: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, t.Optional[str]]] = None,
echo_stdin: bool = False,
mix_stderr: bool = True,
) -> None:
self.charset = charset
self.env = env or {}
self.echo_stdin = echo_stdin
self.mix_stderr = mix_stderr
def get_default_prog_name(self, cli: "BaseCommand") -> str:
"""Given a command object it will return the default program name
for it. The default is the `name` attribute or ``"root"`` if not
set.
"""
return cli.name or "root"
def make_env(
self, overrides: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, t.Optional[str]]] = None
) -> t.Mapping[str, t.Optional[str]]:
"""Returns the environment overrides for invoking a script."""
rv = dict(self.env)
if overrides:
rv.update(overrides)
return rv
@contextlib.contextmanager
def isolation(
self,
input: t.Optional[t.Union[str, bytes, t.IO]] = None,
env: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, t.Optional[str]]] = None,
color: bool = False,
) -> t.Iterator[t.Tuple[io.BytesIO, t.Optional[io.BytesIO]]]:
"""A context manager that sets up the isolation for invoking of a
command line tool. This sets up stdin with the given input data
and `os.environ` with the overrides from the given dictionary.
This also rebinds some internals in Click to be mocked (like the
prompt functionality).
This is automatically done in the :meth:`invoke` method.
:param input: the input stream to put into sys.stdin.
:param env: the environment overrides as dictionary.
:param color: whether the output should contain color codes. The
application can still override this explicitly.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
``stderr`` is opened with ``errors="backslashreplace"``
instead of the default ``"strict"``.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Added the ``color`` parameter.
"""
bytes_input = make_input_stream(input, self.charset)
echo_input = None
old_stdin = sys.stdin
old_stdout = sys.stdout
old_stderr = sys.stderr
old_forced_width = formatting.FORCED_WIDTH
formatting.FORCED_WIDTH = 80
env = self.make_env(env)
bytes_output = io.BytesIO()
if self.echo_stdin:
bytes_input = echo_input = t.cast(
t.BinaryIO, EchoingStdin(bytes_input, bytes_output)
)
sys.stdin = text_input = _NamedTextIOWrapper(
bytes_input, encoding=self.charset, name="<stdin>", mode="r"
)
if self.echo_stdin:
# Force unbuffered reads, otherwise TextIOWrapper reads a
# large chunk which is echoed early.
text_input._CHUNK_SIZE = 1 # type: ignore
sys.stdout = _NamedTextIOWrapper(
bytes_output, encoding=self.charset, name="<stdout>", mode="w"
)
bytes_error = None
if self.mix_stderr:
sys.stderr = sys.stdout
else:
bytes_error = io.BytesIO()
sys.stderr = _NamedTextIOWrapper(
bytes_error,
encoding=self.charset,
name="<stderr>",
mode="w",
errors="backslashreplace",
)
@_pause_echo(echo_input) # type: ignore
def visible_input(prompt: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
sys.stdout.write(prompt or "")
val = text_input.readline().rstrip("\r\n")
sys.stdout.write(f"{val}\n")
sys.stdout.flush()
return val
@_pause_echo(echo_input) # type: ignore
def hidden_input(prompt: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
sys.stdout.write(f"{prompt or ''}\n")
sys.stdout.flush()
return text_input.readline().rstrip("\r\n")
@_pause_echo(echo_input) # type: ignore
def _getchar(echo: bool) -> str:
char = sys.stdin.read(1)
if echo:
sys.stdout.write(char)
sys.stdout.flush()
return char
default_color = color
def should_strip_ansi(
stream: t.Optional[t.IO] = None, color: t.Optional[bool] = None
) -> bool:
if color is None:
return not default_color
return not color
old_visible_prompt_func = termui.visible_prompt_func
old_hidden_prompt_func = termui.hidden_prompt_func
old__getchar_func = termui._getchar
old_should_strip_ansi = utils.should_strip_ansi # type: ignore
termui.visible_prompt_func = visible_input
termui.hidden_prompt_func = hidden_input
termui._getchar = _getchar
utils.should_strip_ansi = should_strip_ansi # type: ignore
old_env = {}
try:
for key, value in env.items():
old_env[key] = os.environ.get(key)
if value is None:
try:
del os.environ[key]
except Exception:
pass
else:
os.environ[key] = value
yield (bytes_output, bytes_error)
finally:
for key, value in old_env.items():
if value is None:
try:
del os.environ[key]
except Exception:
pass
else:
os.environ[key] = value
sys.stdout = old_stdout
sys.stderr = old_stderr
sys.stdin = old_stdin
termui.visible_prompt_func = old_visible_prompt_func
termui.hidden_prompt_func = old_hidden_prompt_func
termui._getchar = old__getchar_func
utils.should_strip_ansi = old_should_strip_ansi # type: ignore
formatting.FORCED_WIDTH = old_forced_width
def invoke(
self,
cli: "BaseCommand",
args: t.Optional[t.Union[str, t.Sequence[str]]] = None,
input: t.Optional[t.Union[str, bytes, t.IO]] = None,
env: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, t.Optional[str]]] = None,
catch_exceptions: bool = True,
color: bool = False,
**extra: t.Any,
) -> Result:
"""Invokes a command in an isolated environment. The arguments are
forwarded directly to the command line script, the `extra` keyword
arguments are passed to the :meth:`~clickpkg.Command.main` function of
the command.
This returns a :class:`Result` object.
:param cli: the command to invoke
:param args: the arguments to invoke. It may be given as an iterable
or a string. When given as string it will be interpreted
as a Unix shell command. More details at
:func:`shlex.split`.
:param input: the input data for `sys.stdin`.
:param env: the environment overrides.
:param catch_exceptions: Whether to catch any other exceptions than
``SystemExit``.
:param extra: the keyword arguments to pass to :meth:`main`.
:param color: whether the output should contain color codes. The
application can still override this explicitly.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
The result object has the ``return_value`` attribute with
the value returned from the invoked command.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Added the ``color`` parameter.
.. versionchanged:: 3.0
Added the ``catch_exceptions`` parameter.
.. versionchanged:: 3.0
The result object has the ``exc_info`` attribute with the
traceback if available.
"""
exc_info = None
with self.isolation(input=input, env=env, color=color) as outstreams:
return_value = None
exception: t.Optional[BaseException] = None
exit_code = 0
if isinstance(args, str):
args = shlex.split(args)
try:
prog_name = extra.pop("prog_name")
except KeyError:
prog_name = self.get_default_prog_name(cli)
try:
return_value = cli.main(args=args or (), prog_name=prog_name, **extra)
except SystemExit as e:
exc_info = sys.exc_info()
e_code = t.cast(t.Optional[t.Union[int, t.Any]], e.code)
if e_code is None:
e_code = 0
if e_code != 0:
exception = e
if not isinstance(e_code, int):
sys.stdout.write(str(e_code))
sys.stdout.write("\n")
e_code = 1
exit_code = e_code
except Exception as e:
if not catch_exceptions:
raise
exception = e
exit_code = 1
exc_info = sys.exc_info()
finally:
sys.stdout.flush()
stdout = outstreams[0].getvalue()
if self.mix_stderr:
stderr = None
else:
stderr = outstreams[1].getvalue() # type: ignore
return Result(
runner=self,
stdout_bytes=stdout,
stderr_bytes=stderr,
return_value=return_value,
exit_code=exit_code,
exception=exception,
exc_info=exc_info, # type: ignore
)
@contextlib.contextmanager
def isolated_filesystem(
self, temp_dir: t.Optional[t.Union[str, os.PathLike]] = None
) -> t.Iterator[str]:
"""A context manager that creates a temporary directory and
changes the current working directory to it. This isolates tests
that affect the contents of the CWD to prevent them from
interfering with each other.
:param temp_dir: Create the temporary directory under this
directory. If given, the created directory is not removed
when exiting.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Added the ``temp_dir`` parameter.
"""
cwd = os.getcwd()
dt = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=temp_dir) # type: ignore[type-var]
os.chdir(dt)
try:
yield t.cast(str, dt)
finally:
os.chdir(cwd)
if temp_dir is None:
try:
shutil.rmtree(dt)
except OSError: # noqa: B014
pass

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@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
import os
import re
import sys
import typing as t
from functools import update_wrapper
from types import ModuleType
from ._compat import _default_text_stderr
from ._compat import _default_text_stdout
from ._compat import _find_binary_writer
from ._compat import auto_wrap_for_ansi
from ._compat import binary_streams
from ._compat import get_filesystem_encoding
from ._compat import open_stream
from ._compat import should_strip_ansi
from ._compat import strip_ansi
from ._compat import text_streams
from ._compat import WIN
from .globals import resolve_color_default
if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
import typing_extensions as te
F = t.TypeVar("F", bound=t.Callable[..., t.Any])
def _posixify(name: str) -> str:
return "-".join(name.split()).lower()
def safecall(func: F) -> F:
"""Wraps a function so that it swallows exceptions."""
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): # type: ignore
try:
return func(*args, **kwargs)
except Exception:
pass
return update_wrapper(t.cast(F, wrapper), func)
def make_str(value: t.Any) -> str:
"""Converts a value into a valid string."""
if isinstance(value, bytes):
try:
return value.decode(get_filesystem_encoding())
except UnicodeError:
return value.decode("utf-8", "replace")
return str(value)
def make_default_short_help(help: str, max_length: int = 45) -> str:
"""Returns a condensed version of help string."""
# Consider only the first paragraph.
paragraph_end = help.find("\n\n")
if paragraph_end != -1:
help = help[:paragraph_end]
# Collapse newlines, tabs, and spaces.
words = help.split()
if not words:
return ""
# The first paragraph started with a "no rewrap" marker, ignore it.
if words[0] == "\b":
words = words[1:]
total_length = 0
last_index = len(words) - 1
for i, word in enumerate(words):
total_length += len(word) + (i > 0)
if total_length > max_length: # too long, truncate
break
if word[-1] == ".": # sentence end, truncate without "..."
return " ".join(words[: i + 1])
if total_length == max_length and i != last_index:
break # not at sentence end, truncate with "..."
else:
return " ".join(words) # no truncation needed
# Account for the length of the suffix.
total_length += len("...")
# remove words until the length is short enough
while i > 0:
total_length -= len(words[i]) + (i > 0)
if total_length <= max_length:
break
i -= 1
return " ".join(words[:i]) + "..."
class LazyFile:
"""A lazy file works like a regular file but it does not fully open
the file but it does perform some basic checks early to see if the
filename parameter does make sense. This is useful for safely opening
files for writing.
"""
def __init__(
self,
filename: str,
mode: str = "r",
encoding: t.Optional[str] = None,
errors: t.Optional[str] = "strict",
atomic: bool = False,
):
self.name = filename
self.mode = mode
self.encoding = encoding
self.errors = errors
self.atomic = atomic
self._f: t.Optional[t.IO]
if filename == "-":
self._f, self.should_close = open_stream(filename, mode, encoding, errors)
else:
if "r" in mode:
# Open and close the file in case we're opening it for
# reading so that we can catch at least some errors in
# some cases early.
open(filename, mode).close()
self._f = None
self.should_close = True
def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> t.Any:
return getattr(self.open(), name)
def __repr__(self) -> str:
if self._f is not None:
return repr(self._f)
return f"<unopened file '{self.name}' {self.mode}>"
def open(self) -> t.IO:
"""Opens the file if it's not yet open. This call might fail with
a :exc:`FileError`. Not handling this error will produce an error
that Click shows.
"""
if self._f is not None:
return self._f
try:
rv, self.should_close = open_stream(
self.name, self.mode, self.encoding, self.errors, atomic=self.atomic
)
except OSError as e: # noqa: E402
from .exceptions import FileError
raise FileError(self.name, hint=e.strerror) from e
self._f = rv
return rv
def close(self) -> None:
"""Closes the underlying file, no matter what."""
if self._f is not None:
self._f.close()
def close_intelligently(self) -> None:
"""This function only closes the file if it was opened by the lazy
file wrapper. For instance this will never close stdin.
"""
if self.should_close:
self.close()
def __enter__(self) -> "LazyFile":
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb): # type: ignore
self.close_intelligently()
def __iter__(self) -> t.Iterator[t.AnyStr]:
self.open()
return iter(self._f) # type: ignore
class KeepOpenFile:
def __init__(self, file: t.IO) -> None:
self._file = file
def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> t.Any:
return getattr(self._file, name)
def __enter__(self) -> "KeepOpenFile":
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb): # type: ignore
pass
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return repr(self._file)
def __iter__(self) -> t.Iterator[t.AnyStr]:
return iter(self._file)
def echo(
message: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
file: t.Optional[t.IO[t.Any]] = None,
nl: bool = True,
err: bool = False,
color: t.Optional[bool] = None,
) -> None:
"""Print a message and newline to stdout or a file. This should be
used instead of :func:`print` because it provides better support
for different data, files, and environments.
Compared to :func:`print`, this does the following:
- Ensures that the output encoding is not misconfigured on Linux.
- Supports Unicode in the Windows console.
- Supports writing to binary outputs, and supports writing bytes
to text outputs.
- Supports colors and styles on Windows.
- Removes ANSI color and style codes if the output does not look
like an interactive terminal.
- Always flushes the output.
:param message: The string or bytes to output. Other objects are
converted to strings.
:param file: The file to write to. Defaults to ``stdout``.
:param err: Write to ``stderr`` instead of ``stdout``.
:param nl: Print a newline after the message. Enabled by default.
:param color: Force showing or hiding colors and other styles. By
default Click will remove color if the output does not look like
an interactive terminal.
.. versionchanged:: 6.0
Support Unicode output on the Windows console. Click does not
modify ``sys.stdout``, so ``sys.stdout.write()`` and ``print()``
will still not support Unicode.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Added the ``color`` parameter.
.. versionadded:: 3.0
Added the ``err`` parameter.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
Support colors on Windows if colorama is installed.
"""
if file is None:
if err:
file = _default_text_stderr()
else:
file = _default_text_stdout()
# Convert non bytes/text into the native string type.
if message is not None and not isinstance(message, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
out: t.Optional[t.Union[str, bytes]] = str(message)
else:
out = message
if nl:
out = out or ""
if isinstance(out, str):
out += "\n"
else:
out += b"\n"
if not out:
file.flush()
return
# If there is a message and the value looks like bytes, we manually
# need to find the binary stream and write the message in there.
# This is done separately so that most stream types will work as you
# would expect. Eg: you can write to StringIO for other cases.
if isinstance(out, (bytes, bytearray)):
binary_file = _find_binary_writer(file)
if binary_file is not None:
file.flush()
binary_file.write(out)
binary_file.flush()
return
# ANSI style code support. For no message or bytes, nothing happens.
# When outputting to a file instead of a terminal, strip codes.
else:
color = resolve_color_default(color)
if should_strip_ansi(file, color):
out = strip_ansi(out)
elif WIN:
if auto_wrap_for_ansi is not None:
file = auto_wrap_for_ansi(file) # type: ignore
elif not color:
out = strip_ansi(out)
file.write(out) # type: ignore
file.flush()
def get_binary_stream(name: "te.Literal['stdin', 'stdout', 'stderr']") -> t.BinaryIO:
"""Returns a system stream for byte processing.
:param name: the name of the stream to open. Valid names are ``'stdin'``,
``'stdout'`` and ``'stderr'``
"""
opener = binary_streams.get(name)
if opener is None:
raise TypeError(f"Unknown standard stream '{name}'")
return opener()
def get_text_stream(
name: "te.Literal['stdin', 'stdout', 'stderr']",
encoding: t.Optional[str] = None,
errors: t.Optional[str] = "strict",
) -> t.TextIO:
"""Returns a system stream for text processing. This usually returns
a wrapped stream around a binary stream returned from
:func:`get_binary_stream` but it also can take shortcuts for already
correctly configured streams.
:param name: the name of the stream to open. Valid names are ``'stdin'``,
``'stdout'`` and ``'stderr'``
:param encoding: overrides the detected default encoding.
:param errors: overrides the default error mode.
"""
opener = text_streams.get(name)
if opener is None:
raise TypeError(f"Unknown standard stream '{name}'")
return opener(encoding, errors)
def open_file(
filename: str,
mode: str = "r",
encoding: t.Optional[str] = None,
errors: t.Optional[str] = "strict",
lazy: bool = False,
atomic: bool = False,
) -> t.IO:
"""Open a file, with extra behavior to handle ``'-'`` to indicate
a standard stream, lazy open on write, and atomic write. Similar to
the behavior of the :class:`~click.File` param type.
If ``'-'`` is given to open ``stdout`` or ``stdin``, the stream is
wrapped so that using it in a context manager will not close it.
This makes it possible to use the function without accidentally
closing a standard stream:
.. code-block:: python
with open_file(filename) as f:
...
:param filename: The name of the file to open, or ``'-'`` for
``stdin``/``stdout``.
:param mode: The mode in which to open the file.
:param encoding: The encoding to decode or encode a file opened in
text mode.
:param errors: The error handling mode.
:param lazy: Wait to open the file until it is accessed. For read
mode, the file is temporarily opened to raise access errors
early, then closed until it is read again.
:param atomic: Write to a temporary file and replace the given file
on close.
.. versionadded:: 3.0
"""
if lazy:
return t.cast(t.IO, LazyFile(filename, mode, encoding, errors, atomic=atomic))
f, should_close = open_stream(filename, mode, encoding, errors, atomic=atomic)
if not should_close:
f = t.cast(t.IO, KeepOpenFile(f))
return f
def format_filename(
filename: t.Union[str, bytes, os.PathLike], shorten: bool = False
) -> str:
"""Formats a filename for user display. The main purpose of this
function is to ensure that the filename can be displayed at all. This
will decode the filename to unicode if necessary in a way that it will
not fail. Optionally, it can shorten the filename to not include the
full path to the filename.
:param filename: formats a filename for UI display. This will also convert
the filename into unicode without failing.
:param shorten: this optionally shortens the filename to strip of the
path that leads up to it.
"""
if shorten:
filename = os.path.basename(filename)
return os.fsdecode(filename)
def get_app_dir(app_name: str, roaming: bool = True, force_posix: bool = False) -> str:
r"""Returns the config folder for the application. The default behavior
is to return whatever is most appropriate for the operating system.
To give you an idea, for an app called ``"Foo Bar"``, something like
the following folders could be returned:
Mac OS X:
``~/Library/Application Support/Foo Bar``
Mac OS X (POSIX):
``~/.foo-bar``
Unix:
``~/.config/foo-bar``
Unix (POSIX):
``~/.foo-bar``
Windows (roaming):
``C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Roaming\Foo Bar``
Windows (not roaming):
``C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\Foo Bar``
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param app_name: the application name. This should be properly capitalized
and can contain whitespace.
:param roaming: controls if the folder should be roaming or not on Windows.
Has no affect otherwise.
:param force_posix: if this is set to `True` then on any POSIX system the
folder will be stored in the home folder with a leading
dot instead of the XDG config home or darwin's
application support folder.
"""
if WIN:
key = "APPDATA" if roaming else "LOCALAPPDATA"
folder = os.environ.get(key)
if folder is None:
folder = os.path.expanduser("~")
return os.path.join(folder, app_name)
if force_posix:
return os.path.join(os.path.expanduser(f"~/.{_posixify(app_name)}"))
if sys.platform == "darwin":
return os.path.join(
os.path.expanduser("~/Library/Application Support"), app_name
)
return os.path.join(
os.environ.get("XDG_CONFIG_HOME", os.path.expanduser("~/.config")),
_posixify(app_name),
)
class PacifyFlushWrapper:
"""This wrapper is used to catch and suppress BrokenPipeErrors resulting
from ``.flush()`` being called on broken pipe during the shutdown/final-GC
of the Python interpreter. Notably ``.flush()`` is always called on
``sys.stdout`` and ``sys.stderr``. So as to have minimal impact on any
other cleanup code, and the case where the underlying file is not a broken
pipe, all calls and attributes are proxied.
"""
def __init__(self, wrapped: t.IO) -> None:
self.wrapped = wrapped
def flush(self) -> None:
try:
self.wrapped.flush()
except OSError as e:
import errno
if e.errno != errno.EPIPE:
raise
def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> t.Any:
return getattr(self.wrapped, attr)
def _detect_program_name(
path: t.Optional[str] = None, _main: t.Optional[ModuleType] = None
) -> str:
"""Determine the command used to run the program, for use in help
text. If a file or entry point was executed, the file name is
returned. If ``python -m`` was used to execute a module or package,
``python -m name`` is returned.
This doesn't try to be too precise, the goal is to give a concise
name for help text. Files are only shown as their name without the
path. ``python`` is only shown for modules, and the full path to
``sys.executable`` is not shown.
:param path: The Python file being executed. Python puts this in
``sys.argv[0]``, which is used by default.
:param _main: The ``__main__`` module. This should only be passed
during internal testing.
.. versionadded:: 8.0
Based on command args detection in the Werkzeug reloader.
:meta private:
"""
if _main is None:
_main = sys.modules["__main__"]
if not path:
path = sys.argv[0]
# The value of __package__ indicates how Python was called. It may
# not exist if a setuptools script is installed as an egg. It may be
# set incorrectly for entry points created with pip on Windows.
if getattr(_main, "__package__", None) is None or (
os.name == "nt"
and _main.__package__ == ""
and not os.path.exists(path)
and os.path.exists(f"{path}.exe")
):
# Executed a file, like "python app.py".
return os.path.basename(path)
# Executed a module, like "python -m example".
# Rewritten by Python from "-m script" to "/path/to/script.py".
# Need to look at main module to determine how it was executed.
py_module = t.cast(str, _main.__package__)
name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(path))[0]
# A submodule like "example.cli".
if name != "__main__":
py_module = f"{py_module}.{name}"
return f"python -m {py_module.lstrip('.')}"
def _expand_args(
args: t.Iterable[str],
*,
user: bool = True,
env: bool = True,
glob_recursive: bool = True,
) -> t.List[str]:
"""Simulate Unix shell expansion with Python functions.
See :func:`glob.glob`, :func:`os.path.expanduser`, and
:func:`os.path.expandvars`.
This is intended for use on Windows, where the shell does not do any
expansion. It may not exactly match what a Unix shell would do.
:param args: List of command line arguments to expand.
:param user: Expand user home directory.
:param env: Expand environment variables.
:param glob_recursive: ``**`` matches directories recursively.
.. versionchanged:: 8.1
Invalid glob patterns are treated as empty expansions rather
than raising an error.
.. versionadded:: 8.0
:meta private:
"""
from glob import glob
out = []
for arg in args:
if user:
arg = os.path.expanduser(arg)
if env:
arg = os.path.expandvars(arg)
try:
matches = glob(arg, recursive=glob_recursive)
except re.error:
matches = []
if not matches:
out.append(arg)
else:
out.extend(matches)
return out

@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
"""Run the EasyInstall command"""
if __name__ == '__main__':
from setuptools.command.easy_install import main
main()

@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
from markupsafe import escape
from markupsafe import Markup
from . import json as json
from .app import Flask as Flask
from .app import Request as Request
from .app import Response as Response
from .blueprints import Blueprint as Blueprint
from .config import Config as Config
from .ctx import after_this_request as after_this_request
from .ctx import copy_current_request_context as copy_current_request_context
from .ctx import has_app_context as has_app_context
from .ctx import has_request_context as has_request_context
from .globals import current_app as current_app
from .globals import g as g
from .globals import request as request
from .globals import session as session
from .helpers import abort as abort
from .helpers import flash as flash
from .helpers import get_flashed_messages as get_flashed_messages
from .helpers import get_template_attribute as get_template_attribute
from .helpers import make_response as make_response
from .helpers import redirect as redirect
from .helpers import send_file as send_file
from .helpers import send_from_directory as send_from_directory
from .helpers import stream_with_context as stream_with_context
from .helpers import url_for as url_for
from .json import jsonify as jsonify
from .signals import appcontext_popped as appcontext_popped
from .signals import appcontext_pushed as appcontext_pushed
from .signals import appcontext_tearing_down as appcontext_tearing_down
from .signals import before_render_template as before_render_template
from .signals import got_request_exception as got_request_exception
from .signals import message_flashed as message_flashed
from .signals import request_finished as request_finished
from .signals import request_started as request_started
from .signals import request_tearing_down as request_tearing_down
from .signals import signals_available as signals_available
from .signals import template_rendered as template_rendered
from .templating import render_template as render_template
from .templating import render_template_string as render_template_string
from .templating import stream_template as stream_template
from .templating import stream_template_string as stream_template_string
__version__ = "2.2.2"
def __getattr__(name):
if name == "_app_ctx_stack":
import warnings
from .globals import __app_ctx_stack
warnings.warn(
"'_app_ctx_stack' is deprecated and will be removed in Flask 2.3.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return __app_ctx_stack
if name == "_request_ctx_stack":
import warnings
from .globals import __request_ctx_stack
warnings.warn(
"'_request_ctx_stack' is deprecated and will be removed in Flask 2.3.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return __request_ctx_stack
raise AttributeError(name)

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

@ -0,0 +1,706 @@
import json
import os
import typing as t
from collections import defaultdict
from functools import update_wrapper
from . import typing as ft
from .scaffold import _endpoint_from_view_func
from .scaffold import _sentinel
from .scaffold import Scaffold
from .scaffold import setupmethod
if t.TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
from .app import Flask
DeferredSetupFunction = t.Callable[["BlueprintSetupState"], t.Callable]
T_after_request = t.TypeVar("T_after_request", bound=ft.AfterRequestCallable)
T_before_first_request = t.TypeVar(
"T_before_first_request", bound=ft.BeforeFirstRequestCallable
)
T_before_request = t.TypeVar("T_before_request", bound=ft.BeforeRequestCallable)
T_error_handler = t.TypeVar("T_error_handler", bound=ft.ErrorHandlerCallable)
T_teardown = t.TypeVar("T_teardown", bound=ft.TeardownCallable)
T_template_context_processor = t.TypeVar(
"T_template_context_processor", bound=ft.TemplateContextProcessorCallable
)
T_template_filter = t.TypeVar("T_template_filter", bound=ft.TemplateFilterCallable)
T_template_global = t.TypeVar("T_template_global", bound=ft.TemplateGlobalCallable)
T_template_test = t.TypeVar("T_template_test", bound=ft.TemplateTestCallable)
T_url_defaults = t.TypeVar("T_url_defaults", bound=ft.URLDefaultCallable)
T_url_value_preprocessor = t.TypeVar(
"T_url_value_preprocessor", bound=ft.URLValuePreprocessorCallable
)
class BlueprintSetupState:
"""Temporary holder object for registering a blueprint with the
application. An instance of this class is created by the
:meth:`~flask.Blueprint.make_setup_state` method and later passed
to all register callback functions.
