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Exploring Etherpad changesets¶
In [1]:
url = "https://pad.xpub.nl/p/swarm02.md/export/etherpad"
In [2]:
from urllib.request