"""
def __init__(
self,
blueprint: "Blueprint",
app: "Flask",
options: t.Any,
first_registration: bool,
) -> None:
#: a reference to the current application
self.app = app
#: a reference to the blueprint that created this setup state.
self.blueprint = blueprint
#: a dictionary with all options that were passed to the
#: :meth:`~flask.Flask.register_blueprint` method.
self.options = options
#: as blueprints can be registered multiple times with the
#: application and not everything wants to be registered
#: multiple times on it, this attribute can be used to figure
#: out if the blueprint was registered in the past already.
self.first_registration = first_registration
subdomain = self.options.get("subdomain")
if subdomain is None:
subdomain = self.blueprint.subdomain
#: The subdomain that the blueprint should be active for, ``None``
#: otherwise.
self.subdomain = subdomain
url_prefix = self.options.get("url_prefix")
if url_prefix is None:
url_prefix = self.blueprint.url_prefix
#: The prefix that should be used for all URLs defined on the
#: blueprint.
self.url_prefix = url_prefix
self.name = self.options.get("name", blueprint.name)
self.name_prefix = self.options.get("name_prefix", "")
#: A dictionary with URL defaults that is added to each and every
#: URL that was defined with the blueprint.
self.url_defaults = dict(self.blueprint.url_values_defaults)
self.url_defaults.update(self.options.get("url_defaults", ()))
def add_url_rule(
self,
rule: str,
endpoint: t.Optional[str] = None,
view_func: t.Optional[t.Callable] = None,
**options: t.Any,
) -> None:
"""A helper method to register a rule (and optionally a view function)
to the application. The endpoint is automatically prefixed with the
blueprint's name.
"""
if self.url_prefix is not None:
if rule:
rule = "/".join((self.url_prefix.rstrip("/"), rule.lstrip("/")))
else:
rule = self.url_prefix
options.setdefault("subdomain", self.subdomain)
if endpoint is None:
endpoint = _endpoint_from_view_func(view_func) # type: ignore
defaults = self.url_defaults
if "defaults" in options:
defaults = dict(defaults, **options.pop("defaults"))
self.app.add_url_rule(
rule,
f"{self.name_prefix}.{self.name}.{endpoint}".lstrip("."),
view_func,
defaults=defaults,
**options,
)
class Blueprint(Scaffold):
"""Represents a blueprint, a collection of routes and other
app-related functions that can be registered on a real application
later.
A blueprint is an object that allows defining application functions
without requiring an application object ahead of time. It uses the
same decorators as :class:`~flask.Flask`, but defers the need for an
application by recording them for later registration.
Decorating a function with a blueprint creates a deferred function
that is called with :class:`~flask.blueprints.BlueprintSetupState`
when the blueprint is registered on an application.
See :doc:`/blueprints` for more information.
:param name: The name of the blueprint. Will be prepended to each
endpoint name.
:param import_name: The name of the blueprint package, usually
``__name__``. This helps locate the ``root_path`` for the
blueprint.
:param static_folder: A folder with static files that should be
served by the blueprint's static route. The path is relative to
the blueprint's root path. Blueprint static files are disabled
by default.
:param static_url_path: The url to serve static files from.
Defaults to ``static_folder``. If the blueprint does not have
a ``url_prefix``, the app's static route will take precedence,
and the blueprint's static files won't be accessible.
:param template_folder: A folder with templates that should be added
to the app's template search path. The path is relative to the
blueprint's root path. Blueprint templates are disabled by
default. Blueprint templates have a lower precedence than those
in the app's templates folder.
:param url_prefix: A path to prepend to all of the blueprint's URLs,
to make them distinct from the rest of the app's routes.
:param subdomain: A subdomain that blueprint routes will match on by
default.
:param url_defaults: A dict of default values that blueprint routes
will receive by default.
:param root_path: By default, the blueprint will automatically set
this based on ``import_name``. In certain situations this
automatic detection can fail, so the path can be specified
manually instead.
.. versionchanged:: 1.1.0
Blueprints have a ``cli`` group to register nested CLI commands.
The ``cli_group`` parameter controls the name of the group under
the ``flask`` command.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
_got_registered_once = False
_json_encoder: t.Union[t.Type[json.JSONEncoder], None] = None
_json_decoder: t.Union[t.Type[json.JSONDecoder], None] = None
@property # type: ignore[override]
def json_encoder( # type: ignore[override]
self,
) -> t.Union[t.Type[json.JSONEncoder], None]:
"""Blueprint-local JSON encoder class to use. Set to ``None`` to use the app's.
.. deprecated:: 2.2
Will be removed in Flask 2.3. Customize
:attr:`json_provider_class` instead.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
"""
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"'bp.json_encoder' is deprecated and will be removed in Flask 2.3."
" Customize 'app.json_provider_class' or 'app.json' instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return self._json_encoder
@json_encoder.setter
def json_encoder(self, value: t.Union[t.Type[json.JSONEncoder], None]) -> None:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"'bp.json_encoder' is deprecated and will be removed in Flask 2.3."
" Customize 'app.json_provider_class' or 'app.json' instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
self._json_encoder = value
@property # type: ignore[override]
def json_decoder( # type: ignore[override]
self,
) -> t.Union[t.Type[json.JSONDecoder], None]:
"""Blueprint-local JSON decoder class to use. Set to ``None`` to use the app's.
.. deprecated:: 2.2
Will be removed in Flask 2.3. Customize
:attr:`json_provider_class` instead.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
"""
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"'bp.json_decoder' is deprecated and will be removed in Flask 2.3."
" Customize 'app.json_provider_class' or 'app.json' instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return self._json_decoder
@json_decoder.setter
def json_decoder(self, value: t.Union[t.Type[json.JSONDecoder], None]) -> None:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"'bp.json_decoder' is deprecated and will be removed in Flask 2.3."
" Customize 'app.json_provider_class' or 'app.json' instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
self._json_decoder = value
def __init__(
self,
name: str,
import_name: str,
static_folder: t.Optional[t.Union[str, os.PathLike]] = None,
static_url_path: t.Optional[str] = None,
template_folder: t.Optional[str] = None,
url_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None,
subdomain: t.Optional[str] = None,
url_defaults: t.Optional[dict] = None,
root_path: t.Optional[str] = None,
cli_group: t.Optional[str] = _sentinel, # type: ignore
):
super().__init__(
import_name=import_name,
static_folder=static_folder,
static_url_path=static_url_path,
template_folder=template_folder,
root_path=root_path,
)
if "." in name:
raise ValueError("'name' may not contain a dot '.' character.")
self.name = name
self.url_prefix = url_prefix
self.subdomain = subdomain
self.deferred_functions: t.List[DeferredSetupFunction] = []
if url_defaults is None:
url_defaults = {}
self.url_values_defaults = url_defaults
self.cli_group = cli_group
self._blueprints: t.List[t.Tuple["Blueprint", dict]] = []
def _check_setup_finished(self, f_name: str) -> None:
if self._got_registered_once:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
f"The setup method '{f_name}' can no longer be called on"
f" the blueprint '{self.name}'. It has already been"
" registered at least once, any changes will not be"
" applied consistently.\n"
"Make sure all imports, decorators, functions, etc."
" needed to set up the blueprint are done before"
" registering it.\n"
"This warning will become an exception in Flask 2.3.",
UserWarning,
stacklevel=3,
)
@setupmethod
def record(self, func: t.Callable) -> None:
"""Registers a function that is called when the blueprint is
registered on the application. This function is called with the
state as argument as returned by the :meth:`make_setup_state`
method.
"""
self.deferred_functions.append(func)
@setupmethod
def record_once(self, func: t.Callable) -> None:
"""Works like :meth:`record` but wraps the function in another
function that will ensure the function is only called once. If the
blueprint is registered a second time on the application, the
function passed is not called.
"""
def wrapper(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
if state.first_registration:
func(state)
self.record(update_wrapper(wrapper, func))
def make_setup_state(
self, app: "Flask", options: dict, first_registration: bool = False
) -> BlueprintSetupState:
"""Creates an instance of :meth:`~flask.blueprints.BlueprintSetupState`
object that is later passed to the register callback functions.
Subclasses can override this to return a subclass of the setup state.
"""
return BlueprintSetupState(self, app, options, first_registration)
@setupmethod
def register_blueprint(self, blueprint: "Blueprint", **options: t.Any) -> None:
"""Register a :class:`~flask.Blueprint` on this blueprint. Keyword
arguments passed to this method will override the defaults set
on the blueprint.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0.1
The ``name`` option can be used to change the (pre-dotted)
name the blueprint is registered with. This allows the same
blueprint to be registered multiple times with unique names
for ``url_for``.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
if blueprint is self:
raise ValueError("Cannot register a blueprint on itself")
self._blueprints.append((blueprint, options))
def register(self, app: "Flask", options: dict) -> None:
"""Called by :meth:`Flask.register_blueprint` to register all
views and callbacks registered on the blueprint with the
application. Creates a :class:`.BlueprintSetupState` and calls
each :meth:`record` callback with it.
:param app: The application this blueprint is being registered
with.
:param options: Keyword arguments forwarded from
:meth:`~Flask.register_blueprint`.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0.1
Nested blueprints are registered with their dotted name.
This allows different blueprints with the same name to be
nested at different locations.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0.1
The ``name`` option can be used to change the (pre-dotted)
name the blueprint is registered with. This allows the same
blueprint to be registered multiple times with unique names
for ``url_for``.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0.1
Registering the same blueprint with the same name multiple
times is deprecated and will become an error in Flask 2.1.
"""
name_prefix = options.get("name_prefix", "")
self_name = options.get("name", self.name)
name = f"{name_prefix}.{self_name}".lstrip(".")
if name in app.blueprints:
bp_desc = "this" if app.blueprints[name] is self else "a different"
existing_at = f" '{name}'" if self_name != name else ""
raise ValueError(
f"The name '{self_name}' is already registered for"
f" {bp_desc} blueprint{existing_at}. Use 'name=' to"
f" provide a unique name."
)
first_bp_registration = not any(bp is self for bp in app.blueprints.values())
first_name_registration = name not in app.blueprints
app.blueprints[name] = self
self._got_registered_once = True
state = self.make_setup_state(app, options, first_bp_registration)
if self.has_static_folder:
state.add_url_rule(
f"{self.static_url_path}/<path:filename>",
view_func=self.send_static_file,
endpoint="static",
)
# Merge blueprint data into parent.
if first_bp_registration or first_name_registration:
def extend(bp_dict, parent_dict):
for key, values in bp_dict.items():
key = name if key is None else f"{name}.{key}"
parent_dict[key].extend(values)
for key, value in self.error_handler_spec.items():
key = name if key is None else f"{name}.{key}"
value = defaultdict(
dict,
{
code: {
exc_class: func for exc_class, func in code_values.items()
}
for code, code_values in value.items()
},
)
app.error_handler_spec[key] = value
for endpoint, func in self.view_functions.items():
app.view_functions[endpoint] = func
extend(self.before_request_funcs, app.before_request_funcs)
extend(self.after_request_funcs, app.after_request_funcs)
extend(
self.teardown_request_funcs,
app.teardown_request_funcs,
)
extend(self.url_default_functions, app.url_default_functions)
extend(self.url_value_preprocessors, app.url_value_preprocessors)
extend(self.template_context_processors, app.template_context_processors)
for deferred in self.deferred_functions:
deferred(state)
cli_resolved_group = options.get("cli_group", self.cli_group)
if self.cli.commands:
if cli_resolved_group is None:
app.cli.commands.update(self.cli.commands)
elif cli_resolved_group is _sentinel:
self.cli.name = name
app.cli.add_command(self.cli)
else:
self.cli.name = cli_resolved_group
app.cli.add_command(self.cli)
for blueprint, bp_options in self._blueprints:
bp_options = bp_options.copy()
bp_url_prefix = bp_options.get("url_prefix")
if bp_url_prefix is None:
bp_url_prefix = blueprint.url_prefix
if state.url_prefix is not None and bp_url_prefix is not None:
bp_options["url_prefix"] = (
state.url_prefix.rstrip("/") + "/" + bp_url_prefix.lstrip("/")
)
elif bp_url_prefix is not None:
bp_options["url_prefix"] = bp_url_prefix
elif state.url_prefix is not None:
bp_options["url_prefix"] = state.url_prefix
bp_options["name_prefix"] = name
blueprint.register(app, bp_options)
@setupmethod
def add_url_rule(
self,
rule: str,
endpoint: t.Optional[str] = None,
view_func: t.Optional[ft.RouteCallable] = None,
provide_automatic_options: t.Optional[bool] = None,
**options: t.Any,
) -> None:
"""Like :meth:`Flask.add_url_rule` but for a blueprint. The endpoint for
the :func:`url_for` function is prefixed with the name of the blueprint.
"""
if endpoint and "." in endpoint:
raise ValueError("'endpoint' may not contain a dot '.' character.")
if view_func and hasattr(view_func, "__name__") and "." in view_func.__name__:
raise ValueError("'view_func' name may not contain a dot '.' character.")
self.record(
lambda s: s.add_url_rule(
rule,
endpoint,
view_func,
provide_automatic_options=provide_automatic_options,
**options,
)
)
@setupmethod
def app_template_filter(
self, name: t.Optional[str] = None
) -> t.Callable[[T_template_filter], T_template_filter]:
"""Register a custom template filter, available application wide. Like
:meth:`Flask.template_filter` but for a blueprint.
:param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
function name will be used.
"""
def decorator(f: T_template_filter) -> T_template_filter:
self.add_app_template_filter(f, name=name)
return f
return decorator
@setupmethod
def add_app_template_filter(
self, f: ft.TemplateFilterCallable, name: t.Optional[str] = None
) -> None:
"""Register a custom template filter, available application wide. Like
:meth:`Flask.add_template_filter` but for a blueprint. Works exactly
like the :meth:`app_template_filter` decorator.
:param name: the optional name of the filter, otherwise the
function name will be used.
"""
def register_template(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
state.app.jinja_env.filters[name or f.__name__] = f
self.record_once(register_template)
@setupmethod
def app_template_test(
self, name: t.Optional[str] = None
) -> t.Callable[[T_template_test], T_template_test]:
"""Register a custom template test, available application wide. Like
:meth:`Flask.template_test` but for a blueprint.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
:param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
function name will be used.
"""
def decorator(f: T_template_test) -> T_template_test:
self.add_app_template_test(f, name=name)
return f
return decorator
@setupmethod
def add_app_template_test(
self, f: ft.TemplateTestCallable, name: t.Optional[str] = None
) -> None:
"""Register a custom template test, available application wide. Like
:meth:`Flask.add_template_test` but for a blueprint. Works exactly
like the :meth:`app_template_test` decorator.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
:param name: the optional name of the test, otherwise the
function name will be used.
"""
def register_template(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
state.app.jinja_env.tests[name or f.__name__] = f
self.record_once(register_template)
@setupmethod
def app_template_global(
self, name: t.Optional[str] = None
) -> t.Callable[[T_template_global], T_template_global]:
"""Register a custom template global, available application wide. Like
:meth:`Flask.template_global` but for a blueprint.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
:param name: the optional name of the global, otherwise the
function name will be used.
"""
def decorator(f: T_template_global) -> T_template_global:
self.add_app_template_global(f, name=name)
return f
return decorator
@setupmethod
def add_app_template_global(
self, f: ft.TemplateGlobalCallable, name: t.Optional[str] = None
) -> None:
"""Register a custom template global, available application wide. Like
:meth:`Flask.add_template_global` but for a blueprint. Works exactly
like the :meth:`app_template_global` decorator.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
:param name: the optional name of the global, otherwise the
function name will be used.
"""
def register_template(state: BlueprintSetupState) -> None:
state.app.jinja_env.globals[name or f.__name__] = f
self.record_once(register_template)
@setupmethod
def before_app_request(self, f: T_before_request) -> T_before_request:
"""Like :meth:`Flask.before_request`. Such a function is executed
before each request, even if outside of a blueprint.
"""
self.record_once(
lambda s: s.app.before_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
)
return f
@setupmethod
def before_app_first_request(
self, f: T_before_first_request
) -> T_before_first_request:
"""Like :meth:`Flask.before_first_request`. Such a function is
executed before the first request to the application.
.. deprecated:: 2.2
Will be removed in Flask 2.3. Run setup code when creating
the application instead.
"""
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"'before_app_first_request' is deprecated and will be"
" removed in Flask 2.3. Use 'record_once' instead to run"
" setup code when registering the blueprint.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.before_first_request_funcs.append(f))
return f
@setupmethod
def after_app_request(self, f: T_after_request) -> T_after_request:
"""Like :meth:`Flask.after_request` but for a blueprint. Such a function
is executed after each request, even if outside of the blueprint.
"""
self.record_once(
lambda s: s.app.after_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
)
return f
@setupmethod
def teardown_app_request(self, f: T_teardown) -> T_teardown:
"""Like :meth:`Flask.teardown_request` but for a blueprint. Such a
function is executed when tearing down each request, even if outside of
the blueprint.
"""
self.record_once(
lambda s: s.app.teardown_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
)
return f
@setupmethod
def app_context_processor(
self, f: T_template_context_processor
) -> T_template_context_processor:
"""Like :meth:`Flask.context_processor` but for a blueprint. Such a
function is executed each request, even if outside of the blueprint.
"""
self.record_once(
lambda s: s.app.template_context_processors.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
)
return f
@setupmethod
def app_errorhandler(
self, code: t.Union[t.Type[Exception], int]
) -> t.Callable[[T_error_handler], T_error_handler]:
"""Like :meth:`Flask.errorhandler` but for a blueprint. This
handler is used for all requests, even if outside of the blueprint.
"""
def decorator(f: T_error_handler) -> T_error_handler:
self.record_once(lambda s: s.app.errorhandler(code)(f))
return f
return decorator
@setupmethod
def app_url_value_preprocessor(
self, f: T_url_value_preprocessor
) -> T_url_value_preprocessor:
"""Same as :meth:`url_value_preprocessor` but application wide."""
self.record_once(
lambda s: s.app.url_value_preprocessors.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
)
return f
@setupmethod
def app_url_defaults(self, f: T_url_defaults) -> T_url_defaults:
"""Same as :meth:`url_defaults` but application wide."""
self.record_once(
lambda s: s.app.url_default_functions.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
)
return f

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
import errno
import json
import os
import types
import typing as t
from werkzeug.utils import import_string
class ConfigAttribute:
"""Makes an attribute forward to the config"""
def __init__(self, name: str, get_converter: t.Optional[t.Callable] = None) -> None:
self.__name__ = name
self.get_converter = get_converter
def __get__(self, obj: t.Any, owner: t.Any = None) -> t.Any:
if obj is None:
return self
rv = obj.config[self.__name__]
if self.get_converter is not None:
rv = self.get_converter(rv)
return rv
def __set__(self, obj: t.Any, value: t.Any) -> None:
obj.config[self.__name__] = value
class Config(dict):
"""Works exactly like a dict but provides ways to fill it from files
or special dictionaries. There are two common patterns to populate the
config.
Either you can fill the config from a config file::
app.config.from_pyfile('yourconfig.cfg')
Or alternatively you can define the configuration options in the
module that calls :meth:`from_object` or provide an import path to
a module that should be loaded. It is also possible to tell it to
use the same module and with that provide the configuration values
just before the call::
DEBUG = True
SECRET_KEY = 'development key'
app.config.from_object(__name__)
In both cases (loading from any Python file or loading from modules),
only uppercase keys are added to the config. This makes it possible to use
lowercase values in the config file for temporary values that are not added
to the config or to define the config keys in the same file that implements
the application.
Probably the most interesting way to load configurations is from an
environment variable pointing to a file::
app.config.from_envvar('YOURAPPLICATION_SETTINGS')
In this case before launching the application you have to set this
environment variable to the file you want to use. On Linux and OS X
use the export statement::
export YOURAPPLICATION_SETTINGS='/path/to/config/file'
On windows use `set` instead.
:param root_path: path to which files are read relative from. When the
config object is created by the application, this is
the application's :attr:`~flask.Flask.root_path`.
:param defaults: an optional dictionary of default values
"""
def __init__(self, root_path: str, defaults: t.Optional[dict] = None) -> None:
super().__init__(defaults or {})
self.root_path = root_path
def from_envvar(self, variable_name: str, silent: bool = False) -> bool:
"""Loads a configuration from an environment variable pointing to
a configuration file. This is basically just a shortcut with nicer
error messages for this line of code::
app.config.from_pyfile(os.environ['YOURAPPLICATION_SETTINGS'])
:param variable_name: name of the environment variable
:param silent: set to ``True`` if you want silent failure for missing
files.
:return: ``True`` if the file was loaded successfully.
"""
rv = os.environ.get(variable_name)
if not rv:
if silent:
return False
raise RuntimeError(
f"The environment variable {variable_name!r} is not set"
" and as such configuration could not be loaded. Set"
" this variable and make it point to a configuration"
" file"
)
return self.from_pyfile(rv, silent=silent)
def from_prefixed_env(
self, prefix: str = "FLASK", *, loads: t.Callable[[str], t.Any] = json.loads
) -> bool:
"""Load any environment variables that start with ``FLASK_``,
dropping the prefix from the env key for the config key. Values
are passed through a loading function to attempt to convert them
to more specific types than strings.
Keys are loaded in :func:`sorted` order.
The default loading function attempts to parse values as any
valid JSON type, including dicts and lists.
Specific items in nested dicts can be set by separating the
keys with double underscores (``__``). If an intermediate key
doesn't exist, it will be initialized to an empty dict.
:param prefix: Load env vars that start with this prefix,
separated with an underscore (``_``).
:param loads: Pass each string value to this function and use
the returned value as the config value. If any error is
raised it is ignored and the value remains a string. The
default is :func:`json.loads`.
.. versionadded:: 2.1
"""
prefix = f"{prefix}_"
len_prefix = len(prefix)
for key in sorted(os.environ):
if not key.startswith(prefix):
continue
value = os.environ[key]
try:
value = loads(value)
except Exception:
# Keep the value as a string if loading failed.
pass
# Change to key.removeprefix(prefix) on Python >= 3.9.
key = key[len_prefix:]
if "__" not in key:
# A non-nested key, set directly.
self[key] = value
continue
# Traverse nested dictionaries with keys separated by "__".
current = self
*parts, tail = key.split("__")
for part in parts:
# If an intermediate dict does not exist, create it.
if part not in current:
current[part] = {}
current = current[part]
current[tail] = value
return True
def from_pyfile(self, filename: str, silent: bool = False) -> bool:
"""Updates the values in the config from a Python file. This function
behaves as if the file was imported as module with the
:meth:`from_object` function.
:param filename: the filename of the config. This can either be an
absolute filename or a filename relative to the
root path.
:param silent: set to ``True`` if you want silent failure for missing
files.
:return: ``True`` if the file was loaded successfully.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
`silent` parameter.
"""
filename = os.path.join(self.root_path, filename)
d = types.ModuleType("config")
d.__file__ = filename
try:
with open(filename, mode="rb") as config_file:
exec(compile(config_file.read(), filename, "exec"), d.__dict__)
except OSError as e:
if silent and e.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.EISDIR, errno.ENOTDIR):
return False
e.strerror = f"Unable to load configuration file ({e.strerror})"
raise
self.from_object(d)
return True
def from_object(self, obj: t.Union[object, str]) -> None:
"""Updates the values from the given object. An object can be of one
of the following two types:
- a string: in this case the object with that name will be imported
- an actual object reference: that object is used directly
Objects are usually either modules or classes. :meth:`from_object`
loads only the uppercase attributes of the module/class. A ``dict``
object will not work with :meth:`from_object` because the keys of a
``dict`` are not attributes of the ``dict`` class.
Example of module-based configuration::
app.config.from_object('yourapplication.default_config')
from yourapplication import default_config
app.config.from_object(default_config)
Nothing is done to the object before loading. If the object is a
class and has ``@property`` attributes, it needs to be
instantiated before being passed to this method.
You should not use this function to load the actual configuration but
rather configuration defaults. The actual config should be loaded
with :meth:`from_pyfile` and ideally from a location not within the
package because the package might be installed system wide.
See :ref:`config-dev-prod` for an example of class-based configuration
using :meth:`from_object`.
:param obj: an import name or object
"""
if isinstance(obj, str):
obj = import_string(obj)
for key in dir(obj):
if key.isupper():
self[key] = getattr(obj, key)
def from_file(
self,
filename: str,
load: t.Callable[[t.IO[t.Any]], t.Mapping],
silent: bool = False,
) -> bool:
"""Update the values in the config from a file that is loaded
using the ``load`` parameter. The loaded data is passed to the
:meth:`from_mapping` method.
.. code-block:: python
import json
app.config.from_file("config.json", load=json.load)
import toml
app.config.from_file("config.toml", load=toml.load)
:param filename: The path to the data file. This can be an
absolute path or relative to the config root path.
:param load: A callable that takes a file handle and returns a
mapping of loaded data from the file.
:type load: ``Callable[[Reader], Mapping]`` where ``Reader``
implements a ``read`` method.
:param silent: Ignore the file if it doesn't exist.
:return: ``True`` if the file was loaded successfully.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
filename = os.path.join(self.root_path, filename)
try:
with open(filename) as f:
obj = load(f)
except OSError as e:
if silent and e.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.EISDIR):
return False
e.strerror = f"Unable to load configuration file ({e.strerror})"
raise
return self.from_mapping(obj)
def from_mapping(
self, mapping: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, t.Any]] = None, **kwargs: t.Any
) -> bool:
"""Updates the config like :meth:`update` ignoring items with non-upper
keys.
:return: Always returns ``True``.
.. versionadded:: 0.11
"""
mappings: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
if mapping is not None:
mappings.update(mapping)
mappings.update(kwargs)
for key, value in mappings.items():
if key.isupper():
self[key] = value
return True
def get_namespace(
self, namespace: str, lowercase: bool = True, trim_namespace: bool = True
) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
"""Returns a dictionary containing a subset of configuration options
that match the specified namespace/prefix. Example usage::
app.config['IMAGE_STORE_TYPE'] = 'fs'
app.config['IMAGE_STORE_PATH'] = '/var/app/images'
app.config['IMAGE_STORE_BASE_URL'] = 'http://img.website.com'
image_store_config = app.config.get_namespace('IMAGE_STORE_')
The resulting dictionary `image_store_config` would look like::
{
'type': 'fs',
'path': '/var/app/images',
'base_url': 'http://img.website.com'
}
This is often useful when configuration options map directly to
keyword arguments in functions or class constructors.
:param namespace: a configuration namespace
:param lowercase: a flag indicating if the keys of the resulting
dictionary should be lowercase
:param trim_namespace: a flag indicating if the keys of the resulting
dictionary should not include the namespace
.. versionadded:: 0.11
"""
rv = {}
for k, v in self.items():
if not k.startswith(namespace):
continue
if trim_namespace:
key = k[len(namespace) :]
else:
key = k
if lowercase:
key = key.lower()
rv[key] = v
return rv
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"<{type(self).__name__} {dict.__repr__(self)}>"

@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
import contextvars
import sys
import typing as t
from functools import update_wrapper
from types import TracebackType
from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException
from . import typing as ft
from .globals import _cv_app
from .globals import _cv_request
from .signals import appcontext_popped
from .signals import appcontext_pushed
if t.TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
from .app import Flask
from .sessions import SessionMixin
from .wrappers import Request
# a singleton sentinel value for parameter defaults
_sentinel = object()
class _AppCtxGlobals:
"""A plain object. Used as a namespace for storing data during an
application context.
Creating an app context automatically creates this object, which is
made available as the :data:`g` proxy.
.. describe:: 'key' in g
Check whether an attribute is present.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
.. describe:: iter(g)
Return an iterator over the attribute names.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
"""
# Define attr methods to let mypy know this is a namespace object
# that has arbitrary attributes.
def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> t.Any:
try:
return self.__dict__[name]
except KeyError:
raise AttributeError(name) from None
def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
self.__dict__[name] = value
def __delattr__(self, name: str) -> None:
try:
del self.__dict__[name]
except KeyError:
raise AttributeError(name) from None
def get(self, name: str, default: t.Optional[t.Any] = None) -> t.Any:
"""Get an attribute by name, or a default value. Like
:meth:`dict.get`.
:param name: Name of attribute to get.
:param default: Value to return if the attribute is not present.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
"""
return self.__dict__.get(name, default)
def pop(self, name: str, default: t.Any = _sentinel) -> t.Any:
"""Get and remove an attribute by name. Like :meth:`dict.pop`.
:param name: Name of attribute to pop.
:param default: Value to return if the attribute is not present,
instead of raising a ``KeyError``.
.. versionadded:: 0.11
"""
if default is _sentinel:
return self.__dict__.pop(name)
else:
return self.__dict__.pop(name, default)
def setdefault(self, name: str, default: t.Any = None) -> t.Any:
"""Get the value of an attribute if it is present, otherwise
set and return a default value. Like :meth:`dict.setdefault`.
:param name: Name of attribute to get.
:param default: Value to set and return if the attribute is not
present.
.. versionadded:: 0.11
"""
return self.__dict__.setdefault(name, default)
def __contains__(self, item: str) -> bool:
return item in self.__dict__
def __iter__(self) -> t.Iterator[str]:
return iter(self.__dict__)
def __repr__(self) -> str:
ctx = _cv_app.get(None)
if ctx is not None:
return f"<flask.g of '{ctx.app.name}'>"
return object.__repr__(self)
def after_this_request(f: ft.AfterRequestCallable) -> ft.AfterRequestCallable:
"""Executes a function after this request. This is useful to modify
response objects. The function is passed the response object and has
to return the same or a new one.
Example::
@app.route('/')
def index():
@after_this_request
def add_header(response):
response.headers['X-Foo'] = 'Parachute'
return response
return 'Hello World!'
This is more useful if a function other than the view function wants to
modify a response. For instance think of a decorator that wants to add
some headers without converting the return value into a response object.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
"""
ctx = _cv_request.get(None)
if ctx is None:
raise RuntimeError(
"'after_this_request' can only be used when a request"
" context is active, such as in a view function."
)
ctx._after_request_functions.append(f)
return f
def copy_current_request_context(f: t.Callable) -> t.Callable:
"""A helper function that decorates a function to retain the current
request context. This is useful when working with greenlets. The moment
the function is decorated a copy of the request context is created and
then pushed when the function is called. The current session is also
included in the copied request context.
Example::
import gevent
from flask import copy_current_request_context
@app.route('/')
def index():
@copy_current_request_context
def do_some_work():
# do some work here, it can access flask.request or
# flask.session like you would otherwise in the view function.
...
gevent.spawn(do_some_work)
return 'Regular response'
.. versionadded:: 0.10
"""
ctx = _cv_request.get(None)
if ctx is None:
raise RuntimeError(
"'copy_current_request_context' can only be used when a"
" request context is active, such as in a view function."
)
ctx = ctx.copy()
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
with ctx:
return ctx.app.ensure_sync(f)(*args, **kwargs)
return update_wrapper(wrapper, f)
def has_request_context() -> bool:
"""If you have code that wants to test if a request context is there or
not this function can be used. For instance, you may want to take advantage
of request information if the request object is available, but fail
silently if it is unavailable.
::
class User(db.Model):
def __init__(self, username, remote_addr=None):
self.username = username
if remote_addr is None and has_request_context():
remote_addr = request.remote_addr
self.remote_addr = remote_addr
Alternatively you can also just test any of the context bound objects
(such as :class:`request` or :class:`g`) for truthness::
class User(db.Model):
def __init__(self, username, remote_addr=None):
self.username = username
if remote_addr is None and request:
remote_addr = request.remote_addr
self.remote_addr = remote_addr
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
return _cv_request.get(None) is not None
def has_app_context() -> bool:
"""Works like :func:`has_request_context` but for the application
context. You can also just do a boolean check on the
:data:`current_app` object instead.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
"""
return _cv_app.get(None) is not None
class AppContext:
"""The app context contains application-specific information. An app
context is created and pushed at the beginning of each request if
one is not already active. An app context is also pushed when
running CLI commands.
"""
def __init__(self, app: "Flask") -> None:
self.app = app
self.url_adapter = app.create_url_adapter(None)
self.g: _AppCtxGlobals = app.app_ctx_globals_class()
self._cv_tokens: t.List[contextvars.Token] = []
def push(self) -> None:
"""Binds the app context to the current context."""
self._cv_tokens.append(_cv_app.set(self))
appcontext_pushed.send(self.app)
def pop(self, exc: t.Optional[BaseException] = _sentinel) -> None: # type: ignore
"""Pops the app context."""
try:
if len(self._cv_tokens) == 1:
if exc is _sentinel:
exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
self.app.do_teardown_appcontext(exc)
finally:
ctx = _cv_app.get()
_cv_app.reset(self._cv_tokens.pop())
if ctx is not self:
raise AssertionError(
f"Popped wrong app context. ({ctx!r} instead of {self!r})"
)
appcontext_popped.send(self.app)
def __enter__(self) -> "AppContext":
self.push()
return self
def __exit__(
self,
exc_type: t.Optional[type],
exc_value: t.Optional[BaseException],
tb: t.Optional[TracebackType],
) -> None:
self.pop(exc_value)
class RequestContext:
"""The request context contains per-request information. The Flask
app creates and pushes it at the beginning of the request, then pops
it at the end of the request. It will create the URL adapter and
request object for the WSGI environment provided.
Do not attempt to use this class directly, instead use
:meth:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context` and
:meth:`~flask.Flask.request_context` to create this object.
When the request context is popped, it will evaluate all the
functions registered on the application for teardown execution
(:meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_request`).
The request context is automatically popped at the end of the
request. When using the interactive debugger, the context will be
restored so ``request`` is still accessible. Similarly, the test
client can preserve the context after the request ends. However,
teardown functions may already have closed some resources such as
database connections.
"""
def __init__(
self,
app: "Flask",
environ: dict,
request: t.Optional["Request"] = None,
session: t.Optional["SessionMixin"] = None,
) -> None:
self.app = app
if request is None:
request = app.request_class(environ)
request.json_module = app.json # type: ignore[misc]
self.request: Request = request
self.url_adapter = None
try:
self.url_adapter = app.create_url_adapter(self.request)
except HTTPException as e:
self.request.routing_exception = e
self.flashes: t.Optional[t.List[t.Tuple[str, str]]] = None
self.session: t.Optional["SessionMixin"] = session
# Functions that should be executed after the request on the response
# object. These will be called before the regular "after_request"
# functions.
self._after_request_functions: t.List[ft.AfterRequestCallable] = []
self._cv_tokens: t.List[t.Tuple[contextvars.Token, t.Optional[AppContext]]] = []
def copy(self) -> "RequestContext":
"""Creates a copy of this request context with the same request object.
This can be used to move a request context to a different greenlet.
Because the actual request object is the same this cannot be used to
move a request context to a different thread unless access to the
request object is locked.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
.. versionchanged:: 1.1
The current session object is used instead of reloading the original
data. This prevents `flask.session` pointing to an out-of-date object.
"""
return self.__class__(
self.app,
environ=self.request.environ,
request=self.request,
session=self.session,
)
def match_request(self) -> None:
"""Can be overridden by a subclass to hook into the matching
of the request.
"""
try:
result = self.url_adapter.match(return_rule=True) # type: ignore
self.request.url_rule, self.request.view_args = result # type: ignore
except HTTPException as e:
self.request.routing_exception = e
def push(self) -> None:
# Before we push the request context we have to ensure that there
# is an application context.
app_ctx = _cv_app.get(None)
if app_ctx is None or app_ctx.app is not self.app:
app_ctx = self.app.app_context()
app_ctx.push()
else:
app_ctx = None
self._cv_tokens.append((_cv_request.set(self), app_ctx))
# Open the session at the moment that the request context is available.
# This allows a custom open_session method to use the request context.
# Only open a new session if this is the first time the request was
# pushed, otherwise stream_with_context loses the session.
if self.session is None:
session_interface = self.app.session_interface
self.session = session_interface.open_session(self.app, self.request)
if self.session is None:
self.session = session_interface.make_null_session(self.app)
# Match the request URL after loading the session, so that the
# session is available in custom URL converters.
if self.url_adapter is not None:
self.match_request()
def pop(self, exc: t.Optional[BaseException] = _sentinel) -> None: # type: ignore
"""Pops the request context and unbinds it by doing that. This will
also trigger the execution of functions registered by the
:meth:`~flask.Flask.teardown_request` decorator.
.. versionchanged:: 0.9
Added the `exc` argument.
"""
clear_request = len(self._cv_tokens) == 1
try:
if clear_request:
if exc is _sentinel:
exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
self.app.do_teardown_request(exc)
request_close = getattr(self.request, "close", None)
if request_close is not None:
request_close()
finally:
ctx = _cv_request.get()
token, app_ctx = self._cv_tokens.pop()
_cv_request.reset(token)
# get rid of circular dependencies at the end of the request
# so that we don't require the GC to be active.
if clear_request:
ctx.request.environ["werkzeug.request"] = None
if app_ctx is not None:
app_ctx.pop(exc)
if ctx is not self:
raise AssertionError(
f"Popped wrong request context. ({ctx!r} instead of {self!r})"
)
def __enter__(self) -> "RequestContext":
self.push()
return self
def __exit__(
self,
exc_type: t.Optional[type],
exc_value: t.Optional[BaseException],
tb: t.Optional[TracebackType],
) -> None:
self.pop(exc_value)
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return (
f"<{type(self).__name__} {self.request.url!r}"
f" [{self.request.method}] of {self.app.name}>"
)

@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
import typing as t
from .app import Flask
from .blueprints import Blueprint
from .globals import request_ctx
class UnexpectedUnicodeError(AssertionError, UnicodeError):
"""Raised in places where we want some better error reporting for
unexpected unicode or binary data.
"""
class DebugFilesKeyError(KeyError, AssertionError):
"""Raised from request.files during debugging. The idea is that it can
provide a better error message than just a generic KeyError/BadRequest.
"""
def __init__(self, request, key):
form_matches = request.form.getlist(key)
buf = [
f"You tried to access the file {key!r} in the request.files"
" dictionary but it does not exist. The mimetype for the"
f" request is {request.mimetype!r} instead of"
" 'multipart/form-data' which means that no file contents"
" were transmitted. To fix this error you should provide"
' enctype="multipart/form-data" in your form.'
]
if form_matches:
names = ", ".join(repr(x) for x in form_matches)
buf.append(
"\n\nThe browser instead transmitted some file names. "
f"This was submitted: {names}"
)
self.msg = "".join(buf)
def __str__(self):
return self.msg
class FormDataRoutingRedirect(AssertionError):
"""This exception is raised in debug mode if a routing redirect
would cause the browser to drop the method or body. This happens
when method is not GET, HEAD or OPTIONS and the status code is not
307 or 308.
"""
def __init__(self, request):
exc = request.routing_exception
buf = [
f"A request was sent to '{request.url}', but routing issued"
f" a redirect to the canonical URL '{exc.new_url}'."
]
if f"{request.base_url}/" == exc.new_url.partition("?")[0]:
buf.append(
" The URL was defined with a trailing slash. Flask"
" will redirect to the URL with a trailing slash if it"
" was accessed without one."
)
buf.append(
" Send requests to the canonical URL, or use 307 or 308 for"
" routing redirects. Otherwise, browsers will drop form"
" data.\n\n"
"This exception is only raised in debug mode."
)
super().__init__("".join(buf))
def attach_enctype_error_multidict(request):
"""Patch ``request.files.__getitem__`` to raise a descriptive error
about ``enctype=multipart/form-data``.
:param request: The request to patch.
:meta private:
"""
oldcls = request.files.__class__
class newcls(oldcls):
def __getitem__(self, key):
try:
return super().__getitem__(key)
except KeyError as e:
if key not in request.form:
raise
raise DebugFilesKeyError(request, key).with_traceback(
e.__traceback__
) from None
newcls.__name__ = oldcls.__name__
newcls.__module__ = oldcls.__module__
request.files.__class__ = newcls
def _dump_loader_info(loader) -> t.Generator:
yield f"class: {type(loader).__module__}.{type(loader).__name__}"
for key, value in sorted(loader.__dict__.items()):
if key.startswith("_"):
continue
if isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
if not all(isinstance(x, str) for x in value):
continue
yield f"{key}:"
for item in value:
yield f" - {item}"
continue
elif not isinstance(value, (str, int, float, bool)):
continue
yield f"{key}: {value!r}"
def explain_template_loading_attempts(app: Flask, template, attempts) -> None:
"""This should help developers understand what failed"""
info = [f"Locating template {template!r}:"]
total_found = 0
blueprint = None
if request_ctx and request_ctx.request.blueprint is not None:
blueprint = request_ctx.request.blueprint
for idx, (loader, srcobj, triple) in enumerate(attempts):
if isinstance(srcobj, Flask):
src_info = f"application {srcobj.import_name!r}"
elif isinstance(srcobj, Blueprint):
src_info = f"blueprint {srcobj.name!r} ({srcobj.import_name})"
else:
src_info = repr(srcobj)
info.append(f"{idx + 1:5}: trying loader of {src_info}")
for line in _dump_loader_info(loader):
info.append(f" {line}")
if triple is None:
detail = "no match"
else:
detail = f"found ({triple[1] or '<string>'!r})"
total_found += 1
info.append(f" -> {detail}")
seems_fishy = False
if total_found == 0:
info.append("Error: the template could not be found.")
seems_fishy = True
elif total_found > 1:
info.append("Warning: multiple loaders returned a match for the template.")
seems_fishy = True
if blueprint is not None and seems_fishy:
info.append(
" The template was looked up from an endpoint that belongs"
f" to the blueprint {blueprint!r}."
)
info.append(" Maybe you did not place a template in the right folder?")
info.append(" See https://flask.palletsprojects.com/blueprints/#templates")
app.logger.info("\n".join(info))

@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
import typing as t
from contextvars import ContextVar
from werkzeug.local import LocalProxy
if t.TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
from .app import Flask
from .ctx import _AppCtxGlobals
from .ctx import AppContext
from .ctx import RequestContext
from .sessions import SessionMixin
from .wrappers import Request
class _FakeStack:
def __init__(self, name: str, cv: ContextVar[t.Any]) -> None:
self.name = name
self.cv = cv
def _warn(self):
import warnings
warnings.warn(
f"'_{self.name}_ctx_stack' is deprecated and will be"
" removed in Flask 2.3. Use 'g' to store data, or"
f" '{self.name}_ctx' to access the current context.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=3,
)
def push(self, obj: t.Any) -> None:
self._warn()
self.cv.set(obj)
def pop(self) -> t.Any:
self._warn()
ctx = self.cv.get(None)
self.cv.set(None)
return ctx
@property
def top(self) -> t.Optional[t.Any]:
self._warn()
return self.cv.get(None)
_no_app_msg = """\
Working outside of application context.
This typically means that you attempted to use functionality that needed
the current application. To solve this, set up an application context
with app.app_context(). See the documentation for more information.\
"""
_cv_app: ContextVar["AppContext"] = ContextVar("flask.app_ctx")
__app_ctx_stack = _FakeStack("app", _cv_app)
app_ctx: "AppContext" = LocalProxy( # type: ignore[assignment]
_cv_app, unbound_message=_no_app_msg
)
current_app: "Flask" = LocalProxy( # type: ignore[assignment]
_cv_app, "app", unbound_message=_no_app_msg
)
g: "_AppCtxGlobals" = LocalProxy( # type: ignore[assignment]
_cv_app, "g", unbound_message=_no_app_msg
)
_no_req_msg = """\
Working outside of request context.
This typically means that you attempted to use functionality that needed
an active HTTP request. Consult the documentation on testing for
information about how to avoid this problem.\
"""
_cv_request: ContextVar["RequestContext"] = ContextVar("flask.request_ctx")
__request_ctx_stack = _FakeStack("request", _cv_request)
request_ctx: "RequestContext" = LocalProxy( # type: ignore[assignment]
_cv_request, unbound_message=_no_req_msg
)
request: "Request" = LocalProxy( # type: ignore[assignment]
_cv_request, "request", unbound_message=_no_req_msg
)
session: "SessionMixin" = LocalProxy( # type: ignore[assignment]
_cv_request, "session", unbound_message=_no_req_msg
)
def __getattr__(name: str) -> t.Any:
if name == "_app_ctx_stack":
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"'_app_ctx_stack' is deprecated and will be remoevd in Flask 2.3.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return __app_ctx_stack
if name == "_request_ctx_stack":
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"'_request_ctx_stack' is deprecated and will be remoevd in Flask 2.3.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return __request_ctx_stack
raise AttributeError(name)

@ -0,0 +1,705 @@
import os
import pkgutil
import socket
import sys
import typing as t
from datetime import datetime
from functools import lru_cache
from functools import update_wrapper
from threading import RLock
import werkzeug.utils
from werkzeug.exceptions import abort as _wz_abort
from werkzeug.utils import redirect as _wz_redirect
from .globals import _cv_request
from .globals import current_app
from .globals import request
from .globals import request_ctx
from .globals import session
from .signals import message_flashed
if t.TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
from werkzeug.wrappers import Response as BaseResponse
from .wrappers import Response
import typing_extensions as te
def get_env() -> str:
"""Get the environment the app is running in, indicated by the
:envvar:`FLASK_ENV` environment variable. The default is
``'production'``.
.. deprecated:: 2.2
Will be removed in Flask 2.3.
"""
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"'FLASK_ENV' and 'get_env' are deprecated and will be removed"
" in Flask 2.3. Use 'FLASK_DEBUG' instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return os.environ.get("FLASK_ENV") or "production"
def get_debug_flag() -> bool:
"""Get whether debug mode should be enabled for the app, indicated by the
:envvar:`FLASK_DEBUG` environment variable. The default is ``False``.
"""
val = os.environ.get("FLASK_DEBUG")
if not val:
env = os.environ.get("FLASK_ENV")
if env is not None:
print(
"'FLASK_ENV' is deprecated and will not be used in"
" Flask 2.3. Use 'FLASK_DEBUG' instead.",
file=sys.stderr,
)
return env == "development"
return False
return val.lower() not in {"0", "false", "no"}
def get_load_dotenv(default: bool = True) -> bool:
"""Get whether the user has disabled loading default dotenv files by
setting :envvar:`FLASK_SKIP_DOTENV`. The default is ``True``, load
the files.
:param default: What to return if the env var isn't set.
"""
val = os.environ.get("FLASK_SKIP_DOTENV")
if not val:
return default
return val.lower() in ("0", "false", "no")
def stream_with_context(
generator_or_function: t.Union[
t.Iterator[t.AnyStr], t.Callable[..., t.Iterator[t.AnyStr]]
]
) -> t.Iterator[t.AnyStr]:
"""Request contexts disappear when the response is started on the server.
This is done for efficiency reasons and to make it less likely to encounter
memory leaks with badly written WSGI middlewares. The downside is that if
you are using streamed responses, the generator cannot access request bound
information any more.
This function however can help you keep the context around for longer::
from flask import stream_with_context, request, Response
@app.route('/stream')
def streamed_response():
@stream_with_context
def generate():
yield 'Hello '
yield request.args['name']
yield '!'
return Response(generate())
Alternatively it can also be used around a specific generator::
from flask import stream_with_context, request, Response
@app.route('/stream')
def streamed_response():
def generate():
yield 'Hello '
yield request.args['name']
yield '!'
return Response(stream_with_context(generate()))
.. versionadded:: 0.9
"""
try:
gen = iter(generator_or_function) # type: ignore
except TypeError:
def decorator(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
gen = generator_or_function(*args, **kwargs) # type: ignore
return stream_with_context(gen)
return update_wrapper(decorator, generator_or_function) # type: ignore
def generator() -> t.Generator:
ctx = _cv_request.get(None)
if ctx is None:
raise RuntimeError(
"'stream_with_context' can only be used when a request"
" context is active, such as in a view function."
)
with ctx:
# Dummy sentinel. Has to be inside the context block or we're
# not actually keeping the context around.
yield None
# The try/finally is here so that if someone passes a WSGI level
# iterator in we're still running the cleanup logic. Generators
# don't need that because they are closed on their destruction
# automatically.
try:
yield from gen
finally:
if hasattr(gen, "close"):
gen.close() # type: ignore
# The trick is to start the generator. Then the code execution runs until
# the first dummy None is yielded at which point the context was already
# pushed. This item is discarded. Then when the iteration continues the
# real generator is executed.
wrapped_g = generator()
next(wrapped_g)
return wrapped_g
def make_response(*args: t.Any) -> "Response":
"""Sometimes it is necessary to set additional headers in a view. Because
views do not have to return response objects but can return a value that
is converted into a response object by Flask itself, it becomes tricky to
add headers to it. This function can be called instead of using a return
and you will get a response object which you can use to attach headers.
If view looked like this and you want to add a new header::
def index():
return render_template('index.html', foo=42)
You can now do something like this::
def index():
response = make_response(render_template('index.html', foo=42))
response.headers['X-Parachutes'] = 'parachutes are cool'
return response
This function accepts the very same arguments you can return from a
view function. This for example creates a response with a 404 error
code::
response = make_response(render_template('not_found.html'), 404)
The other use case of this function is to force the return value of a
view function into a response which is helpful with view
decorators::
response = make_response(view_function())
response.headers['X-Parachutes'] = 'parachutes are cool'
Internally this function does the following things:
- if no arguments are passed, it creates a new response argument
- if one argument is passed, :meth:`flask.Flask.make_response`
is invoked with it.
- if more than one argument is passed, the arguments are passed
to the :meth:`flask.Flask.make_response` function as tuple.
.. versionadded:: 0.6
"""
if not args:
return current_app.response_class()
if len(args) == 1:
args = args[0]
return current_app.make_response(args) # type: ignore
def url_for(
endpoint: str,
*,
_anchor: t.Optional[str] = None,
_method: t.Optional[str] = None,
_scheme: t.Optional[str] = None,
_external: t.Optional[bool] = None,
**values: t.Any,
) -> str:
"""Generate a URL to the given endpoint with the given values.
This requires an active request or application context, and calls
:meth:`current_app.url_for() <flask.Flask.url_for>`. See that method
for full documentation.
:param endpoint: The endpoint name associated with the URL to
generate. If this starts with a ``.``, the current blueprint
name (if any) will be used.
:param _anchor: If given, append this as ``#anchor`` to the URL.
:param _method: If given, generate the URL associated with this
method for the endpoint.
:param _scheme: If given, the URL will have this scheme if it is
external.
:param _external: If given, prefer the URL to be internal (False) or
require it to be external (True). External URLs include the
scheme and domain. When not in an active request, URLs are
external by default.
:param values: Values to use for the variable parts of the URL rule.
Unknown keys are appended as query string arguments, like
``?a=b&c=d``.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
Calls ``current_app.url_for``, allowing an app to override the
behavior.
.. versionchanged:: 0.10
The ``_scheme`` parameter was added.
.. versionchanged:: 0.9
The ``_anchor`` and ``_method`` parameters were added.
.. versionchanged:: 0.9
Calls ``app.handle_url_build_error`` on build errors.
"""
return current_app.url_for(
endpoint,
_anchor=_anchor,
_method=_method,
_scheme=_scheme,
_external=_external,
**values,
)
def redirect(
location: str, code: int = 302, Response: t.Optional[t.Type["BaseResponse"]] = None
) -> "BaseResponse":
"""Create a redirect response object.
If :data:`~flask.current_app` is available, it will use its
:meth:`~flask.Flask.redirect` method, otherwise it will use
:func:`werkzeug.utils.redirect`.
:param location: The URL to redirect to.
:param code: The status code for the redirect.
:param Response: The response class to use. Not used when
``current_app`` is active, which uses ``app.response_class``.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
Calls ``current_app.redirect`` if available instead of always
using Werkzeug's default ``redirect``.
"""
if current_app:
return current_app.redirect(location, code=code)
return _wz_redirect(location, code=code, Response=Response)
def abort( # type: ignore[misc]
code: t.Union[int, "BaseResponse"], *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
) -> "te.NoReturn":
"""Raise an :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.HTTPException` for the given
status code.
If :data:`~flask.current_app` is available, it will call its
:attr:`~flask.Flask.aborter` object, otherwise it will use
:func:`werkzeug.exceptions.abort`.
:param code: The status code for the exception, which must be
registered in ``app.aborter``.
:param args: Passed to the exception.
:param kwargs: Passed to the exception.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
Calls ``current_app.aborter`` if available instead of always
using Werkzeug's default ``abort``.
"""
if current_app:
current_app.aborter(code, *args, **kwargs)
_wz_abort(code, *args, **kwargs)
def get_template_attribute(template_name: str, attribute: str) -> t.Any:
"""Loads a macro (or variable) a template exports. This can be used to
invoke a macro from within Python code. If you for example have a
template named :file:`_cider.html` with the following contents:
.. sourcecode:: html+jinja
{% macro hello(name) %}Hello {{ name }}!{% endmacro %}
You can access this from Python code like this::
hello = get_template_attribute('_cider.html', 'hello')
return hello('World')
.. versionadded:: 0.2
:param template_name: the name of the template
:param attribute: the name of the variable of macro to access
"""
return getattr(current_app.jinja_env.get_template(template_name).module, attribute)
def flash(message: str, category: str = "message") -> None:
"""Flashes a message to the next request. In order to remove the
flashed message from the session and to display it to the user,
the template has to call :func:`get_flashed_messages`.
.. versionchanged:: 0.3
`category` parameter added.
:param message: the message to be flashed.
:param category: the category for the message. The following values
are recommended: ``'message'`` for any kind of message,
``'error'`` for errors, ``'info'`` for information
messages and ``'warning'`` for warnings. However any
kind of string can be used as category.
"""
# Original implementation:
#
# session.setdefault('_flashes', []).append((category, message))
#
# This assumed that changes made to mutable structures in the session are
# always in sync with the session object, which is not true for session
# implementations that use external storage for keeping their keys/values.
flashes = session.get("_flashes", [])
flashes.append((category, message))
session["_flashes"] = flashes
message_flashed.send(
current_app._get_current_object(), # type: ignore
message=message,
category=category,
)
def get_flashed_messages(
with_categories: bool = False, category_filter: t.Iterable[str] = ()
) -> t.Union[t.List[str], t.List[t.Tuple[str, str]]]:
"""Pulls all flashed messages from the session and returns them.
Further calls in the same request to the function will return
the same messages. By default just the messages are returned,
but when `with_categories` is set to ``True``, the return value will
be a list of tuples in the form ``(category, message)`` instead.
Filter the flashed messages to one or more categories by providing those
categories in `category_filter`. This allows rendering categories in
separate html blocks. The `with_categories` and `category_filter`
arguments are distinct:
* `with_categories` controls whether categories are returned with message
text (``True`` gives a tuple, where ``False`` gives just the message text).
* `category_filter` filters the messages down to only those matching the
provided categories.
See :doc:`/patterns/flashing` for examples.
.. versionchanged:: 0.3
`with_categories` parameter added.
.. versionchanged:: 0.9
`category_filter` parameter added.
:param with_categories: set to ``True`` to also receive categories.
:param category_filter: filter of categories to limit return values. Only
categories in the list will be returned.
"""
flashes = request_ctx.flashes
if flashes is None:
flashes = session.pop("_flashes") if "_flashes" in session else []
request_ctx.flashes = flashes
if category_filter:
flashes = list(filter(lambda f: f[0] in category_filter, flashes))
if not with_categories:
return [x[1] for x in flashes]
return flashes
def _prepare_send_file_kwargs(**kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
if kwargs.get("max_age") is None:
kwargs["max_age"] = current_app.get_send_file_max_age
kwargs.update(
environ=request.environ,
use_x_sendfile=current_app.config["USE_X_SENDFILE"],
response_class=current_app.response_class,
_root_path=current_app.root_path, # type: ignore
)
return kwargs
def send_file(
path_or_file: t.Union[os.PathLike, str, t.BinaryIO],
mimetype: t.Optional[str] = None,
as_attachment: bool = False,
download_name: t.Optional[str] = None,
conditional: bool = True,
etag: t.Union[bool, str] = True,
last_modified: t.Optional[t.Union[datetime, int, float]] = None,
max_age: t.Optional[
t.Union[int, t.Callable[[t.Optional[str]], t.Optional[int]]]
] = None,
) -> "Response":
"""Send the contents of a file to the client.
The first argument can be a file path or a file-like object. Paths
are preferred in most cases because Werkzeug can manage the file and
get extra information from the path. Passing a file-like object
requires that the file is opened in binary mode, and is mostly
useful when building a file in memory with :class:`io.BytesIO`.
Never pass file paths provided by a user. The path is assumed to be
trusted, so a user could craft a path to access a file you didn't
intend. Use :func:`send_from_directory` to safely serve
user-requested paths from within a directory.
If the WSGI server sets a ``file_wrapper`` in ``environ``, it is
used, otherwise Werkzeug's built-in wrapper is used. Alternatively,
if the HTTP server supports ``X-Sendfile``, configuring Flask with
``USE_X_SENDFILE = True`` will tell the server to send the given
path, which is much more efficient than reading it in Python.
:param path_or_file: The path to the file to send, relative to the
current working directory if a relative path is given.
Alternatively, a file-like object opened in binary mode. Make
sure the file pointer is seeked to the start of the data.
:param mimetype: The MIME type to send for the file. If not
provided, it will try to detect it from the file name.
:param as_attachment: Indicate to a browser that it should offer to
save the file instead of displaying it.
:param download_name: The default name browsers will use when saving
the file. Defaults to the passed file name.
:param conditional: Enable conditional and range responses based on
request headers. Requires passing a file path and ``environ``.
:param etag: Calculate an ETag for the file, which requires passing
a file path. Can also be a string to use instead.
:param last_modified: The last modified time to send for the file,
in seconds. If not provided, it will try to detect it from the
file path.
:param max_age: How long the client should cache the file, in
seconds. If set, ``Cache-Control`` will be ``public``, otherwise
it will be ``no-cache`` to prefer conditional caching.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
``download_name`` replaces the ``attachment_filename``
parameter. If ``as_attachment=False``, it is passed with
``Content-Disposition: inline`` instead.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
``max_age`` replaces the ``cache_timeout`` parameter.
``conditional`` is enabled and ``max_age`` is not set by
default.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
``etag`` replaces the ``add_etags`` parameter. It can be a
string to use instead of generating one.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
Passing a file-like object that inherits from
:class:`~io.TextIOBase` will raise a :exc:`ValueError` rather
than sending an empty file.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
Moved the implementation to Werkzeug. This is now a wrapper to
pass some Flask-specific arguments.
.. versionchanged:: 1.1
``filename`` may be a :class:`~os.PathLike` object.
.. versionchanged:: 1.1
Passing a :class:`~io.BytesIO` object supports range requests.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.3
Filenames are encoded with ASCII instead of Latin-1 for broader
compatibility with WSGI servers.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0
UTF-8 filenames as specified in :rfc:`2231` are supported.
.. versionchanged:: 0.12
The filename is no longer automatically inferred from file
objects. If you want to use automatic MIME and etag support,
pass a filename via ``filename_or_fp`` or
``attachment_filename``.
.. versionchanged:: 0.12
``attachment_filename`` is preferred over ``filename`` for MIME
detection.
.. versionchanged:: 0.9
``cache_timeout`` defaults to
:meth:`Flask.get_send_file_max_age`.
.. versionchanged:: 0.7
MIME guessing and etag support for file-like objects was
deprecated because it was unreliable. Pass a filename if you are
able to, otherwise attach an etag yourself.
.. versionchanged:: 0.5
The ``add_etags``, ``cache_timeout`` and ``conditional``
parameters were added. The default behavior is to add etags.
.. versionadded:: 0.2
"""
return werkzeug.utils.send_file( # type: ignore[return-value]
**_prepare_send_file_kwargs(
path_or_file=path_or_file,
environ=request.environ,
mimetype=mimetype,
as_attachment=as_attachment,
download_name=download_name,
conditional=conditional,
etag=etag,
last_modified=last_modified,
max_age=max_age,
)
)
def send_from_directory(
directory: t.Union[os.PathLike, str],
path: t.Union[os.PathLike, str],
**kwargs: t.Any,
) -> "Response":
"""Send a file from within a directory using :func:`send_file`.
.. code-block:: python
@app.route("/uploads/<path:name>")
def download_file(name):
return send_from_directory(
app.config['UPLOAD_FOLDER'], name, as_attachment=True
)
This is a secure way to serve files from a folder, such as static
files or uploads. Uses :func:`~werkzeug.security.safe_join` to
ensure the path coming from the client is not maliciously crafted to
point outside the specified directory.
If the final path does not point to an existing regular file,
raises a 404 :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.NotFound` error.
:param directory: The directory that ``path`` must be located under,
relative to the current application's root path.
:param path: The path to the file to send, relative to
``directory``.
:param kwargs: Arguments to pass to :func:`send_file`.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
``path`` replaces the ``filename`` parameter.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
Moved the implementation to Werkzeug. This is now a wrapper to
pass some Flask-specific arguments.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
"""
return werkzeug.utils.send_from_directory( # type: ignore[return-value]
directory, path, **_prepare_send_file_kwargs(**kwargs)
)
def get_root_path(import_name: str) -> str:
"""Find the root path of a package, or the path that contains a
module. If it cannot be found, returns the current working
directory.
Not to be confused with the value returned by :func:`find_package`.
:meta private:
"""
# Module already imported and has a file attribute. Use that first.
mod = sys.modules.get(import_name)
if mod is not None and hasattr(mod, "__file__") and mod.__file__ is not None:
return os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(mod.__file__))
# Next attempt: check the loader.
loader = pkgutil.get_loader(import_name)
# Loader does not exist or we're referring to an unloaded main
# module or a main module without path (interactive sessions), go
# with the current working directory.
if loader is None or import_name == "__main__":
return os.getcwd()
if hasattr(loader, "get_filename"):
filepath = loader.get_filename(import_name) # type: ignore
else:
# Fall back to imports.
__import__(import_name)
mod = sys.modules[import_name]
filepath = getattr(mod, "__file__", None)
# If we don't have a file path it might be because it is a
# namespace package. In this case pick the root path from the
# first module that is contained in the package.
if filepath is None:
raise RuntimeError(
"No root path can be found for the provided module"
f" {import_name!r}. This can happen because the module"
" came from an import hook that does not provide file"
" name information or because it's a namespace package."
" In this case the root path needs to be explicitly"
" provided."
)
# filepath is import_name.py for a module, or __init__.py for a package.
return os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(filepath))
class locked_cached_property(werkzeug.utils.cached_property):
"""A :func:`property` that is only evaluated once. Like
:class:`werkzeug.utils.cached_property` except access uses a lock
for thread safety.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
Inherits from Werkzeug's ``cached_property`` (and ``property``).
"""
def __init__(
self,
fget: t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any],
name: t.Optional[str] = None,
doc: t.Optional[str] = None,
) -> None:
super().__init__(fget, name=name, doc=doc)
self.lock = RLock()
def __get__(self, obj: object, type: type = None) -> t.Any: # type: ignore
if obj is None:
return self
with self.lock:
return super().__get__(obj, type=type)
def __set__(self, obj: object, value: t.Any) -> None:
with self.lock:
super().__set__(obj, value)
def __delete__(self, obj: object) -> None:
with self.lock:
super().__delete__(obj)
def is_ip(value: str) -> bool:
"""Determine if the given string is an IP address.
:param value: value to check
:type value: str
:return: True if string is an IP address
:rtype: bool
"""
for family in (socket.AF_INET, socket.AF_INET6):
try:
socket.inet_pton(family, value)
except OSError:
pass
else:
return True
return False
@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def _split_blueprint_path(name: str) -> t.List[str]:
out: t.List[str] = [name]
if "." in name:
out.extend(_split_blueprint_path(name.rpartition(".")[0]))
return out

@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
from __future__ import annotations
import json as _json
import typing as t
from jinja2.utils import htmlsafe_json_dumps as _jinja_htmlsafe_dumps
from ..globals import current_app
from .provider import _default
if t.TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
from ..app import Flask
from ..wrappers import Response
class JSONEncoder(_json.JSONEncoder):
"""The default JSON encoder. Handles extra types compared to the
built-in :class:`json.JSONEncoder`.
- :class:`datetime.datetime` and :class:`datetime.date` are
serialized to :rfc:`822` strings. This is the same as the HTTP
date format.
- :class:`decimal.Decimal` is serialized to a string.
- :class:`uuid.UUID` is serialized to a string.
- :class:`dataclasses.dataclass` is passed to
:func:`dataclasses.asdict`.
- :class:`~markupsafe.Markup` (or any object with a ``__html__``
method) will call the ``__html__`` method to get a string.
Assign a subclass of this to :attr:`flask.Flask.json_encoder` or
:attr:`flask.Blueprint.json_encoder` to override the default.
.. deprecated:: 2.2
Will be removed in Flask 2.3. Use ``app.json`` instead.
"""
def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"'JSONEncoder' is deprecated and will be removed in"
" Flask 2.3. Use 'Flask.json' to provide an alternate"
" JSON implementation instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=3,
)
super().__init__(**kwargs)
def default(self, o: t.Any) -> t.Any:
"""Convert ``o`` to a JSON serializable type. See
:meth:`json.JSONEncoder.default`. Python does not support
overriding how basic types like ``str`` or ``list`` are
serialized, they are handled before this method.
"""
return _default(o)
class JSONDecoder(_json.JSONDecoder):
"""The default JSON decoder.
This does not change any behavior from the built-in
:class:`json.JSONDecoder`.
Assign a subclass of this to :attr:`flask.Flask.json_decoder` or
:attr:`flask.Blueprint.json_decoder` to override the default.
.. deprecated:: 2.2
Will be removed in Flask 2.3. Use ``app.json`` instead.
"""
def __init__(self, **kwargs) -> None:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"'JSONDecoder' is deprecated and will be removed in"
" Flask 2.3. Use 'Flask.json' to provide an alternate"
" JSON implementation instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=3,
)
super().__init__(**kwargs)
def dumps(obj: t.Any, *, app: Flask | None = None, **kwargs: t.Any) -> str:
"""Serialize data as JSON.
If :data:`~flask.current_app` is available, it will use its
:meth:`app.json.dumps() <flask.json.provider.JSONProvider.dumps>`
method, otherwise it will use :func:`json.dumps`.
:param obj: The data to serialize.
:param kwargs: Arguments passed to the ``dumps`` implementation.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
Calls ``current_app.json.dumps``, allowing an app to override
the behavior.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
The ``app`` parameter will be removed in Flask 2.3.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0.2
:class:`decimal.Decimal` is supported by converting to a string.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
``encoding`` will be removed in Flask 2.1.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.3
``app`` can be passed directly, rather than requiring an app
context for configuration.
"""
if app is not None:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"The 'app' parameter is deprecated and will be removed in"
" Flask 2.3. Call 'app.json.dumps' directly instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
else:
app = current_app
if app:
return app.json.dumps(obj, **kwargs)
kwargs.setdefault("default", _default)
return _json.dumps(obj, **kwargs)
def dump(
obj: t.Any, fp: t.IO[str], *, app: Flask | None = None, **kwargs: t.Any
) -> None:
"""Serialize data as JSON and write to a file.
If :data:`~flask.current_app` is available, it will use its
:meth:`app.json.dump() <flask.json.provider.JSONProvider.dump>`
method, otherwise it will use :func:`json.dump`.
:param obj: The data to serialize.
:param fp: A file opened for writing text. Should use the UTF-8
encoding to be valid JSON.
:param kwargs: Arguments passed to the ``dump`` implementation.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
Calls ``current_app.json.dump``, allowing an app to override
the behavior.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
The ``app`` parameter will be removed in Flask 2.3.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
Writing to a binary file, and the ``encoding`` argument, will be
removed in Flask 2.1.
"""
if app is not None:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"The 'app' parameter is deprecated and will be removed in"
" Flask 2.3. Call 'app.json.dump' directly instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
else:
app = current_app
if app:
app.json.dump(obj, fp, **kwargs)
else:
kwargs.setdefault("default", _default)
_json.dump(obj, fp, **kwargs)
def loads(s: str | bytes, *, app: Flask | None = None, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
"""Deserialize data as JSON.
If :data:`~flask.current_app` is available, it will use its
:meth:`app.json.loads() <flask.json.provider.JSONProvider.loads>`
method, otherwise it will use :func:`json.loads`.
:param s: Text or UTF-8 bytes.
:param kwargs: Arguments passed to the ``loads`` implementation.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
Calls ``current_app.json.loads``, allowing an app to override
the behavior.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
The ``app`` parameter will be removed in Flask 2.3.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
``encoding`` will be removed in Flask 2.1. The data must be a
string or UTF-8 bytes.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.3
``app`` can be passed directly, rather than requiring an app
context for configuration.
"""
if app is not None:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"The 'app' parameter is deprecated and will be removed in"
" Flask 2.3. Call 'app.json.loads' directly instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
else:
app = current_app
if app:
return app.json.loads(s, **kwargs)
return _json.loads(s, **kwargs)
def load(fp: t.IO[t.AnyStr], *, app: Flask | None = None, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
"""Deserialize data as JSON read from a file.
If :data:`~flask.current_app` is available, it will use its
:meth:`app.json.load() <flask.json.provider.JSONProvider.load>`
method, otherwise it will use :func:`json.load`.
:param fp: A file opened for reading text or UTF-8 bytes.
:param kwargs: Arguments passed to the ``load`` implementation.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
Calls ``current_app.json.load``, allowing an app to override
the behavior.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
The ``app`` parameter will be removed in Flask 2.3.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
``encoding`` will be removed in Flask 2.1. The file must be text
mode, or binary mode with UTF-8 bytes.
"""
if app is not None:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"The 'app' parameter is deprecated and will be removed in"
" Flask 2.3. Call 'app.json.load' directly instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
else:
app = current_app
if app:
return app.json.load(fp, **kwargs)
return _json.load(fp, **kwargs)
def htmlsafe_dumps(obj: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> str:
"""Serialize an object to a string of JSON with :func:`dumps`, then
replace HTML-unsafe characters with Unicode escapes and mark the
result safe with :class:`~markupsafe.Markup`.
This is available in templates as the ``|tojson`` filter.
The returned string is safe to render in HTML documents and
``<script>`` tags. The exception is in HTML attributes that are
double quoted; either use single quotes or the ``|forceescape``
filter.
.. deprecated:: 2.2
Will be removed in Flask 2.3. This is built-in to Jinja now.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
Uses :func:`jinja2.utils.htmlsafe_json_dumps`. The returned
value is marked safe by wrapping in :class:`~markupsafe.Markup`.
.. versionchanged:: 0.10
Single quotes are escaped, making this safe to use in HTML,
``<script>`` tags, and single-quoted attributes without further
escaping.
"""
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"'htmlsafe_dumps' is deprecated and will be removed in Flask"
" 2.3. Use 'jinja2.utils.htmlsafe_json_dumps' instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
return _jinja_htmlsafe_dumps(obj, dumps=dumps, **kwargs)
def htmlsafe_dump(obj: t.Any, fp: t.IO[str], **kwargs: t.Any) -> None:
"""Serialize an object to JSON written to a file object, replacing
HTML-unsafe characters with Unicode escapes. See
:func:`htmlsafe_dumps` and :func:`dumps`.
.. deprecated:: 2.2
Will be removed in Flask 2.3.
"""
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"'htmlsafe_dump' is deprecated and will be removed in Flask"
" 2.3. Use 'jinja2.utils.htmlsafe_json_dumps' instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
fp.write(htmlsafe_dumps(obj, **kwargs))
def jsonify(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> Response:
"""Serialize the given arguments as JSON, and return a
:class:`~flask.Response` object with the ``application/json``
mimetype. A dict or list returned from a view will be converted to a
JSON response automatically without needing to call this.
This requires an active request or application context, and calls
:meth:`app.json.response() <flask.json.provider.JSONProvider.response>`.
In debug mode, the output is formatted with indentation to make it
easier to read. This may also be controlled by the provider.
Either positional or keyword arguments can be given, not both.
If no arguments are given, ``None`` is serialized.
:param args: A single value to serialize, or multiple values to
treat as a list to serialize.
:param kwargs: Treat as a dict to serialize.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
Calls ``current_app.json.response``, allowing an app to override
the behavior.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0.2
:class:`decimal.Decimal` is supported by converting to a string.
.. versionchanged:: 0.11
Added support for serializing top-level arrays. This was a
security risk in ancient browsers. See :ref:`security-json`.
.. versionadded:: 0.2
"""
return current_app.json.response(*args, **kwargs)

@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
from __future__ import annotations
import dataclasses
import decimal
import json
import typing as t
import uuid
import weakref
from datetime import date
from werkzeug.http import http_date
from ..globals import request
if t.TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
from ..app import Flask
from ..wrappers import Response
class JSONProvider:
"""A standard set of JSON operations for an application. Subclasses
of this can be used to customize JSON behavior or use different
JSON libraries.
To implement a provider for a specific library, subclass this base
class and implement at least :meth:`dumps` and :meth:`loads`. All
other methods have default implementations.
To use a different provider, either subclass ``Flask`` and set
:attr:`~flask.Flask.json_provider_class` to a provider class, or set
:attr:`app.json <flask.Flask.json>` to an instance of the class.
:param app: An application instance. This will be stored as a
:class:`weakref.proxy` on the :attr:`_app` attribute.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
"""
def __init__(self, app: Flask) -> None:
self._app = weakref.proxy(app)
def dumps(self, obj: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> str:
"""Serialize data as JSON.
:param obj: The data to serialize.
:param kwargs: May be passed to the underlying JSON library.
"""
raise NotImplementedError
def dump(self, obj: t.Any, fp: t.IO[str], **kwargs: t.Any) -> None:
"""Serialize data as JSON and write to a file.
:param obj: The data to serialize.
:param fp: A file opened for writing text. Should use the UTF-8
encoding to be valid JSON.
:param kwargs: May be passed to the underlying JSON library.
"""
fp.write(self.dumps(obj, **kwargs))
def loads(self, s: str | bytes, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
"""Deserialize data as JSON.
:param s: Text or UTF-8 bytes.
:param kwargs: May be passed to the underlying JSON library.
"""
raise NotImplementedError
def load(self, fp: t.IO[t.AnyStr], **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
"""Deserialize data as JSON read from a file.
:param fp: A file opened for reading text or UTF-8 bytes.
:param kwargs: May be passed to the underlying JSON library.
"""
return self.loads(fp.read(), **kwargs)
def _prepare_response_obj(
self, args: t.Tuple[t.Any, ...], kwargs: t.Dict[str, t.Any]
) -> t.Any:
if args and kwargs:
raise TypeError("app.json.response() takes either args or kwargs, not both")
if not args and not kwargs:
return None
if len(args) == 1:
return args[0]
return args or kwargs
def response(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> Response:
"""Serialize the given arguments as JSON, and return a
:class:`~flask.Response` object with the ``application/json``
mimetype.
The :func:`~flask.json.jsonify` function calls this method for
the current application.
Either positional or keyword arguments can be given, not both.
If no arguments are given, ``None`` is serialized.
:param args: A single value to serialize, or multiple values to
treat as a list to serialize.
:param kwargs: Treat as a dict to serialize.
"""
obj = self._prepare_response_obj(args, kwargs)
return self._app.response_class(self.dumps(obj), mimetype="application/json")
def _default(o: t.Any) -> t.Any:
if isinstance(o, date):
return http_date(o)
if isinstance(o, (decimal.Decimal, uuid.UUID)):
return str(o)
if dataclasses and dataclasses.is_dataclass(o):
return dataclasses.asdict(o)
if hasattr(o, "__html__"):
return str(o.__html__())
raise TypeError(f"Object of type {type(o).__name__} is not JSON serializable")
class DefaultJSONProvider(JSONProvider):
"""Provide JSON operations using Python's built-in :mod:`json`
library. Serializes the following additional data types:
- :class:`datetime.datetime` and :class:`datetime.date` are
serialized to :rfc:`822` strings. This is the same as the HTTP
date format.
- :class:`uuid.UUID` is serialized to a string.
- :class:`dataclasses.dataclass` is passed to
:func:`dataclasses.asdict`.
- :class:`~markupsafe.Markup` (or any object with a ``__html__``
method) will call the ``__html__`` method to get a string.
"""
default: t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any] = staticmethod(
_default
) # type: ignore[assignment]
"""Apply this function to any object that :meth:`json.dumps` does
not know how to serialize. It should return a valid JSON type or
raise a ``TypeError``.
"""
ensure_ascii = True
"""Replace non-ASCII characters with escape sequences. This may be
more compatible with some clients, but can be disabled for better
performance and size.
"""
sort_keys = True
"""Sort the keys in any serialized dicts. This may be useful for
some caching situations, but can be disabled for better performance.
When enabled, keys must all be strings, they are not converted
before sorting.
"""
compact: bool | None = None
"""If ``True``, or ``None`` out of debug mode, the :meth:`response`
output will not add indentation, newlines, or spaces. If ``False``,
or ``None`` in debug mode, it will use a non-compact representation.
"""
mimetype = "application/json"
"""The mimetype set in :meth:`response`."""
def dumps(self, obj: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> str:
"""Serialize data as JSON to a string.
Keyword arguments are passed to :func:`json.dumps`. Sets some
parameter defaults from the :attr:`default`,
:attr:`ensure_ascii`, and :attr:`sort_keys` attributes.
:param obj: The data to serialize.
:param kwargs: Passed to :func:`json.dumps`.
"""
cls = self._app._json_encoder
bp = self._app.blueprints.get(request.blueprint) if request else None
if bp is not None and bp._json_encoder is not None:
cls = bp._json_encoder
if cls is not None:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"Setting 'json_encoder' on the app or a blueprint is"
" deprecated and will be removed in Flask 2.3."
" Customize 'app.json' instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
)
kwargs.setdefault("cls", cls)
if "default" not in cls.__dict__:
kwargs.setdefault("default", self.default)
else:
kwargs.setdefault("default", self.default)
ensure_ascii = self._app.config["JSON_AS_ASCII"]
sort_keys = self._app.config["JSON_SORT_KEYS"]
if ensure_ascii is not None:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"The 'JSON_AS_ASCII' config key is deprecated and will"
" be removed in Flask 2.3. Set 'app.json.ensure_ascii'"
" instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
)
else:
ensure_ascii = self.ensure_ascii
if sort_keys is not None:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"The 'JSON_SORT_KEYS' config key is deprecated and will"
" be removed in Flask 2.3. Set 'app.json.sort_keys'"
" instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
)
else:
sort_keys = self.sort_keys
kwargs.setdefault("ensure_ascii", ensure_ascii)
kwargs.setdefault("sort_keys", sort_keys)
return json.dumps(obj, **kwargs)
def loads(self, s: str | bytes, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
"""Deserialize data as JSON from a string or bytes.
:param s: Text or UTF-8 bytes.
:param kwargs: Passed to :func:`json.loads`.
"""
cls = self._app._json_decoder
bp = self._app.blueprints.get(request.blueprint) if request else None
if bp is not None and bp._json_decoder is not None:
cls = bp._json_decoder
if cls is not None:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"Setting 'json_decoder' on the app or a blueprint is"
" deprecated and will be removed in Flask 2.3."
" Customize 'app.json' instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
)
kwargs.setdefault("cls", cls)
return json.loads(s, **kwargs)
def response(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> Response:
"""Serialize the given arguments as JSON, and return a
:class:`~flask.Response` object with it. The response mimetype
will be "application/json" and can be changed with
:attr:`mimetype`.
If :attr:`compact` is ``False`` or debug mode is enabled, the
output will be formatted to be easier to read.
Either positional or keyword arguments can be given, not both.
If no arguments are given, ``None`` is serialized.
:param args: A single value to serialize, or multiple values to
treat as a list to serialize.
:param kwargs: Treat as a dict to serialize.
"""
obj = self._prepare_response_obj(args, kwargs)
dump_args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
pretty = self._app.config["JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR"]
mimetype = self._app.config["JSONIFY_MIMETYPE"]
if pretty is not None:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"The 'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR' config key is"
" deprecated and will be removed in Flask 2.3. Set"
" 'app.json.compact' instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
)
compact: bool | None = not pretty
else:
compact = self.compact
if (compact is None and self._app.debug) or compact is False:
dump_args.setdefault("indent", 2)
else:
dump_args.setdefault("separators", (",", ":"))
if mimetype is not None:
import warnings
warnings.warn(
"The 'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE' config key is deprecated and"
" will be removed in Flask 2.3. Set 'app.json.mimetype'"
" instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
)
else:
mimetype = self.mimetype
return self._app.response_class(
f"{self.dumps(obj, **dump_args)}\n", mimetype=mimetype
)

@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
"""
Tagged JSON
~~~~~~~~~~~
A compact representation for lossless serialization of non-standard JSON
types. :class:`~flask.sessions.SecureCookieSessionInterface` uses this
to serialize the session data, but it may be useful in other places. It
can be extended to support other types.
.. autoclass:: TaggedJSONSerializer
:members:
.. autoclass:: JSONTag
:members:
Let's see an example that adds support for
:class:`~collections.OrderedDict`. Dicts don't have an order in JSON, so
to handle this we will dump the items as a list of ``[key, value]``
pairs. Subclass :class:`JSONTag` and give it the new key ``' od'`` to
identify the type. The session serializer processes dicts first, so
insert the new tag at the front of the order since ``OrderedDict`` must
be processed before ``dict``.
.. code-block:: python
from flask.json.tag import JSONTag
class TagOrderedDict(JSONTag):
__slots__ = ('serializer',)
key = ' od'
def check(self, value):
return isinstance(value, OrderedDict)
def to_json(self, value):
return [[k, self.serializer.tag(v)] for k, v in iteritems(value)]
def to_python(self, value):
return OrderedDict(value)
app.session_interface.serializer.register(TagOrderedDict, index=0)
"""
import typing as t
from base64 import b64decode
from base64 import b64encode
from datetime import datetime
from uuid import UUID
from markupsafe import Markup
from werkzeug.http import http_date
from werkzeug.http import parse_date
from ..json import dumps
from ..json import loads
class JSONTag:
"""Base class for defining type tags for :class:`TaggedJSONSerializer`."""
__slots__ = ("serializer",)
#: The tag to mark the serialized object with. If ``None``, this tag is
#: only used as an intermediate step during tagging.
key: t.Optional[str] = None
def __init__(self, serializer: "TaggedJSONSerializer") -> None:
"""Create a tagger for the given serializer."""
self.serializer = serializer
def check(self, value: t.Any) -> bool:
"""Check if the given value should be tagged by this tag."""
raise NotImplementedError
def to_json(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
"""Convert the Python object to an object that is a valid JSON type.
The tag will be added later."""
raise NotImplementedError
def to_python(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
"""Convert the JSON representation back to the correct type. The tag
will already be removed."""
raise NotImplementedError
def tag(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
"""Convert the value to a valid JSON type and add the tag structure
around it."""
return {self.key: self.to_json(value)}
class TagDict(JSONTag):
"""Tag for 1-item dicts whose only key matches a registered tag.
Internally, the dict key is suffixed with `__`, and the suffix is removed
when deserializing.
"""
__slots__ = ()
key = " di"
def check(self, value: t.Any) -> bool:
return (
isinstance(value, dict)
and len(value) == 1
and next(iter(value)) in self.serializer.tags
)
def to_json(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
key = next(iter(value))
return {f"{key}__": self.serializer.tag(value[key])}
def to_python(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
key = next(iter(value))
return {key[:-2]: value[key]}
class PassDict(JSONTag):
__slots__ = ()
def check(self, value: t.Any) -> bool:
return isinstance(value, dict)
def to_json(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
# JSON objects may only have string keys, so don't bother tagging the
# key here.
return {k: self.serializer.tag(v) for k, v in value.items()}
tag = to_json
class TagTuple(JSONTag):
__slots__ = ()
key = " t"
def check(self, value: t.Any) -> bool:
return isinstance(value, tuple)
def to_json(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
return [self.serializer.tag(item) for item in value]
def to_python(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
return tuple(value)
class PassList(JSONTag):
__slots__ = ()
def check(self, value: t.Any) -> bool:
return isinstance(value, list)
def to_json(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
return [self.serializer.tag(item) for item in value]
tag = to_json
class TagBytes(JSONTag):
__slots__ = ()
key = " b"
def check(self, value: t.Any) -> bool:
return isinstance(value, bytes)
def to_json(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
return b64encode(value).decode("ascii")
def to_python(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
return b64decode(value)
class TagMarkup(JSONTag):
"""Serialize anything matching the :class:`~markupsafe.Markup` API by
having a ``__html__`` method to the result of that method. Always
deserializes to an instance of :class:`~markupsafe.Markup`."""
__slots__ = ()
key = " m"
def check(self, value: t.Any) -> bool:
return callable(getattr(value, "__html__", None))
def to_json(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
return str(value.__html__())
def to_python(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
return Markup(value)
class TagUUID(JSONTag):
__slots__ = ()
key = " u"
def check(self, value: t.Any) -> bool:
return isinstance(value, UUID)
def to_json(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
return value.hex
def to_python(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
return UUID(value)
class TagDateTime(JSONTag):
__slots__ = ()
key = " d"
def check(self, value: t.Any) -> bool:
return isinstance(value, datetime)
def to_json(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
return http_date(value)
def to_python(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
return parse_date(value)
class TaggedJSONSerializer:
"""Serializer that uses a tag system to compactly represent objects that
are not JSON types. Passed as the intermediate serializer to
:class:`itsdangerous.Serializer`.
The following extra types are supported:
* :class:`dict`
* :class:`tuple`
* :class:`bytes`
* :class:`~markupsafe.Markup`
* :class:`~uuid.UUID`
* :class:`~datetime.datetime`
"""
__slots__ = ("tags", "order")
#: Tag classes to bind when creating the serializer. Other tags can be
#: added later using :meth:`~register`.
default_tags = [
TagDict,
PassDict,
TagTuple,
PassList,
TagBytes,
TagMarkup,
TagUUID,
TagDateTime,
]
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.tags: t.Dict[str, JSONTag] = {}
self.order: t.List[JSONTag] = []
for cls in self.default_tags:
self.register(cls)
def register(
self,
tag_class: t.Type[JSONTag],
force: bool = False,
index: t.Optional[int] = None,
) -> None:
"""Register a new tag with this serializer.
:param tag_class: tag class to register. Will be instantiated with this
serializer instance.
:param force: overwrite an existing tag. If false (default), a
:exc:`KeyError` is raised.
:param index: index to insert the new tag in the tag order. Useful when
the new tag is a special case of an existing tag. If ``None``
(default), the tag is appended to the end of the order.
:raise KeyError: if the tag key is already registered and ``force`` is
not true.
"""
tag = tag_class(self)
key = tag.key
if key is not None:
if not force and key in self.tags:
raise KeyError(f"Tag '{key}' is already registered.")
self.tags[key] = tag
if index is None:
self.order.append(tag)
else:
self.order.insert(index, tag)
def tag(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
"""Convert a value to a tagged representation if necessary."""
for tag in self.order:
if tag.check(value):
return tag.tag(value)
return value
def untag(self, value: t.Dict[str, t.Any]) -> t.Any:
"""Convert a tagged representation back to the original type."""
if len(value) != 1:
return value
key = next(iter(value))
if key not in self.tags:
return value
return self.tags[key].to_python(value[key])
def dumps(self, value: t.Any) -> str:
"""Tag the value and dump it to a compact JSON string."""
return dumps(self.tag(value), separators=(",", ":"))
def loads(self, value: str) -> t.Any:
"""Load data from a JSON string and deserialized any tagged objects."""
return loads(value, object_hook=self.untag)

@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
import logging
import sys
import typing as t
from werkzeug.local import LocalProxy
from .globals import request
if t.TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
from .app import Flask
@LocalProxy
def wsgi_errors_stream() -> t.TextIO:
"""Find the most appropriate error stream for the application. If a request
is active, log to ``wsgi.errors``, otherwise use ``sys.stderr``.
If you configure your own :class:`logging.StreamHandler`, you may want to
use this for the stream. If you are using file or dict configuration and
can't import this directly, you can refer to it as
``ext://flask.logging.wsgi_errors_stream``.
"""
return request.environ["wsgi.errors"] if request else sys.stderr
def has_level_handler(logger: logging.Logger) -> bool:
"""Check if there is a handler in the logging chain that will handle the
given logger's :meth:`effective level <~logging.Logger.getEffectiveLevel>`.
"""
level = logger.getEffectiveLevel()
current = logger
while current:
if any(handler.level <= level for handler in current.handlers):
return True
if not current.propagate:
break
current = current.parent # type: ignore
return False
#: Log messages to :func:`~flask.logging.wsgi_errors_stream` with the format
#: ``[%(asctime)s] %(levelname)s in %(module)s: %(message)s``.
default_handler = logging.StreamHandler(wsgi_errors_stream) # type: ignore
default_handler.setFormatter(
logging.Formatter("[%(asctime)s] %(levelname)s in %(module)s: %(message)s")
)
def create_logger(app: "Flask") -> logging.Logger:
"""Get the Flask app's logger and configure it if needed.
The logger name will be the same as
:attr:`app.import_name <flask.Flask.name>`.
When :attr:`~flask.Flask.debug` is enabled, set the logger level to
:data:`logging.DEBUG` if it is not set.
If there is no handler for the logger's effective level, add a
:class:`~logging.StreamHandler` for
:func:`~flask.logging.wsgi_errors_stream` with a basic format.
"""
logger = logging.getLogger(app.name)
if app.debug and not logger.level:
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
if not has_level_handler(logger):
logger.addHandler(default_handler)
return logger

@ -0,0 +1,898 @@
import importlib.util
import json
import os
import pathlib
import pkgutil
import sys
import typing as t
from collections import defaultdict
from datetime import timedelta
from functools import update_wrapper
from jinja2 import FileSystemLoader
from werkzeug.exceptions import default_exceptions
from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException
from . import typing as ft
from .cli import AppGroup
from .globals import current_app
from .helpers import get_root_path
from .helpers import locked_cached_property
from .helpers import send_from_directory
from .templating import _default_template_ctx_processor
if t.TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
from .wrappers import Response
# a singleton sentinel value for parameter defaults
_sentinel = object()
F = t.TypeVar("F", bound=t.Callable[..., t.Any])
T_after_request = t.TypeVar("T_after_request", bound=ft.AfterRequestCallable)
T_before_request = t.TypeVar("T_before_request", bound=ft.BeforeRequestCallable)
T_error_handler = t.TypeVar("T_error_handler", bound=ft.ErrorHandlerCallable)
T_teardown = t.TypeVar("T_teardown", bound=ft.TeardownCallable)
T_template_context_processor = t.TypeVar(
"T_template_context_processor", bound=ft.TemplateContextProcessorCallable
)
T_url_defaults = t.TypeVar("T_url_defaults", bound=ft.URLDefaultCallable)
T_url_value_preprocessor = t.TypeVar(
"T_url_value_preprocessor", bound=ft.URLValuePreprocessorCallable
)
T_route = t.TypeVar("T_route", bound=ft.RouteCallable)
def setupmethod(f: F) -> F:
f_name = f.__name__
def wrapper_func(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
self._check_setup_finished(f_name)
return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
return t.cast(F, update_wrapper(wrapper_func, f))
class Scaffold:
"""Common behavior shared between :class:`~flask.Flask` and
:class:`~flask.blueprints.Blueprint`.
:param import_name: The import name of the module where this object
is defined. Usually :attr:`__name__` should be used.
:param static_folder: Path to a folder of static files to serve.
If this is set, a static route will be added.
:param static_url_path: URL prefix for the static route.
:param template_folder: Path to a folder containing template files.
for rendering. If this is set, a Jinja loader will be added.
:param root_path: The path that static, template, and resource files
are relative to. Typically not set, it is discovered based on
the ``import_name``.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
name: str
_static_folder: t.Optional[str] = None
_static_url_path: t.Optional[str] = None
#: JSON encoder class used by :func:`flask.json.dumps`. If a
#: blueprint sets this, it will be used instead of the app's value.
#:
#: .. deprecated:: 2.2
#: Will be removed in Flask 2.3.
json_encoder: t.Union[t.Type[json.JSONEncoder], None] = None
#: JSON decoder class used by :func:`flask.json.loads`. If a
#: blueprint sets this, it will be used instead of the app's value.
#:
#: .. deprecated:: 2.2
#: Will be removed in Flask 2.3.
json_decoder: t.Union[t.Type[json.JSONDecoder], None] = None
def __init__(
self,
import_name: str,
static_folder: t.Optional[t.Union[str, os.PathLike]] = None,
static_url_path: t.Optional[str] = None,
template_folder: t.Optional[str] = None,
root_path: t.Optional[str] = None,
):
#: The name of the package or module that this object belongs
#: to. Do not change this once it is set by the constructor.
self.import_name = import_name
self.static_folder = static_folder # type: ignore
self.static_url_path = static_url_path
#: The path to the templates folder, relative to
#: :attr:`root_path`, to add to the template loader. ``None`` if
#: templates should not be added.
self.template_folder = template_folder
if root_path is None:
root_path = get_root_path(self.import_name)
#: Absolute path to the package on the filesystem. Used to look
#: up resources contained in the package.
self.root_path = root_path
#: The Click command group for registering CLI commands for this
#: object. The commands are available from the ``flask`` command
#: once the application has been discovered and blueprints have
#: been registered.
self.cli = AppGroup()
#: A dictionary mapping endpoint names to view functions.
#:
#: To register a view function, use the :meth:`route` decorator.
#:
#: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
#: directly and its format may change at any time.
self.view_functions: t.Dict[str, t.Callable] = {}
#: A data structure of registered error handlers, in the format
#: ``{scope: {code: {class: handler}}}``. The ``scope`` key is
#: the name of a blueprint the handlers are active for, or
#: ``None`` for all requests. The ``code`` key is the HTTP
#: status code for ``HTTPException``, or ``None`` for
#: other exceptions. The innermost dictionary maps exception
#: classes to handler functions.
#:
#: To register an error handler, use the :meth:`errorhandler`
#: decorator.
#:
#: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
#: directly and its format may change at any time.
self.error_handler_spec: t.Dict[
ft.AppOrBlueprintKey,
t.Dict[t.Optional[int], t.Dict[t.Type[Exception], ft.ErrorHandlerCallable]],
] = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(dict))
#: A data structure of functions to call at the beginning of
#: each request, in the format ``{scope: [functions]}``. The
#: ``scope`` key is the name of a blueprint the functions are
#: active for, or ``None`` for all requests.
#:
#: To register a function, use the :meth:`before_request`
#: decorator.
#:
#: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
#: directly and its format may change at any time.
self.before_request_funcs: t.Dict[
ft.AppOrBlueprintKey, t.List[ft.BeforeRequestCallable]
] = defaultdict(list)
#: A data structure of functions to call at the end of each
#: request, in the format ``{scope: [functions]}``. The
#: ``scope`` key is the name of a blueprint the functions are
#: active for, or ``None`` for all requests.
#:
#: To register a function, use the :meth:`after_request`
#: decorator.
#:
#: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
#: directly and its format may change at any time.
self.after_request_funcs: t.Dict[
ft.AppOrBlueprintKey, t.List[ft.AfterRequestCallable]
] = defaultdict(list)
#: A data structure of functions to call at the end of each
#: request even if an exception is raised, in the format
#: ``{scope: [functions]}``. The ``scope`` key is the name of a
#: blueprint the functions are active for, or ``None`` for all
#: requests.
#:
#: To register a function, use the :meth:`teardown_request`
#: decorator.
#:
#: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
#: directly and its format may change at any time.
self.teardown_request_funcs: t.Dict[
ft.AppOrBlueprintKey, t.List[ft.TeardownCallable]
] = defaultdict(list)
#: A data structure of functions to call to pass extra context
#: values when rendering templates, in the format
#: ``{scope: [functions]}``. The ``scope`` key is the name of a
#: blueprint the functions are active for, or ``None`` for all
#: requests.
#:
#: To register a function, use the :meth:`context_processor`
#: decorator.
#:
#: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
#: directly and its format may change at any time.
self.template_context_processors: t.Dict[
ft.AppOrBlueprintKey, t.List[ft.TemplateContextProcessorCallable]
] = defaultdict(list, {None: [_default_template_ctx_processor]})
#: A data structure of functions to call to modify the keyword
#: arguments passed to the view function, in the format
#: ``{scope: [functions]}``. The ``scope`` key is the name of a
#: blueprint the functions are active for, or ``None`` for all
#: requests.
#:
#: To register a function, use the
#: :meth:`url_value_preprocessor` decorator.
#:
#: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
#: directly and its format may change at any time.
self.url_value_preprocessors: t.Dict[
ft.AppOrBlueprintKey,
t.List[ft.URLValuePreprocessorCallable],
] = defaultdict(list)
#: A data structure of functions to call to modify the keyword
#: arguments when generating URLs, in the format
#: ``{scope: [functions]}``. The ``scope`` key is the name of a
#: blueprint the functions are active for, or ``None`` for all
#: requests.
#:
#: To register a function, use the :meth:`url_defaults`
#: decorator.
#:
#: This data structure is internal. It should not be modified
#: directly and its format may change at any time.
self.url_default_functions: t.Dict[
ft.AppOrBlueprintKey, t.List[ft.URLDefaultCallable]
] = defaultdict(list)
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"<{type(self).__name__} {self.name!r}>"
def _check_setup_finished(self, f_name: str) -> None:
raise NotImplementedError
@property
def static_folder(self) -> t.Optional[str]:
"""The absolute path to the configured static folder. ``None``
if no static folder is set.
"""
if self._static_folder is not None:
return os.path.join(self.root_path, self._static_folder)
else:
return None
@static_folder.setter
def static_folder(self, value: t.Optional[t.Union[str, os.PathLike]]) -> None:
if value is not None:
value = os.fspath(value).rstrip(r"\/")
self._static_folder = value
@property
def has_static_folder(self) -> bool:
"""``True`` if :attr:`static_folder` is set.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
"""
return self.static_folder is not None
@property
def static_url_path(self) -> t.Optional[str]:
"""The URL prefix that the static route will be accessible from.
If it was not configured during init, it is derived from
:attr:`static_folder`.
"""
if self._static_url_path is not None:
return self._static_url_path
if self.static_folder is not None:
basename = os.path.basename(self.static_folder)
return f"/{basename}".rstrip("/")
return None
@static_url_path.setter
def static_url_path(self, value: t.Optional[str]) -> None:
if value is not None:
value = value.rstrip("/")
self._static_url_path = value
def get_send_file_max_age(self, filename: t.Optional[str]) -> t.Optional[int]:
"""Used by :func:`send_file` to determine the ``max_age`` cache
value for a given file path if it wasn't passed.
By default, this returns :data:`SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT` from
the configuration of :data:`~flask.current_app`. This defaults
to ``None``, which tells the browser to use conditional requests
instead of a timed cache, which is usually preferable.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
The default configuration is ``None`` instead of 12 hours.
.. versionadded:: 0.9
"""
value = current_app.config["SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT"]
if value is None:
return None
if isinstance(value, timedelta):
return int(value.total_seconds())
return value
def send_static_file(self, filename: str) -> "Response":
"""The view function used to serve files from
:attr:`static_folder`. A route is automatically registered for
this view at :attr:`static_url_path` if :attr:`static_folder` is
set.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
"""
if not self.has_static_folder:
raise RuntimeError("'static_folder' must be set to serve static_files.")
# send_file only knows to call get_send_file_max_age on the app,
# call it here so it works for blueprints too.
max_age = self.get_send_file_max_age(filename)
return send_from_directory(
t.cast(str, self.static_folder), filename, max_age=max_age
)
@locked_cached_property
def jinja_loader(self) -> t.Optional[FileSystemLoader]:
"""The Jinja loader for this object's templates. By default this
is a class :class:`jinja2.loaders.FileSystemLoader` to
:attr:`template_folder` if it is set.
.. versionadded:: 0.5
"""
if self.template_folder is not None:
return FileSystemLoader(os.path.join(self.root_path, self.template_folder))
else:
return None
def open_resource(self, resource: str, mode: str = "rb") -> t.IO[t.AnyStr]:
"""Open a resource file relative to :attr:`root_path` for
reading.
For example, if the file ``schema.sql`` is next to the file
``app.py`` where the ``Flask`` app is defined, it can be opened
with:
.. code-block:: python
with app.open_resource("schema.sql") as f:
conn.executescript(f.read())
:param resource: Path to the resource relative to
:attr:`root_path`.
:param mode: Open the file in this mode. Only reading is
supported, valid values are "r" (or "rt") and "rb".
"""
if mode not in {"r", "rt", "rb"}:
raise ValueError("Resources can only be opened for reading.")
return open(os.path.join(self.root_path, resource), mode)
def _method_route(
self,
method: str,
rule: str,
options: dict,
) -> t.Callable[[T_route], T_route]:
if "methods" in options:
raise TypeError("Use the 'route' decorator to use the 'methods' argument.")
return self.route(rule, methods=[method], **options)
@setupmethod
def get(self, rule: str, **options: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[T_route], T_route]:
"""Shortcut for :meth:`route` with ``methods=["GET"]``.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
return self._method_route("GET", rule, options)
@setupmethod
def post(self, rule: str, **options: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[T_route], T_route]:
"""Shortcut for :meth:`route` with ``methods=["POST"]``.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
return self._method_route("POST", rule, options)
@setupmethod
def put(self, rule: str, **options: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[T_route], T_route]:
"""Shortcut for :meth:`route` with ``methods=["PUT"]``.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
return self._method_route("PUT", rule, options)
@setupmethod
def delete(self, rule: str, **options: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[T_route], T_route]:
"""Shortcut for :meth:`route` with ``methods=["DELETE"]``.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
return self._method_route("DELETE", rule, options)
@setupmethod
def patch(self, rule: str, **options: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[T_route], T_route]:
"""Shortcut for :meth:`route` with ``methods=["PATCH"]``.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
return self._method_route("PATCH", rule, options)
@setupmethod
def route(self, rule: str, **options: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[T_route], T_route]:
"""Decorate a view function to register it with the given URL
rule and options. Calls :meth:`add_url_rule`, which has more
details about the implementation.
.. code-block:: python
@app.route("/")
def index():
return "Hello, World!"
See :ref:`url-route-registrations`.
The endpoint name for the route defaults to the name of the view
function if the ``endpoint`` parameter isn't passed.
The ``methods`` parameter defaults to ``["GET"]``. ``HEAD`` and
``OPTIONS`` are added automatically.
:param rule: The URL rule string.
:param options: Extra options passed to the
:class:`~werkzeug.routing.Rule` object.
"""
def decorator(f: T_route) -> T_route:
endpoint = options.pop("endpoint", None)
self.add_url_rule(rule, endpoint, f, **options)
return f
return decorator
@setupmethod
def add_url_rule(
self,
rule: str,
endpoint: t.Optional[str] = None,
view_func: t.Optional[ft.RouteCallable] = None,
provide_automatic_options: t.Optional[bool] = None,
**options: t.Any,
) -> None:
"""Register a rule for routing incoming requests and building
URLs. The :meth:`route` decorator is a shortcut to call this
with the ``view_func`` argument. These are equivalent:
.. code-block:: python
@app.route("/")
def index():
...
.. code-block:: python
def index():
...
app.add_url_rule("/", view_func=index)
See :ref:`url-route-registrations`.
The endpoint name for the route defaults to the name of the view
function if the ``endpoint`` parameter isn't passed. An error
will be raised if a function has already been registered for the
endpoint.
The ``methods`` parameter defaults to ``["GET"]``. ``HEAD`` is
always added automatically, and ``OPTIONS`` is added
automatically by default.
``view_func`` does not necessarily need to be passed, but if the
rule should participate in routing an endpoint name must be
associated with a view function at some point with the
:meth:`endpoint` decorator.
.. code-block:: python
app.add_url_rule("/", endpoint="index")
@app.endpoint("index")
def index():
...
If ``view_func`` has a ``required_methods`` attribute, those
methods are added to the passed and automatic methods. If it
has a ``provide_automatic_methods`` attribute, it is used as the
default if the parameter is not passed.
:param rule: The URL rule string.
:param endpoint: The endpoint name to associate with the rule
and view function. Used when routing and building URLs.
Defaults to ``view_func.__name__``.
:param view_func: The view function to associate with the
endpoint name.
:param provide_automatic_options: Add the ``OPTIONS`` method and
respond to ``OPTIONS`` requests automatically.
:param options: Extra options passed to the
:class:`~werkzeug.routing.Rule` object.
"""
raise NotImplementedError
@setupmethod
def endpoint(self, endpoint: str) -> t.Callable[[F], F]:
"""Decorate a view function to register it for the given
endpoint. Used if a rule is added without a ``view_func`` with
:meth:`add_url_rule`.
.. code-block:: python
app.add_url_rule("/ex", endpoint="example")
@app.endpoint("example")
def example():
...
:param endpoint: The endpoint name to associate with the view
function.
"""
def decorator(f: F) -> F:
self.view_functions[endpoint] = f
return f
return decorator
@setupmethod
def before_request(self, f: T_before_request) -> T_before_request:
"""Register a function to run before each request.
For example, this can be used to open a database connection, or
to load the logged in user from the session.
.. code-block:: python
@app.before_request
def load_user():
if "user_id" in session:
g.user = db.session.get(session["user_id"])
The function will be called without any arguments. If it returns
a non-``None`` value, the value is handled as if it was the
return value from the view, and further request handling is
stopped.
"""
self.before_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
return f
@setupmethod
def after_request(self, f: T_after_request) -> T_after_request:
"""Register a function to run after each request to this object.
The function is called with the response object, and must return
a response object. This allows the functions to modify or
replace the response before it is sent.
If a function raises an exception, any remaining
``after_request`` functions will not be called. Therefore, this
should not be used for actions that must execute, such as to
close resources. Use :meth:`teardown_request` for that.
"""
self.after_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
return f
@setupmethod
def teardown_request(self, f: T_teardown) -> T_teardown:
"""Register a function to be called when the request context is
popped. Typically this happens at the end of each request, but
contexts may be pushed manually as well during testing.
.. code-block:: python
with app.test_request_context():
...
When the ``with`` block exits (or ``ctx.pop()`` is called), the
teardown functions are called just before the request context is
made inactive.
When a teardown function was called because of an unhandled
exception it will be passed an error object. If an
:meth:`errorhandler` is registered, it will handle the exception
and the teardown will not receive it.
Teardown functions must avoid raising exceptions. If they
execute code that might fail they must surround that code with a
``try``/``except`` block and log any errors.
The return values of teardown functions are ignored.
"""
self.teardown_request_funcs.setdefault(None, []).append(f)
return f
@setupmethod
def context_processor(
self,
f: T_template_context_processor,
) -> T_template_context_processor:
"""Registers a template context processor function."""
self.template_context_processors[None].append(f)
return f
@setupmethod
def url_value_preprocessor(
self,
f: T_url_value_preprocessor,
) -> T_url_value_preprocessor:
"""Register a URL value preprocessor function for all view
functions in the application. These functions will be called before the
:meth:`before_request` functions.
The function can modify the values captured from the matched url before
they are passed to the view. For example, this can be used to pop a
common language code value and place it in ``g`` rather than pass it to
every view.
The function is passed the endpoint name and values dict. The return
value is ignored.
"""
self.url_value_preprocessors[None].append(f)
return f
@setupmethod
def url_defaults(self, f: T_url_defaults) -> T_url_defaults:
"""Callback function for URL defaults for all view functions of the
application. It's called with the endpoint and values and should
update the values passed in place.
"""
self.url_default_functions[None].append(f)
return f
@setupmethod
def errorhandler(
self, code_or_exception: t.Union[t.Type[Exception], int]
) -> t.Callable[[T_error_handler], T_error_handler]:
"""Register a function to handle errors by code or exception class.
A decorator that is used to register a function given an
error code. Example::
@app.errorhandler(404)
def page_not_found(error):
return 'This page does not exist', 404
You can also register handlers for arbitrary exceptions::
@app.errorhandler(DatabaseError)
def special_exception_handler(error):
return 'Database connection failed', 500
.. versionadded:: 0.7
Use :meth:`register_error_handler` instead of modifying
:attr:`error_handler_spec` directly, for application wide error
handlers.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
One can now additionally also register custom exception types
that do not necessarily have to be a subclass of the
:class:`~werkzeug.exceptions.HTTPException` class.
:param code_or_exception: the code as integer for the handler, or
an arbitrary exception
"""
def decorator(f: T_error_handler) -> T_error_handler:
self.register_error_handler(code_or_exception, f)
return f
return decorator
@setupmethod
def register_error_handler(
self,
code_or_exception: t.Union[t.Type[Exception], int],
f: ft.ErrorHandlerCallable,
) -> None:
"""Alternative error attach function to the :meth:`errorhandler`
decorator that is more straightforward to use for non decorator
usage.
.. versionadded:: 0.7
"""
exc_class, code = self._get_exc_class_and_code(code_or_exception)
self.error_handler_spec[None][code][exc_class] = f
@staticmethod
def _get_exc_class_and_code(
exc_class_or_code: t.Union[t.Type[Exception], int]
) -> t.Tuple[t.Type[Exception], t.Optional[int]]:
"""Get the exception class being handled. For HTTP status codes
or ``HTTPException`` subclasses, return both the exception and
status code.
:param exc_class_or_code: Any exception class, or an HTTP status
code as an integer.
"""
exc_class: t.Type[Exception]
if isinstance(exc_class_or_code, int):
try:
exc_class = default_exceptions[exc_class_or_code]
except KeyError:
raise ValueError(
f"'{exc_class_or_code}' is not a recognized HTTP"
" error code. Use a subclass of HTTPException with"
" that code instead."
) from None
else:
exc_class = exc_class_or_code
if isinstance(exc_class, Exception):
raise TypeError(
f"{exc_class!r} is an instance, not a class. Handlers"
" can only be registered for Exception classes or HTTP"
" error codes."
)
if not issubclass(exc_class, Exception):
raise ValueError(
f"'{exc_class.__name__}' is not a subclass of Exception."
" Handlers can only be registered for Exception classes"
" or HTTP error codes."
)
if issubclass(exc_class, HTTPException):
return exc_class, exc_class.code
else:
return exc_class, None
def _endpoint_from_view_func(view_func: t.Callable) -> str:
"""Internal helper that returns the default endpoint for a given
function. This always is the function name.
"""
assert view_func is not None, "expected view func if endpoint is not provided."
return view_func.__name__
def _matching_loader_thinks_module_is_package(loader, mod_name):
"""Attempt to figure out if the given name is a package or a module.
:param: loader: The loader that handled the name.
:param mod_name: The name of the package or module.
"""
# Use loader.is_package if it's available.
if hasattr(loader, "is_package"):
return loader.is_package(mod_name)
cls = type(loader)
# NamespaceLoader doesn't implement is_package, but all names it
# loads must be packages.
if cls.__module__ == "_frozen_importlib" and cls.__name__ == "NamespaceLoader":
return True
# Otherwise we need to fail with an error that explains what went
# wrong.
raise AttributeError(
f"'{cls.__name__}.is_package()' must be implemented for PEP 302"
f" import hooks."
)
def _path_is_relative_to(path: pathlib.PurePath, base: str) -> bool:
# Path.is_relative_to doesn't exist until Python 3.9
try:
path.relative_to(base)
return True
except ValueError:
return False
def _find_package_path(import_name):
"""Find the path that contains the package or module."""
root_mod_name, _, _ = import_name.partition(".")
try:
root_spec = importlib.util.find_spec(root_mod_name)
if root_spec is None:
raise ValueError("not found")
# ImportError: the machinery told us it does not exist
# ValueError:
# - the module name was invalid
# - the module name is __main__
# - *we* raised `ValueError` due to `root_spec` being `None`
except (ImportError, ValueError):
pass # handled below
else:
# namespace package
if root_spec.origin in {"namespace", None}:
package_spec = importlib.util.find_spec(import_name)
if package_spec is not None and package_spec.submodule_search_locations:
# Pick the path in the namespace that contains the submodule.
package_path = pathlib.Path(
os.path.commonpath(package_spec.submodule_search_locations)
)
search_locations = (
location
for location in root_spec.submodule_search_locations
if _path_is_relative_to(package_path, location)
)
else:
# Pick the first path.
search_locations = iter(root_spec.submodule_search_locations)
return os.path.dirname(next(search_locations))
# a package (with __init__.py)
elif root_spec.submodule_search_locations:
return os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(root_spec.origin))
# just a normal module
else:
return os.path.dirname(root_spec.origin)
# we were unable to find the `package_path` using PEP 451 loaders
loader = pkgutil.get_loader(root_mod_name)
if loader is None or root_mod_name == "__main__":
# import name is not found, or interactive/main module
return os.getcwd()
if hasattr(loader, "get_filename"):
filename = loader.get_filename(root_mod_name)
elif hasattr(loader, "archive"):
# zipimporter's loader.archive points to the .egg or .zip file.
filename = loader.archive
else:
# At least one loader is missing both get_filename and archive:
# Google App Engine's HardenedModulesHook, use __file__.
filename = importlib.import_module(root_mod_name).__file__
package_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(filename))
# If the imported name is a package, filename is currently pointing
# to the root of the package, need to get the current directory.
if _matching_loader_thinks_module_is_package(loader, root_mod_name):
package_path = os.path.dirname(package_path)
return package_path
def find_package(import_name: str):
"""Find the prefix that a package is installed under, and the path
that it would be imported from.
The prefix is the directory containing the standard directory
hierarchy (lib, bin, etc.). If the package is not installed to the
system (:attr:`sys.prefix`) or a virtualenv (``site-packages``),
``None`` is returned.
The path is the entry in :attr:`sys.path` that contains the package
for import. If the package is not installed, it's assumed that the
package was imported from the current working directory.
"""
package_path = _find_package_path(import_name)
py_prefix = os.path.abspath(sys.prefix)
# installed to the system
if _path_is_relative_to(pathlib.PurePath(package_path), py_prefix):
return py_prefix, package_path
site_parent, site_folder = os.path.split(package_path)
# installed to a virtualenv
if site_folder.lower() == "site-packages":
parent, folder = os.path.split(site_parent)
# Windows (prefix/lib/site-packages)
if folder.lower() == "lib":
return parent, package_path
# Unix (prefix/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages)
if os.path.basename(parent).lower() == "lib":
return os.path.dirname(parent), package_path
# something else (prefix/site-packages)
return site_parent, package_path
# not installed
return None, package_path

@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
import hashlib
import typing as t
import warnings
from collections.abc import MutableMapping
from datetime import datetime
from datetime import timezone
from itsdangerous import BadSignature
from itsdangerous import URLSafeTimedSerializer
from werkzeug.datastructures import CallbackDict
from .helpers import is_ip
from .json.tag import TaggedJSONSerializer
if t.TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
import typing_extensions as te
from .app import Flask
from .wrappers import Request, Response
class SessionMixin(MutableMapping):
"""Expands a basic dictionary with session attributes."""
@property
def permanent(self) -> bool:
"""This reflects the ``'_permanent'`` key in the dict."""
return self.get("_permanent", False)
@permanent.setter
def permanent(self, value: bool) -> None:
self["_permanent"] = bool(value)
#: Some implementations can detect whether a session is newly
#: created, but that is not guaranteed. Use with caution. The mixin
# default is hard-coded ``False``.
new = False
#: Some implementations can detect changes to the session and set
#: this when that happens. The mixin default is hard coded to
#: ``True``.
modified = True
#: Some implementations can detect when session data is read or
#: written and set this when that happens. The mixin default is hard
#: coded to ``True``.
accessed = True
class SecureCookieSession(CallbackDict, SessionMixin):
"""Base class for sessions based on signed cookies.
This session backend will set the :attr:`modified` and
:attr:`accessed` attributes. It cannot reliably track whether a
session is new (vs. empty), so :attr:`new` remains hard coded to
``False``.
"""
#: When data is changed, this is set to ``True``. Only the session
#: dictionary itself is tracked; if the session contains mutable
#: data (for example a nested dict) then this must be set to
#: ``True`` manually when modifying that data. The session cookie
#: will only be written to the response if this is ``True``.
modified = False
#: When data is read or written, this is set to ``True``. Used by
# :class:`.SecureCookieSessionInterface` to add a ``Vary: Cookie``
#: header, which allows caching proxies to cache different pages for
#: different users.
accessed = False
def __init__(self, initial: t.Any = None) -> None:
def on_update(self) -> None:
self.modified = True
self.accessed = True
super().__init__(initial, on_update)
def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> t.Any:
self.accessed = True
return super().__getitem__(key)
def get(self, key: str, default: t.Any = None) -> t.Any:
self.accessed = True
return super().get(key, default)
def setdefault(self, key: str, default: t.Any = None) -> t.Any:
self.accessed = True
return super().setdefault(key, default)
class NullSession(SecureCookieSession):
"""Class used to generate nicer error messages if sessions are not
available. Will still allow read-only access to the empty session
but fail on setting.
"""
def _fail(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> "te.NoReturn":
raise RuntimeError(
"The session is unavailable because no secret "
"key was set. Set the secret_key on the "
"application to something unique and secret."
)
__setitem__ = __delitem__ = clear = pop = popitem = update = setdefault = _fail # type: ignore # noqa: B950
del _fail
class SessionInterface:
"""The basic interface you have to implement in order to replace the
default session interface which uses werkzeug's securecookie
implementation. The only methods you have to implement are
:meth:`open_session` and :meth:`save_session`, the others have
useful defaults which you don't need to change.
The session object returned by the :meth:`open_session` method has to
provide a dictionary like interface plus the properties and methods
from the :class:`SessionMixin`. We recommend just subclassing a dict
and adding that mixin::
class Session(dict, SessionMixin):
pass
If :meth:`open_session` returns ``None`` Flask will call into
:meth:`make_null_session` to create a session that acts as replacement
if the session support cannot work because some requirement is not
fulfilled. The default :class:`NullSession` class that is created
will complain that the secret key was not set.
To replace the session interface on an application all you have to do
is to assign :attr:`flask.Flask.session_interface`::
app = Flask(__name__)
app.session_interface = MySessionInterface()
Multiple requests with the same session may be sent and handled
concurrently. When implementing a new session interface, consider
whether reads or writes to the backing store must be synchronized.
There is no guarantee on the order in which the session for each
request is opened or saved, it will occur in the order that requests
begin and end processing.
.. versionadded:: 0.8
"""
#: :meth:`make_null_session` will look here for the class that should
#: be created when a null session is requested. Likewise the
#: :meth:`is_null_session` method will perform a typecheck against
#: this type.
null_session_class = NullSession
#: A flag that indicates if the session interface is pickle based.
#: This can be used by Flask extensions to make a decision in regards
#: to how to deal with the session object.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.10
pickle_based = False
def make_null_session(self, app: "Flask") -> NullSession:
"""Creates a null session which acts as a replacement object if the
real session support could not be loaded due to a configuration
error. This mainly aids the user experience because the job of the
null session is to still support lookup without complaining but
modifications are answered with a helpful error message of what
failed.
This creates an instance of :attr:`null_session_class` by default.
"""
return self.null_session_class()
def is_null_session(self, obj: object) -> bool:
"""Checks if a given object is a null session. Null sessions are
not asked to be saved.
This checks if the object is an instance of :attr:`null_session_class`
by default.
"""
return isinstance(obj, self.null_session_class)
def get_cookie_name(self, app: "Flask") -> str:
"""The name of the session cookie. Uses``app.config["SESSION_COOKIE_NAME"]``."""
return app.config["SESSION_COOKIE_NAME"]
def get_cookie_domain(self, app: "Flask") -> t.Optional[str]:
"""Returns the domain that should be set for the session cookie.
Uses ``SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN`` if it is configured, otherwise
falls back to detecting the domain based on ``SERVER_NAME``.
Once detected (or if not set at all), ``SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN`` is
updated to avoid re-running the logic.
"""
rv = app.config["SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN"]
# set explicitly, or cached from SERVER_NAME detection
# if False, return None
if rv is not None:
return rv if rv else None
rv = app.config["SERVER_NAME"]
# server name not set, cache False to return none next time
if not rv:
app.config["SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN"] = False
return None
# chop off the port which is usually not supported by browsers
# remove any leading '.' since we'll add that later
rv = rv.rsplit(":", 1)[0].lstrip(".")
if "." not in rv:
# Chrome doesn't allow names without a '.'. This should only
# come up with localhost. Hack around this by not setting
# the name, and show a warning.
warnings.warn(
f"{rv!r} is not a valid cookie domain, it must contain"
" a '.'. Add an entry to your hosts file, for example"
f" '{rv}.localdomain', and use that instead."
)
app.config["SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN"] = False
return None
ip = is_ip(rv)
if ip:
warnings.warn(
"The session cookie domain is an IP address. This may not work"
" as intended in some browsers. Add an entry to your hosts"
' file, for example "localhost.localdomain", and use that'
" instead."
)
# if this is not an ip and app is mounted at the root, allow subdomain
# matching by adding a '.' prefix
if self.get_cookie_path(app) == "/" and not ip:
rv = f".{rv}"
app.config["SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN"] = rv
return rv
def get_cookie_path(self, app: "Flask") -> str:
"""Returns the path for which the cookie should be valid. The
default implementation uses the value from the ``SESSION_COOKIE_PATH``
config var if it's set, and falls back to ``APPLICATION_ROOT`` or
uses ``/`` if it's ``None``.
"""
return app.config["SESSION_COOKIE_PATH"] or app.config["APPLICATION_ROOT"]
def get_cookie_httponly(self, app: "Flask") -> bool:
"""Returns True if the session cookie should be httponly. This
currently just returns the value of the ``SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY``
config var.
"""
return app.config["SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY"]
def get_cookie_secure(self, app: "Flask") -> bool:
"""Returns True if the cookie should be secure. This currently
just returns the value of the ``SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE`` setting.
"""
return app.config["SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE"]
def get_cookie_samesite(self, app: "Flask") -> str:
"""Return ``'Strict'`` or ``'Lax'`` if the cookie should use the
``SameSite`` attribute. This currently just returns the value of
the :data:`SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE` setting.
"""
return app.config["SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE"]
def get_expiration_time(
self, app: "Flask", session: SessionMixin
) -> t.Optional[datetime]:
"""A helper method that returns an expiration date for the session
or ``None`` if the session is linked to the browser session. The
default implementation returns now + the permanent session
lifetime configured on the application.
"""
if session.permanent:
return datetime.now(timezone.utc) + app.permanent_session_lifetime
return None
def should_set_cookie(self, app: "Flask", session: SessionMixin) -> bool:
"""Used by session backends to determine if a ``Set-Cookie`` header
should be set for this session cookie for this response. If the session
has been modified, the cookie is set. If the session is permanent and
the ``SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST`` config is true, the cookie is
always set.
This check is usually skipped if the session was deleted.
.. versionadded:: 0.11
"""
return session.modified or (
session.permanent and app.config["SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST"]
)
def open_session(
self, app: "Flask", request: "Request"
) -> t.Optional[SessionMixin]:
"""This is called at the beginning of each request, after
pushing the request context, before matching the URL.
This must return an object which implements a dictionary-like
interface as well as the :class:`SessionMixin` interface.
This will return ``None`` to indicate that loading failed in
some way that is not immediately an error. The request
context will fall back to using :meth:`make_null_session`
in this case.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def save_session(
self, app: "Flask", session: SessionMixin, response: "Response"
) -> None:
"""This is called at the end of each request, after generating
a response, before removing the request context. It is skipped
if :meth:`is_null_session` returns ``True``.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
session_json_serializer = TaggedJSONSerializer()
class SecureCookieSessionInterface(SessionInterface):
"""The default session interface that stores sessions in signed cookies
through the :mod:`itsdangerous` module.
"""
#: the salt that should be applied on top of the secret key for the
#: signing of cookie based sessions.
salt = "cookie-session"
#: the hash function to use for the signature. The default is sha1
digest_method = staticmethod(hashlib.sha1)
#: the name of the itsdangerous supported key derivation. The default
#: is hmac.
key_derivation = "hmac"
#: A python serializer for the payload. The default is a compact
#: JSON derived serializer with support for some extra Python types
#: such as datetime objects or tuples.
serializer = session_json_serializer
session_class = SecureCookieSession
def get_signing_serializer(
self, app: "Flask"
) -> t.Optional[URLSafeTimedSerializer]:
if not app.secret_key:
return None
signer_kwargs = dict(
key_derivation=self.key_derivation, digest_method=self.digest_method
)
return URLSafeTimedSerializer(
app.secret_key,
salt=self.salt,
serializer=self.serializer,
signer_kwargs=signer_kwargs,
)
def open_session(
self, app: "Flask", request: "Request"
) -> t.Optional[SecureCookieSession]:
s = self.get_signing_serializer(app)
if s is None:
return None
val = request.cookies.get(self.get_cookie_name(app))
if not val:
return self.session_class()
max_age = int(app.permanent_session_lifetime.total_seconds())
try:
data = s.loads(val, max_age=max_age)
return self.session_class(data)
except BadSignature:
return self.session_class()
def save_session(
self, app: "Flask", session: SessionMixin, response: "Response"
) -> None:
name = self.get_cookie_name(app)
domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app)
path = self.get_cookie_path(app)
secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app)
samesite = self.get_cookie_samesite(app)
httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app)
# If the session is modified to be empty, remove the cookie.
# If the session is empty, return without setting the cookie.
if not session:
if session.modified:
response.delete_cookie(
name,
domain=domain,
path=path,
secure=secure,
samesite=samesite,
httponly=httponly,
)
return
# Add a "Vary: Cookie" header if the session was accessed at all.
if session.accessed:
response.vary.add("Cookie")
if not self.should_set_cookie(app, session):
return
expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session)
val = self.get_signing_serializer(app).dumps(dict(session)) # type: ignore
response.set_cookie(
name,
val, # type: ignore
expires=expires,
httponly=httponly,
domain=domain,
path=path,
secure=secure,
samesite=samesite,
)

@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
import typing as t
try:
from blinker import Namespace
signals_available = True
except ImportError:
signals_available = False
class Namespace: # type: ignore
def signal(self, name: str, doc: t.Optional[str] = None) -> "_FakeSignal":
return _FakeSignal(name, doc)
class _FakeSignal:
"""If blinker is unavailable, create a fake class with the same
interface that allows sending of signals but will fail with an
error on anything else. Instead of doing anything on send, it
will just ignore the arguments and do nothing instead.
"""
def __init__(self, name: str, doc: t.Optional[str] = None) -> None:
self.name = name
self.__doc__ = doc
def send(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
pass
def _fail(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
raise RuntimeError(
"Signalling support is unavailable because the blinker"
" library is not installed."
) from None
connect = connect_via = connected_to = temporarily_connected_to = _fail
disconnect = _fail
has_receivers_for = receivers_for = _fail
del _fail
# The namespace for code signals. If you are not Flask code, do
# not put signals in here. Create your own namespace instead.
_signals = Namespace()
# Core signals. For usage examples grep the source code or consult
# the API documentation in docs/api.rst as well as docs/signals.rst
template_rendered = _signals.signal("template-rendered")
before_render_template = _signals.signal("before-render-template")
request_started = _signals.signal("request-started")
request_finished = _signals.signal("request-finished")
request_tearing_down = _signals.signal("request-tearing-down")
got_request_exception = _signals.signal("got-request-exception")
appcontext_tearing_down = _signals.signal("appcontext-tearing-down")
appcontext_pushed = _signals.signal("appcontext-pushed")
appcontext_popped = _signals.signal("appcontext-popped")
message_flashed = _signals.signal("message-flashed")

@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
import typing as t
from jinja2 import BaseLoader
from jinja2 import Environment as BaseEnvironment
from jinja2 import Template
from jinja2 import TemplateNotFound
from .globals import _cv_app
from .globals import _cv_request
from .globals import current_app
from .globals import request
from .helpers import stream_with_context
from .signals import before_render_template
from .signals import template_rendered
if t.TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
from .app import Flask
from .scaffold import Scaffold
def _default_template_ctx_processor() -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
"""Default template context processor. Injects `request`,
`session` and `g`.
"""
appctx = _cv_app.get(None)
reqctx = _cv_request.get(None)
rv: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
if appctx is not None:
rv["g"] = appctx.g
if reqctx is not None:
rv["request"] = reqctx.request
rv["session"] = reqctx.session
return rv
class Environment(BaseEnvironment):
"""Works like a regular Jinja2 environment but has some additional
knowledge of how Flask's blueprint works so that it can prepend the
name of the blueprint to referenced templates if necessary.
"""
def __init__(self, app: "Flask", **options: t.Any) -> None:
if "loader" not in options:
options["loader"] = app.create_global_jinja_loader()
BaseEnvironment.__init__(self, **options)
self.app = app
class DispatchingJinjaLoader(BaseLoader):
"""A loader that looks for templates in the application and all
the blueprint folders.
"""
def __init__(self, app: "Flask") -> None:
self.app = app
def get_source( # type: ignore
self, environment: Environment, template: str
) -> t.Tuple[str, t.Optional[str], t.Optional[t.Callable]]:
if self.app.config["EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING"]:
return self._get_source_explained(environment, template)
return self._get_source_fast(environment, template)
def _get_source_explained(
self, environment: Environment, template: str
) -> t.Tuple[str, t.Optional[str], t.Optional[t.Callable]]:
attempts = []
rv: t.Optional[t.Tuple[str, t.Optional[str], t.Optional[t.Callable[[], bool]]]]
trv: t.Optional[
t.Tuple[str, t.Optional[str], t.Optional[t.Callable[[], bool]]]
] = None
for srcobj, loader in self._iter_loaders(template):
try:
rv = loader.get_source(environment, template)
if trv is None:
trv = rv
except TemplateNotFound:
rv = None
attempts.append((loader, srcobj, rv))
from .debughelpers import explain_template_loading_attempts
explain_template_loading_attempts(self.app, template, attempts)
if trv is not None:
return trv
raise TemplateNotFound(template)
def _get_source_fast(
self, environment: Environment, template: str
) -> t.Tuple[str, t.Optional[str], t.Optional[t.Callable]]:
for _srcobj, loader in self._iter_loaders(template):
try:
return loader.get_source(environment, template)
except TemplateNotFound:
continue
raise TemplateNotFound(template)
def _iter_loaders(
self, template: str
) -> t.Generator[t.Tuple["Scaffold", BaseLoader], None, None]:
loader = self.app.jinja_loader
if loader is not None:
yield self.app, loader
for blueprint in self.app.iter_blueprints():
loader = blueprint.jinja_loader
if loader is not None:
yield blueprint, loader
def list_templates(self) -> t.List[str]:
result = set()
loader = self.app.jinja_loader
if loader is not None:
result.update(loader.list_templates())
for blueprint in self.app.iter_blueprints():
loader = blueprint.jinja_loader
if loader is not None:
for template in loader.list_templates():
result.add(template)
return list(result)
def _render(app: "Flask", template: Template, context: t.Dict[str, t.Any]) -> str:
app.update_template_context(context)
before_render_template.send(app, template=template, context=context)
rv = template.render(context)
template_rendered.send(app, template=template, context=context)
return rv
def render_template(
template_name_or_list: t.Union[str, Template, t.List[t.Union[str, Template]]],
**context: t.Any
) -> str:
"""Render a template by name with the given context.
:param template_name_or_list: The name of the template to render. If
a list is given, the first name to exist will be rendered.
:param context: The variables to make available in the template.
"""
app = current_app._get_current_object() # type: ignore[attr-defined]
template = app.jinja_env.get_or_select_template(template_name_or_list)
return _render(app, template, context)
def render_template_string(source: str, **context: t.Any) -> str:
"""Render a template from the given source string with the given
context.
:param source: The source code of the template to render.
:param context: The variables to make available in the template.
"""
app = current_app._get_current_object() # type: ignore[attr-defined]
template = app.jinja_env.from_string(source)
return _render(app, template, context)
def _stream(
app: "Flask", template: Template, context: t.Dict[str, t.Any]
) -> t.Iterator[str]:
app.update_template_context(context)
before_render_template.send(app, template=template, context=context)
def generate() -> t.Iterator[str]:
yield from template.generate(context)
template_rendered.send(app, template=template, context=context)
rv = generate()
# If a request context is active, keep it while generating.
if request:
rv = stream_with_context(rv)
return rv
def stream_template(
template_name_or_list: t.Union[str, Template, t.List[t.Union[str, Template]]],
**context: t.Any
) -> t.Iterator[str]:
"""Render a template by name with the given context as a stream.
This returns an iterator of strings, which can be used as a
streaming response from a view.
:param template_name_or_list: The name of the template to render. If
a list is given, the first name to exist will be rendered.
:param context: The variables to make available in the template.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
"""
app = current_app._get_current_object() # type: ignore[attr-defined]
template = app.jinja_env.get_or_select_template(template_name_or_list)
return _stream(app, template, context)
def stream_template_string(source: str, **context: t.Any) -> t.Iterator[str]:
"""Render a template from the given source string with the given
context as a stream. This returns an iterator of strings, which can
be used as a streaming response from a view.
:param source: The source code of the template to render.
:param context: The variables to make available in the template.
.. versionadded:: 2.2
"""
app = current_app._get_current_object() # type: ignore[attr-defined]
template = app.jinja_env.from_string(source)
return _stream(app, template, context)

@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
import typing as t
from contextlib import contextmanager
from contextlib import ExitStack
from copy import copy
from types import TracebackType
import werkzeug.test
from click.testing import CliRunner
from werkzeug.test import Client
from werkzeug.urls import url_parse
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request as BaseRequest
from .cli import ScriptInfo
from .globals import _cv_request
from .sessions import SessionMixin
if t.TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
from werkzeug.test import TestResponse
from .app import Flask
class EnvironBuilder(werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder):
"""An :class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`, that takes defaults from the
application.
:param app: The Flask application to configure the environment from.
:param path: URL path being requested.
:param base_url: Base URL where the app is being served, which
``path`` is relative to. If not given, built from
:data:`PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME`, ``subdomain``,
:data:`SERVER_NAME`, and :data:`APPLICATION_ROOT`.
:param subdomain: Subdomain name to append to :data:`SERVER_NAME`.
:param url_scheme: Scheme to use instead of
:data:`PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME`.
:param json: If given, this is serialized as JSON and passed as
``data``. Also defaults ``content_type`` to
``application/json``.
:param args: other positional arguments passed to
:class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`.
:param kwargs: other keyword arguments passed to
:class:`~werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder`.
"""
def __init__(
self,
app: "Flask",
path: str = "/",
base_url: t.Optional[str] = None,
subdomain: t.Optional[str] = None,
url_scheme: t.Optional[str] = None,
*args: t.Any,
**kwargs: t.Any,
) -> None:
assert not (base_url or subdomain or url_scheme) or (
base_url is not None
) != bool(
subdomain or url_scheme
), 'Cannot pass "subdomain" or "url_scheme" with "base_url".'
if base_url is None:
http_host = app.config.get("SERVER_NAME") or "localhost"
app_root = app.config["APPLICATION_ROOT"]
if subdomain:
http_host = f"{subdomain}.{http_host}"
if url_scheme is None:
url_scheme = app.config["PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME"]
url = url_parse(path)
base_url = (
f"{url.scheme or url_scheme}://{url.netloc or http_host}"
f"/{app_root.lstrip('/')}"
)
path = url.path
if url.query:
sep = b"?" if isinstance(url.query, bytes) else "?"
path += sep + url.query
self.app = app
super().__init__(path, base_url, *args, **kwargs)
def json_dumps(self, obj: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> str: # type: ignore
"""Serialize ``obj`` to a JSON-formatted string.
The serialization will be configured according to the config associated
with this EnvironBuilder's ``app``.
"""
return self.app.json.dumps(obj, **kwargs)
class FlaskClient(Client):
"""Works like a regular Werkzeug test client but has knowledge about
Flask's contexts to defer the cleanup of the request context until
the end of a ``with`` block. For general information about how to
use this class refer to :class:`werkzeug.test.Client`.
.. versionchanged:: 0.12
`app.test_client()` includes preset default environment, which can be
set after instantiation of the `app.test_client()` object in
`client.environ_base`.
Basic usage is outlined in the :doc:`/testing` chapter.
"""
application: "Flask"
def __init__(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> None:
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.preserve_context = False
self._new_contexts: t.List[t.ContextManager[t.Any]] = []
self._context_stack = ExitStack()
self.environ_base = {
"REMOTE_ADDR": "127.0.0.1",
"HTTP_USER_AGENT": f"werkzeug/{werkzeug.__version__}",
}
@contextmanager
def session_transaction(
self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
) -> t.Generator[SessionMixin, None, None]:
"""When used in combination with a ``with`` statement this opens a
session transaction. This can be used to modify the session that
the test client uses. Once the ``with`` block is left the session is
stored back.
::
with client.session_transaction() as session:
session['value'] = 42
Internally this is implemented by going through a temporary test
request context and since session handling could depend on
request variables this function accepts the same arguments as
:meth:`~flask.Flask.test_request_context` which are directly
passed through.
"""
if self.cookie_jar is None:
raise RuntimeError(
"Session transactions only make sense with cookies enabled."
)
app = self.application
environ_overrides = kwargs.setdefault("environ_overrides", {})
self.cookie_jar.inject_wsgi(environ_overrides)
outer_reqctx = _cv_request.get(None)
with app.test_request_context(*args, **kwargs) as c:
session_interface = app.session_interface
sess = session_interface.open_session(app, c.request)
if sess is None:
raise RuntimeError(
"Session backend did not open a session. Check the configuration"
)
# Since we have to open a new request context for the session
# handling we want to make sure that we hide out own context
# from the caller. By pushing the original request context
# (or None) on top of this and popping it we get exactly that
# behavior. It's important to not use the push and pop
# methods of the actual request context object since that would
# mean that cleanup handlers are called
token = _cv_request.set(outer_reqctx) # type: ignore[arg-type]
try:
yield sess
finally:
_cv_request.reset(token)
resp = app.response_class()
if not session_interface.is_null_session(sess):
session_interface.save_session(app, sess, resp)
headers = resp.get_wsgi_headers(c.request.environ)
self.cookie_jar.extract_wsgi(c.request.environ, headers)
def _copy_environ(self, other):
out = {**self.environ_base, **other}
if self.preserve_context:
out["werkzeug.debug.preserve_context"] = self._new_contexts.append
return out
def _request_from_builder_args(self, args, kwargs):
kwargs["environ_base"] = self._copy_environ(kwargs.get("environ_base", {}))
builder = EnvironBuilder(self.application, *args, **kwargs)
try:
return builder.get_request()
finally:
builder.close()
def open(
self,
*args: t.Any,
buffered: bool = False,
follow_redirects: bool = False,
**kwargs: t.Any,
) -> "TestResponse":
if args and isinstance(
args[0], (werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder, dict, BaseRequest)
):
if isinstance(args[0], werkzeug.test.EnvironBuilder):
builder = copy(args[0])
builder.environ_base = self._copy_environ(builder.environ_base or {})
request = builder.get_request()
elif isinstance(args[0], dict):
request = EnvironBuilder.from_environ(
args[0], app=self.application, environ_base=self._copy_environ({})
).get_request()
else:
# isinstance(args[0], BaseRequest)
request = copy(args[0])
request.environ = self._copy_environ(request.environ)
else:
# request is None
request = self._request_from_builder_args(args, kwargs)
# Pop any previously preserved contexts. This prevents contexts
# from being preserved across redirects or multiple requests
# within a single block.
self._context_stack.close()
response = super().open(
request,
buffered=buffered,
follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
)
response.json_module = self.application.json # type: ignore[misc]
# Re-push contexts that were preserved during the request.
while self._new_contexts:
cm = self._new_contexts.pop()
self._context_stack.enter_context(cm)
return response
def __enter__(self) -> "FlaskClient":
if self.preserve_context:
raise RuntimeError("Cannot nest client invocations")
self.preserve_context = True
return self
def __exit__(
self,
exc_type: t.Optional[type],
exc_value: t.Optional[BaseException],
tb: t.Optional[TracebackType],
) -> None:
self.preserve_context = False
self._context_stack.close()
class FlaskCliRunner(CliRunner):
"""A :class:`~click.testing.CliRunner` for testing a Flask app's
CLI commands. Typically created using
:meth:`~flask.Flask.test_cli_runner`. See :ref:`testing-cli`.
"""
def __init__(self, app: "Flask", **kwargs: t.Any) -> None:
self.app = app
super().__init__(**kwargs)
def invoke( # type: ignore
self, cli: t.Any = None, args: t.Any = None, **kwargs: t.Any
) -> t.Any:
"""Invokes a CLI command in an isolated environment. See
:meth:`CliRunner.invoke <click.testing.CliRunner.invoke>` for
full method documentation. See :ref:`testing-cli` for examples.
If the ``obj`` argument is not given, passes an instance of
:class:`~flask.cli.ScriptInfo` that knows how to load the Flask
app being tested.
:param cli: Command object to invoke. Default is the app's
:attr:`~flask.app.Flask.cli` group.
:param args: List of strings to invoke the command with.
:return: a :class:`~click.testing.Result` object.
"""
if cli is None:
cli = self.app.cli # type: ignore
if "obj" not in kwargs:
kwargs["obj"] = ScriptInfo(create_app=lambda: self.app)
return super().invoke(cli, args, **kwargs)

@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
import typing as t
if t.TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
from _typeshed.wsgi import WSGIApplication # noqa: F401
from werkzeug.datastructures import Headers # noqa: F401
from werkzeug.wrappers import Response # noqa: F401
# The possible types that are directly convertible or are a Response object.
ResponseValue = t.Union[
"Response",
str,
bytes,
t.List[t.Any],
# Only dict is actually accepted, but Mapping allows for TypedDict.
t.Mapping[str, t.Any],
t.Iterator[str],
t.Iterator[bytes],
]
# the possible types for an individual HTTP header
# This should be a Union, but mypy doesn't pass unless it's a TypeVar.
HeaderValue = t.Union[str, t.List[str], t.Tuple[str, ...]]
# the possible types for HTTP headers
HeadersValue = t.Union[
"Headers",
t.Mapping[str, HeaderValue],
t.Sequence[t.Tuple[str, HeaderValue]],
]
# The possible types returned by a route function.
ResponseReturnValue = t.Union[
ResponseValue,
t.Tuple[ResponseValue, HeadersValue],
t.Tuple[ResponseValue, int],
t.Tuple[ResponseValue, int, HeadersValue],
"WSGIApplication",
]
# Allow any subclass of werkzeug.Response, such as the one from Flask,
# as a callback argument. Using werkzeug.Response directly makes a
# callback annotated with flask.Response fail type checking.
ResponseClass = t.TypeVar("ResponseClass", bound="Response")
AppOrBlueprintKey = t.Optional[str] # The App key is None, whereas blueprints are named
AfterRequestCallable = t.Union[
t.Callable[[ResponseClass], ResponseClass],
t.Callable[[ResponseClass], t.Awaitable[ResponseClass]],
]
BeforeFirstRequestCallable = t.Union[
t.Callable[[], None], t.Callable[[], t.Awaitable[None]]
]
BeforeRequestCallable = t.Union[
t.Callable[[], t.Optional[ResponseReturnValue]],
t.Callable[[], t.Awaitable[t.Optional[ResponseReturnValue]]],
]
ShellContextProcessorCallable = t.Callable[[], t.Dict[str, t.Any]]
TeardownCallable = t.Union[
t.Callable[[t.Optional[BaseException]], None],
t.Callable[[t.Optional[BaseException]], t.Awaitable[None]],
]
TemplateContextProcessorCallable = t.Callable[[], t.Dict[str, t.Any]]
TemplateFilterCallable = t.Callable[..., t.Any]
TemplateGlobalCallable = t.Callable[..., t.Any]
TemplateTestCallable = t.Callable[..., bool]
URLDefaultCallable = t.Callable[[str, dict], None]
URLValuePreprocessorCallable = t.Callable[[t.Optional[str], t.Optional[dict]], None]
# This should take Exception, but that either breaks typing the argument
# with a specific exception, or decorating multiple times with different
# exceptions (and using a union type on the argument).
# https://github.com/pallets/flask/issues/4095
# https://github.com/pallets/flask/issues/4295
# https://github.com/pallets/flask/issues/4297
ErrorHandlerCallable = t.Callable[[t.Any], ResponseReturnValue]
RouteCallable = t.Union[
t.Callable[..., ResponseReturnValue],
t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable[ResponseReturnValue]],
]

@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
import typing as t
from . import typing as ft
from .globals import current_app
from .globals import request
http_method_funcs = frozenset(
["get", "post", "head", "options", "delete", "put", "trace", "patch"]
)
class View:
"""Subclass this class and override :meth:`dispatch_request` to
create a generic class-based view. Call :meth:`as_view` to create a
view function that creates an instance of the class with the given
arguments and calls its ``dispatch_request`` method with any URL
variables.
See :doc:`views` for a detailed guide.
.. code-block:: python
class Hello(View):
init_every_request = False
def dispatch_request(self, name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"
app.add_url_rule(
"/hello/<name>", view_func=Hello.as_view("hello")
)
Set :attr:`methods` on the class to change what methods the view
accepts.
Set :attr:`decorators` on the class to apply a list of decorators to
the generated view function. Decorators applied to the class itself
will not be applied to the generated view function!
Set :attr:`init_every_request` to ``False`` for efficiency, unless
you need to store request-global data on ``self``.
"""
#: The methods this view is registered for. Uses the same default
#: (``["GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS"]``) as ``route`` and
#: ``add_url_rule`` by default.
methods: t.ClassVar[t.Optional[t.Collection[str]]] = None
#: Control whether the ``OPTIONS`` method is handled automatically.
#: Uses the same default (``True``) as ``route`` and
#: ``add_url_rule`` by default.
provide_automatic_options: t.ClassVar[t.Optional[bool]] = None
#: A list of decorators to apply, in order, to the generated view
#: function. Remember that ``@decorator`` syntax is applied bottom
#: to top, so the first decorator in the list would be the bottom
#: decorator.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.8
decorators: t.ClassVar[t.List[t.Callable]] = []
#: Create a new instance of this view class for every request by
#: default. If a view subclass sets this to ``False``, the same
#: instance is used for every request.
#:
#: A single instance is more efficient, especially if complex setup
#: is done during init. However, storing data on ``self`` is no
#: longer safe across requests, and :data:`~flask.g` should be used
#: instead.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 2.2
init_every_request: t.ClassVar[bool] = True
def dispatch_request(self) -> ft.ResponseReturnValue:
"""The actual view function behavior. Subclasses must override
this and return a valid response. Any variables from the URL
rule are passed as keyword arguments.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
@classmethod
def as_view(
cls, name: str, *class_args: t.Any, **class_kwargs: t.Any
) -> ft.RouteCallable:
"""Convert the class into a view function that can be registered
for a route.
By default, the generated view will create a new instance of the
view class for every request and call its
:meth:`dispatch_request` method. If the view class sets
:attr:`init_every_request` to ``False``, the same instance will
be used for every request.
The arguments passed to this method are forwarded to the view
class ``__init__`` method.
.. versionchanged:: 2.2
Added the ``init_every_request`` class attribute.
"""
if cls.init_every_request:
def view(**kwargs: t.Any) -> ft.ResponseReturnValue:
self = view.view_class( # type: ignore[attr-defined]
*class_args, **class_kwargs
)
return current_app.ensure_sync(self.dispatch_request)(**kwargs)
else:
self = cls(*class_args, **class_kwargs)
def view(**kwargs: t.Any) -> ft.ResponseReturnValue:
return current_app.ensure_sync(self.dispatch_request)(**kwargs)
if cls.decorators:
view.__name__ = name
view.__module__ = cls.__module__
for decorator in cls.decorators:
view = decorator(view)
# We attach the view class to the view function for two reasons:
# first of all it allows us to easily figure out what class-based
# view this thing came from, secondly it's also used for instantiating
# the view class so you can actually replace it with something else
# for testing purposes and debugging.
view.view_class = cls # type: ignore
view.__name__ = name
view.__doc__ = cls.__doc__
view.__module__ = cls.__module__
view.methods = cls.methods # type: ignore
view.provide_automatic_options = cls.provide_automatic_options # type: ignore
return view
class MethodView(View):
"""Dispatches request methods to the corresponding instance methods.
For example, if you implement a ``get`` method, it will be used to
handle ``GET`` requests.
This can be useful for defining a REST API.
:attr:`methods` is automatically set based on the methods defined on
the class.
See :doc:`views` for a detailed guide.
.. code-block:: python
class CounterAPI(MethodView):
def get(self):
return str(session.get("counter", 0))
def post(self):
session["counter"] = session.get("counter", 0) + 1
return redirect(url_for("counter"))
app.add_url_rule(
"/counter", view_func=CounterAPI.as_view("counter")
)
"""
def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs: t.Any) -> None:
super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
if "methods" not in cls.__dict__:
methods = set()
for base in cls.__bases__:
if getattr(base, "methods", None):
methods.update(base.methods) # type: ignore[attr-defined]
for key in http_method_funcs:
if hasattr(cls, key):
methods.add(key.upper())
if methods:
cls.methods = methods
def dispatch_request(self, **kwargs: t.Any) -> ft.ResponseReturnValue:
meth = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), None)
# If the request method is HEAD and we don't have a handler for it
# retry with GET.
if meth is None and request.method == "HEAD":
meth = getattr(self, "get", None)
assert meth is not None, f"Unimplemented method {request.method!r}"
return current_app.ensure_sync(meth)(**kwargs)

@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
import typing as t
from werkzeug.exceptions import BadRequest
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request as RequestBase
from werkzeug.wrappers import Response as ResponseBase
from . import json
from .globals import current_app
from .helpers import _split_blueprint_path
if t.TYPE_CHECKING: # pragma: no cover
from werkzeug.routing import Rule
class Request(RequestBase):
"""The request object used by default in Flask. Remembers the
matched endpoint and view arguments.
It is what ends up as :class:`~flask.request`. If you want to replace
the request object used you can subclass this and set
:attr:`~flask.Flask.request_class` to your subclass.
The request object is a :class:`~werkzeug.wrappers.Request` subclass and
provides all of the attributes Werkzeug defines plus a few Flask
specific ones.
"""
json_module = json
#: The internal URL rule that matched the request. This can be
#: useful to inspect which methods are allowed for the URL from
#: a before/after handler (``request.url_rule.methods``) etc.
#: Though if the request's method was invalid for the URL rule,
#: the valid list is available in ``routing_exception.valid_methods``
#: instead (an attribute of the Werkzeug exception
#: :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.MethodNotAllowed`)
#: because the request was never internally bound.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.6
url_rule: t.Optional["Rule"] = None
#: A dict of view arguments that matched the request. If an exception
#: happened when matching, this will be ``None``.
view_args: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Any]] = None
#: If matching the URL failed, this is the exception that will be
#: raised / was raised as part of the request handling. This is
#: usually a :exc:`~werkzeug.exceptions.NotFound` exception or
#: something similar.
routing_exception: t.Optional[Exception] = None
@property
def max_content_length(self) -> t.Optional[int]: # type: ignore
"""Read-only view of the ``MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH`` config key."""
if current_app:
return current_app.config["MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH"]
else:
return None
@property
def endpoint(self) -> t.Optional[str]:
"""The endpoint that matched the request URL.
This will be ``None`` if matching failed or has not been
performed yet.
This in combination with :attr:`view_args` can be used to
reconstruct the same URL or a modified URL.
"""
if self.url_rule is not None:
return self.url_rule.endpoint
return None
@property
def blueprint(self) -> t.Optional[str]:
"""The registered name of the current blueprint.
This will be ``None`` if the endpoint is not part of a
blueprint, or if URL matching failed or has not been performed
yet.
This does not necessarily match the name the blueprint was
created with. It may have been nested, or registered with a
different name.
"""
endpoint = self.endpoint
if endpoint is not None and "." in endpoint:
return endpoint.rpartition(".")[0]
return None
@property
def blueprints(self) -> t.List[str]:
"""The registered names of the current blueprint upwards through
parent blueprints.
This will be an empty list if there is no current blueprint, or
if URL matching failed.
.. versionadded:: 2.0.1
"""
name = self.blueprint
if name is None:
return []
return _split_blueprint_path(name)
def _load_form_data(self) -> None:
super()._load_form_data()
# In debug mode we're replacing the files multidict with an ad-hoc
# subclass that raises a different error for key errors.
if (
current_app
and current_app.debug
and self.mimetype != "multipart/form-data"
and not self.files
):
from .debughelpers import attach_enctype_error_multidict
attach_enctype_error_multidict(self)
def on_json_loading_failed(self, e: t.Optional[ValueError]) -> t.Any:
try:
return super().on_json_loading_failed(e)
except BadRequest as e:
if current_app and current_app.debug:
raise
raise BadRequest() from e
class Response(ResponseBase):
"""The response object that is used by default in Flask. Works like the
response object from Werkzeug but is set to have an HTML mimetype by
default. Quite often you don't have to create this object yourself because
:meth:`~flask.Flask.make_response` will take care of that for you.
If you want to replace the response object used you can subclass this and
set :attr:`~flask.Flask.response_class` to your subclass.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0
JSON support is added to the response, like the request. This is useful
when testing to get the test client response data as JSON.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0
Added :attr:`max_cookie_size`.
"""
default_mimetype = "text/html"
json_module = json
autocorrect_location_header = False
@property
def max_cookie_size(self) -> int: # type: ignore
"""Read-only view of the :data:`MAX_COOKIE_SIZE` config key.
See :attr:`~werkzeug.wrappers.Response.max_cookie_size` in
Werkzeug's docs.
"""
if current_app:
return current_app.config["MAX_COOKIE_SIZE"]
# return Werkzeug's default when not in an app context
return super().max_cookie_size

@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
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@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: importlib-metadata
Version: 4.12.0
Summary: Read metadata from Python packages
Home-page: https://github.com/python/importlib_metadata
Author: Jason R. Coombs
Author-email: jaraco@jaraco.com
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
Requires-Python: >=3.7
License-File: LICENSE
Requires-Dist: zipp (>=0.5)
Requires-Dist: typing-extensions (>=3.6.4) ; python_version < "3.8"
Provides-Extra: docs
Requires-Dist: sphinx ; extra == 'docs'
Requires-Dist: jaraco.packaging (>=9) ; extra == 'docs'
Requires-Dist: rst.linker (>=1.9) ; extra == 'docs'
Provides-Extra: perf
Requires-Dist: ipython ; extra == 'perf'
Provides-Extra: testing
Requires-Dist: pytest (>=6) ; extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: pytest-checkdocs (>=2.4) ; extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: pytest-flake8 ; extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: pytest-cov ; extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: pytest-enabler (>=1.3) ; extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: packaging ; extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: pyfakefs ; extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: flufl.flake8 ; extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: pytest-perf (>=0.9.2) ; extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: pytest-black (>=0.3.7) ; (platform_python_implementation != "PyPy") and extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: pytest-mypy (>=0.9.1) ; (platform_python_implementation != "PyPy") and extra == 'testing'
Requires-Dist: importlib-resources (>=1.3) ; (python_version < "3.9") and extra == 'testing'
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/importlib_metadata.svg
:target: `PyPI link`_
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/importlib_metadata.svg
:target: `PyPI link`_
.. _PyPI link: https://pypi.org/project/importlib_metadata
.. image:: https://github.com/python/importlib_metadata/workflows/tests/badge.svg
:target: https://github.com/python/importlib_metadata/actions?query=workflow%3A%22tests%22
:alt: tests
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg
:target: https://github.com/psf/black
:alt: Code style: Black
.. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/importlib-metadata/badge/?version=latest
:target: https://importlib-metadata.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/skeleton-2022-informational
:target: https://blog.jaraco.com/skeleton
Library to access the metadata for a Python package.
This package supplies third-party access to the functionality of
`importlib.metadata <https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.metadata.html>`_
including improvements added to subsequent Python versions.
Compatibility
=============
New features are introduced in this third-party library and later merged
into CPython. The following table indicates which versions of this library
were contributed to different versions in the standard library:
.. list-table::
:header-rows: 1
* - importlib_metadata
- stdlib
* - 4.8
- 3.11
* - 4.4
- 3.10
* - 1.4
- 3.8
Usage
=====
See the `online documentation <https://importlib_metadata.readthedocs.io/>`_
for usage details.
`Finder authors
<https://docs.python.org/3/reference/import.html#finders-and-loaders>`_ can
also add support for custom package installers. See the above documentation
for details.
Caveats
=======
This project primarily supports third-party packages installed by PyPA
tools (or other conforming packages). It does not support:
- Packages in the stdlib.
- Packages installed without metadata.
Project details
===============
* Project home: https://github.com/python/importlib_metadata
* Report bugs at: https://github.com/python/importlib_metadata/issues
* Code hosting: https://github.com/python/importlib_metadata
* Documentation: https://importlib_metadata.readthedocs.io/

@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
importlib_metadata-4.12.0.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
importlib_metadata-4.12.0.dist-info/LICENSE,sha256=z8d0m5b2O9McPEK1xHG_dWgUBT6EfBDz6wA0F7xSPTA,11358
importlib_metadata-4.12.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=yrDKK_OYHbefwKP_XCpmmto2CHtqh7uygKjFc3-kVcM,3958
importlib_metadata-4.12.0.dist-info/RECORD,,
importlib_metadata-4.12.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=G16H4A3IeoQmnOrYV4ueZGKSjhipXx8zc8nu9FGlvMA,92
importlib_metadata-4.12.0.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=CO3fD9yylANiXkrMo4qHLV_mqXL2sC5JFKgt1yWAT-A,19
importlib_metadata/__init__.py,sha256=bfcTHMKmbYRIYLQ80BNARmTHlPE1zjGqOdzKXQywMWo,31383
importlib_metadata/_adapters.py,sha256=B6fCi5-8mLVDFUZj3krI5nAo-mKp1dH_qIavyIyFrJs,1862
importlib_metadata/_collections.py,sha256=CJ0OTCHIjWA0ZIVS4voORAsn2R4R2cQBEtPsZEJpASY,743
importlib_metadata/_compat.py,sha256=9zOKf0eDgkCMnnaEhU5kQVxHd1P8BIYV7Stso7av5h8,1857
importlib_metadata/_functools.py,sha256=PsY2-4rrKX4RVeRC1oGp1lB1pmC9eKN88_f-bD9uOoA,2895
importlib_metadata/_itertools.py,sha256=cvr_2v8BRbxcIl5x5ldfqdHjhI8Yi8s8yk50G_nm6jQ,2068
importlib_metadata/_meta.py,sha256=_F48Hu_jFxkfKWz5wcYS8vO23qEygbVdF9r-6qh-hjE,1154
importlib_metadata/_text.py,sha256=HCsFksZpJLeTP3NEk_ngrAeXVRRtTrtyh9eOABoRP4A,2166
importlib_metadata/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0

@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
Wheel-Version: 1.0
Generator: bdist_wheel (0.37.1)
Root-Is-Purelib: true
Tag: py3-none-any

@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
import re
import textwrap
import email.message
from ._text import FoldedCase
class Message(email.message.Message):
multiple_use_keys = set(
map(
FoldedCase,
[
'Classifier',
'Obsoletes-Dist',
'Platform',
'Project-URL',
'Provides-Dist',
'Provides-Extra',
'Requires-Dist',
'Requires-External',
'Supported-Platform',
'Dynamic',
],
)
)
"""
Keys that may be indicated multiple times per PEP 566.
"""
def __new__(cls, orig: email.message.Message):
res = super().__new__(cls)
vars(res).update(vars(orig))
return res
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self._headers = self._repair_headers()
# suppress spurious error from mypy
def __iter__(self):
return super().__iter__()
def _repair_headers(self):
def redent(value):
"Correct for RFC822 indentation"
if not value or '\n' not in value:
return value
return textwrap.dedent(' ' * 8 + value)
headers = [(key, redent(value)) for key, value in vars(self)['_headers']]
if self._payload:
headers.append(('Description', self.get_payload()))
return headers
@property
def json(self):
"""
Convert PackageMetadata to a JSON-compatible format
per PEP 0566.
"""
def transform(key):
value = self.get_all(key) if key in self.multiple_use_keys else self[key]
if key == 'Keywords':
value = re.split(r'\s+', value)
tk = key.lower().replace('-', '_')
return tk, value
return dict(map(transform, map(FoldedCase, self)))

@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
import collections
# from jaraco.collections 3.3
class FreezableDefaultDict(collections.defaultdict):
"""
Often it is desirable to prevent the mutation of
a default dict after its initial construction, such
as to prevent mutation during iteration.
>>> dd = FreezableDefaultDict(list)
>>> dd[0].append('1')
>>> dd.freeze()
>>> dd[1]
[]
>>> len(dd)
1
"""
def __missing__(self, key):
return getattr(self, '_frozen', super().__missing__)(key)
def freeze(self):
self._frozen = lambda key: self.default_factory()
class Pair(collections.namedtuple('Pair', 'name value')):
@classmethod
def parse(cls, text):
return cls(*map(str.strip, text.split("=", 1)))

@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
import sys
import platform
__all__ = ['install', 'NullFinder', 'Protocol']
try:
from typing import Protocol
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
# Python 3.7 compatibility
from typing_extensions import Protocol # type: ignore
def install(cls):
"""
Class decorator for installation on sys.meta_path.
Adds the backport DistributionFinder to sys.meta_path and
attempts to disable the finder functionality of the stdlib
DistributionFinder.
"""
sys.meta_path.append(cls())
disable_stdlib_finder()
return cls
def disable_stdlib_finder():
"""
Give the backport primacy for discovering path-based distributions
by monkey-patching the stdlib O_O.
See #91 for more background for rationale on this sketchy
behavior.
"""
def matches(finder):
return getattr(
finder, '__module__', None
) == '_frozen_importlib_external' and hasattr(finder, 'find_distributions')
for finder in filter(matches, sys.meta_path): # pragma: nocover
del finder.find_distributions
class NullFinder:
"""
A "Finder" (aka "MetaClassFinder") that never finds any modules,
but may find distributions.
"""
@staticmethod
def find_spec(*args, **kwargs):
return None
# In Python 2, the import system requires finders
# to have a find_module() method, but this usage
# is deprecated in Python 3 in favor of find_spec().
# For the purposes of this finder (i.e. being present
# on sys.meta_path but having no other import
# system functionality), the two methods are identical.
find_module = find_spec
def pypy_partial(val):
"""
Adjust for variable stacklevel on partial under PyPy.
Workaround for #327.
"""
is_pypy = platform.python_implementation() == 'PyPy'
return val + is_pypy

@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
import types
import functools
# from jaraco.functools 3.3
def method_cache(method, cache_wrapper=None):
"""
Wrap lru_cache to support storing the cache data in the object instances.
Abstracts the common paradigm where the method explicitly saves an
underscore-prefixed protected property on first call and returns that
subsequently.
>>> class MyClass:
... calls = 0
...
... @method_cache
... def method(self, value):
... self.calls += 1
... return value
>>> a = MyClass()
>>> a.method(3)
3
>>> for x in range(75):
... res = a.method(x)
>>> a.calls
75
Note that the apparent behavior will be exactly like that of lru_cache
except that the cache is stored on each instance, so values in one
instance will not flush values from another, and when an instance is
deleted, so are the cached values for that instance.
>>> b = MyClass()
>>> for x in range(35):
... res = b.method(x)
>>> b.calls
35
>>> a.method(0)
0
>>> a.calls
75
Note that if method had been decorated with ``functools.lru_cache()``,
a.calls would have been 76 (due to the cached value of 0 having been
flushed by the 'b' instance).
Clear the cache with ``.cache_clear()``
>>> a.method.cache_clear()
Same for a method that hasn't yet been called.
>>> c = MyClass()
>>> c.method.cache_clear()
Another cache wrapper may be supplied:
>>> cache = functools.lru_cache(maxsize=2)
>>> MyClass.method2 = method_cache(lambda self: 3, cache_wrapper=cache)
>>> a = MyClass()
>>> a.method2()
3
Caution - do not subsequently wrap the method with another decorator, such
as ``@property``, which changes the semantics of the function.
See also
http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577452-a-memoize-decorator-for-instance-methods/
for another implementation and additional justification.
"""
cache_wrapper = cache_wrapper or functools.lru_cache()
def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
# it's the first call, replace the method with a cached, bound method
bound_method = types.MethodType(method, self)
cached_method = cache_wrapper(bound_method)
setattr(self, method.__name__, cached_method)
return cached_method(*args, **kwargs)
# Support cache clear even before cache has been created.
wrapper.cache_clear = lambda: None
return wrapper
# From jaraco.functools 3.3
def pass_none(func):
"""
Wrap func so it's not called if its first param is None
>>> print_text = pass_none(print)
>>> print_text('text')
text
>>> print_text(None)
"""
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(param, *args, **kwargs):
if param is not None:
return func(param, *args, **kwargs)
return wrapper

@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
from itertools import filterfalse
def unique_everseen(iterable, key=None):
"List unique elements, preserving order. Remember all elements ever seen."
# unique_everseen('AAAABBBCCDAABBB') --> A B C D
# unique_everseen('ABBCcAD', str.lower) --> A B C D
seen = set()
seen_add = seen.add
if key is None:
for element in filterfalse(seen.__contains__, iterable):
seen_add(element)
yield element
else:
for element in iterable:
k = key(element)
if k not in seen:
seen_add(k)
yield element
# copied from more_itertools 8.8
def always_iterable(obj, base_type=(str, bytes)):
"""If *obj* is iterable, return an iterator over its items::
>>> obj = (1, 2, 3)
>>> list(always_iterable(obj))
[1, 2, 3]
If *obj* is not iterable, return a one-item iterable containing *obj*::
>>> obj = 1
>>> list(always_iterable(obj))
[1]
If *obj* is ``None``, return an empty iterable:
>>> obj = None
>>> list(always_iterable(None))
[]
By default, binary and text strings are not considered iterable::
>>> obj = 'foo'
>>> list(always_iterable(obj))
['foo']
If *base_type* is set, objects for which ``isinstance(obj, base_type)``
returns ``True`` won't be considered iterable.
>>> obj = {'a': 1}
>>> list(always_iterable(obj)) # Iterate over the dict's keys
['a']
>>> list(always_iterable(obj, base_type=dict)) # Treat dicts as a unit
[{'a': 1}]
Set *base_type* to ``None`` to avoid any special handling and treat objects
Python considers iterable as iterable:
>>> obj = 'foo'
>>> list(always_iterable(obj, base_type=None))
['f', 'o', 'o']
"""
if obj is None:
return iter(())
if (base_type is not None) and isinstance(obj, base_type):
return iter((obj,))
try:
return iter(obj)
except TypeError:
return iter((obj,))

@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
from ._compat import Protocol
from typing import Any, Dict, Iterator, List, TypeVar, Union
_T = TypeVar("_T")
class PackageMetadata(Protocol):
def __len__(self) -> int:
... # pragma: no cover
def __contains__(self, item: str) -> bool:
... # pragma: no cover
def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> str:
... # pragma: no cover
def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
... # pragma: no cover
def get_all(self, name: str, failobj: _T = ...) -> Union[List[Any], _T]:
"""
Return all values associated with a possibly multi-valued key.
"""
@property
def json(self) -> Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]:
"""
A JSON-compatible form of the metadata.
"""
class SimplePath(Protocol):
"""
A minimal subset of pathlib.Path required by PathDistribution.
"""
def joinpath(self) -> 'SimplePath':
... # pragma: no cover
def __truediv__(self) -> 'SimplePath':
... # pragma: no cover
def parent(self) -> 'SimplePath':
... # pragma: no cover
def read_text(self) -> str:
... # pragma: no cover

@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
import re
from ._functools import method_cache
# from jaraco.text 3.5
class FoldedCase(str):
"""
A case insensitive string class; behaves just like str
except compares equal when the only variation is case.
>>> s = FoldedCase('hello world')
>>> s == 'Hello World'
True
>>> 'Hello World' == s
True
>>> s != 'Hello World'
False
>>> s.index('O')
4
>>> s.split('O')
['hell', ' w', 'rld']
>>> sorted(map(FoldedCase, ['GAMMA', 'alpha', 'Beta']))
['alpha', 'Beta', 'GAMMA']
Sequence membership is straightforward.
>>> "Hello World" in [s]
True
>>> s in ["Hello World"]
True
You may test for set inclusion, but candidate and elements
must both be folded.
>>> FoldedCase("Hello World") in {s}
True
>>> s in {FoldedCase("Hello World")}
True
String inclusion works as long as the FoldedCase object
is on the right.
>>> "hello" in FoldedCase("Hello World")
True
But not if the FoldedCase object is on the left:
>>> FoldedCase('hello') in 'Hello World'
False
In that case, use in_:
>>> FoldedCase('hello').in_('Hello World')
True
>>> FoldedCase('hello') > FoldedCase('Hello')
False
"""
def __lt__(self, other):
return self.lower() < other.lower()
def __gt__(self, other):
return self.lower() > other.lower()
def __eq__(self, other):
return self.lower() == other.lower()
def __ne__(self, other):
return self.lower() != other.lower()
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self.lower())
def __contains__(self, other):
return super().lower().__contains__(other.lower())
def in_(self, other):
"Does self appear in other?"
return self in FoldedCase(other)
# cache lower since it's likely to be called frequently.
@method_cache
def lower(self):
return super().lower()
def index(self, sub):
return self.lower().index(sub.lower())
def split(self, splitter=' ', maxsplit=0):
pattern = re.compile(re.escape(splitter), re.I)
return pattern.split(self, maxsplit)

@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
Copyright 2011 Pallets
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
Metadata-Version: 2.1
Name: itsdangerous
Version: 2.1.2
Summary: Safely pass data to untrusted environments and back.
Home-page: https://palletsprojects.com/p/itsdangerous/
Author: Armin Ronacher
Author-email: armin.ronacher@active-4.com
Maintainer: Pallets
Maintainer-email: contact@palletsprojects.com
License: BSD-3-Clause
Project-URL: Donate, https://palletsprojects.com/donate
Project-URL: Documentation, https://itsdangerous.palletsprojects.com/
Project-URL: Changes, https://itsdangerous.palletsprojects.com/changes/
Project-URL: Source Code, https://github.com/pallets/itsdangerous/
Project-URL: Issue Tracker, https://github.com/pallets/itsdangerous/issues/
Project-URL: Twitter, https://twitter.com/PalletsTeam
Project-URL: Chat, https://discord.gg/pallets
Platform: UNKNOWN
Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
Requires-Python: >=3.7
Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
License-File: LICENSE.rst
ItsDangerous
============
... so better sign this
Various helpers to pass data to untrusted environments and to get it
back safe and sound. Data is cryptographically signed to ensure that a
token has not been tampered with.
It's possible to customize how data is serialized. Data is compressed as
needed. A timestamp can be added and verified automatically while
loading a token.
Installing
----------
Install and update using `pip`_:
.. code-block:: text
pip install -U itsdangerous
.. _pip: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/getting-started/
A Simple Example
----------------
Here's how you could generate a token for transmitting a user's id and
name between web requests.
.. code-block:: python
from itsdangerous import URLSafeSerializer
auth_s = URLSafeSerializer("secret key", "auth")
token = auth_s.dumps({"id": 5, "name": "itsdangerous"})
print(token)
# eyJpZCI6NSwibmFtZSI6Iml0c2Rhbmdlcm91cyJ9.6YP6T0BaO67XP--9UzTrmurXSmg
data = auth_s.loads(token)
print(data["name"])
# itsdangerous
Donate
------
The Pallets organization develops and supports ItsDangerous and other
popular packages. In order to grow the community of contributors and
users, and allow the maintainers to devote more time to the projects,
`please donate today`_.
.. _please donate today: https://palletsprojects.com/donate
Links
-----
- Documentation: https://itsdangerous.palletsprojects.com/
- Changes: https://itsdangerous.palletsprojects.com/changes/
- PyPI Releases: https://pypi.org/project/ItsDangerous/
- Source Code: https://github.com/pallets/itsdangerous/
- Issue Tracker: https://github.com/pallets/itsdangerous/issues/
- Website: https://palletsprojects.com/p/itsdangerous/
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/PalletsTeam
- Chat: https://discord.gg/pallets

@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
itsdangerous-2.1.2.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
itsdangerous-2.1.2.dist-info/LICENSE.rst,sha256=Y68JiRtr6K0aQlLtQ68PTvun_JSOIoNnvtfzxa4LCdc,1475
itsdangerous-2.1.2.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=ThrHIJQ_6XlfbDMCAVe_hawT7IXiIxnTBIDrwxxtucQ,2928
itsdangerous-2.1.2.dist-info/RECORD,,
itsdangerous-2.1.2.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=G16H4A3IeoQmnOrYV4ueZGKSjhipXx8zc8nu9FGlvMA,92
itsdangerous-2.1.2.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=gKN1OKLk81i7fbWWildJA88EQ9NhnGMSvZqhfz9ICjk,13
itsdangerous/__init__.py,sha256=n4mkyjlIVn23pgsgCIw0MJKPdcHIetyeRpe5Fwsn8qg,876
itsdangerous/_json.py,sha256=wIhs_7-_XZolmyr-JvKNiy_LgAcfevYR0qhCVdlIhg8,450
itsdangerous/encoding.py,sha256=pgh86snHC76dPLNCnPlrjR5SaYL_M8H-gWRiiLNbhCU,1419
itsdangerous/exc.py,sha256=VFxmP2lMoSJFqxNMzWonqs35ROII4-fvCBfG0v1Tkbs,3206
itsdangerous/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
itsdangerous/serializer.py,sha256=zgZ1-U705jHDpt62x_pmLJdryEKDNAbt5UkJtnkcCSw,11144
itsdangerous/signer.py,sha256=QUH0iX0in-OTptMAXKU5zWMwmOCXn1fsDsubXiGdFN4,9367
itsdangerous/timed.py,sha256=5CBWLds4Nm8-3bFVC8RxNzFjx6PSwjch8wuZ5cwcHFI,8174
itsdangerous/url_safe.py,sha256=5bC4jSKOjWNRkWrFseifWVXUnHnPgwOLROjiOwb-eeo,2402

@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
Wheel-Version: 1.0
Generator: bdist_wheel (0.37.1)
Root-Is-Purelib: true
Tag: py3-none-any

@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
from .encoding import base64_decode as base64_decode
from .encoding import base64_encode as base64_encode
from .encoding import want_bytes as want_bytes
from .exc import BadData as BadData
from .exc import BadHeader as BadHeader
from .exc import BadPayload as BadPayload
from .exc import BadSignature as BadSignature
from .exc import BadTimeSignature as BadTimeSignature
from .exc import SignatureExpired as SignatureExpired
from .serializer import Serializer as Serializer
from .signer import HMACAlgorithm as HMACAlgorithm
from .signer import NoneAlgorithm as NoneAlgorithm
from .signer import Signer as Signer
from .timed import TimedSerializer as TimedSerializer
from .timed import TimestampSigner as TimestampSigner
from .url_safe import URLSafeSerializer as URLSafeSerializer
from .url_safe import URLSafeTimedSerializer as URLSafeTimedSerializer
__version__ = "2.1.2"

@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
import json as _json
import typing as _t
class _CompactJSON:
"""Wrapper around json module that strips whitespace."""
@staticmethod
def loads(payload: _t.Union[str, bytes]) -> _t.Any:
return _json.loads(payload)
@staticmethod
def dumps(obj: _t.Any, **kwargs: _t.Any) -> str:
kwargs.setdefault("ensure_ascii", False)
kwargs.setdefault("separators", (",", ":"))
return _json.dumps(obj, **kwargs)

@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
import base64
import string
import struct
import typing as _t
from .exc import BadData
_t_str_bytes = _t.Union[str, bytes]
def want_bytes(
s: _t_str_bytes, encoding: str = "utf-8", errors: str = "strict"
) -> bytes:
if isinstance(s, str):
s = s.encode(encoding, errors)
return s
def base64_encode(string: _t_str_bytes) -> bytes:
"""Base64 encode a string of bytes or text. The resulting bytes are
safe to use in URLs.
"""
string = want_bytes(string)
return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(string).rstrip(b"=")
def base64_decode(string: _t_str_bytes) -> bytes:
"""Base64 decode a URL-safe string of bytes or text. The result is
bytes.
"""
string = want_bytes(string, encoding="ascii", errors="ignore")
string += b"=" * (-len(string) % 4)
try:
return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(string)
except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:
raise BadData("Invalid base64-encoded data") from e
# The alphabet used by base64.urlsafe_*
_base64_alphabet = f"{string.ascii_letters}{string.digits}-_=".encode("ascii")
_int64_struct = struct.Struct(">Q")
_int_to_bytes = _int64_struct.pack
_bytes_to_int = _t.cast("_t.Callable[[bytes], _t.Tuple[int]]", _int64_struct.unpack)
def int_to_bytes(num: int) -> bytes:
return _int_to_bytes(num).lstrip(b"\x00")
def bytes_to_int(bytestr: bytes) -> int:
return _bytes_to_int(bytestr.rjust(8, b"\x00"))[0]

@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
import typing as _t
from datetime import datetime
_t_opt_any = _t.Optional[_t.Any]
_t_opt_exc = _t.Optional[Exception]
class BadData(Exception):
"""Raised if bad data of any sort was encountered. This is the base
for all exceptions that ItsDangerous defines.
.. versionadded:: 0.15
"""
def __init__(self, message: str):
super().__init__(message)
self.message = message
def __str__(self) -> str:
return self.message
class BadSignature(BadData):
"""Raised if a signature does not match."""
def __init__(self, message: str, payload: _t_opt_any = None):
super().__init__(message)
#: The payload that failed the signature test. In some
#: situations you might still want to inspect this, even if
#: you know it was tampered with.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.14
self.payload: _t_opt_any = payload
class BadTimeSignature(BadSignature):
"""Raised if a time-based signature is invalid. This is a subclass
of :class:`BadSignature`.
"""
def __init__(
self,
message: str,
payload: _t_opt_any = None,
date_signed: _t.Optional[datetime] = None,
):
super().__init__(message, payload)
#: If the signature expired this exposes the date of when the
#: signature was created. This can be helpful in order to
#: tell the user how long a link has been gone stale.
#:
#: .. versionchanged:: 2.0
#: The datetime value is timezone-aware rather than naive.
#:
#: .. versionadded:: 0.14
self.date_signed = date_signed
class SignatureExpired(BadTimeSignature):
"""Raised if a signature timestamp is older than ``max_age``. This
is a subclass of :exc:`BadTimeSignature`.
"""
class BadHeader(BadSignature):
"""Raised if a signed header is invalid in some form. This only
happens for serializers that have a header that goes with the
signature.
.. versionadded:: 0.24
"""
def __init__(
self,
message: str,
payload: _t_opt_any = None,
header: _t_opt_any = None,
original_error: _t_opt_exc = None,
):
super().__init__(message, payload)
#: If the header is actually available but just malformed it
#: might be stored here.
self.header: _t_opt_any = header
#: If available, the error that indicates why the payload was
#: not valid. This might be ``None``.
self.original_error: _t_opt_exc = original_error
class BadPayload(BadData):
"""Raised if a payload is invalid. This could happen if the payload
is loaded despite an invalid signature, or if there is a mismatch
between the serializer and deserializer. The original exception
that occurred during loading is stored on as :attr:`original_error`.
.. versionadded:: 0.15
"""
def __init__(self, message: str, original_error: _t_opt_exc = None):
super().__init__(message)
#: If available, the error that indicates why the payload was
#: not valid. This might be ``None``.
self.original_error: _t_opt_exc = original_error

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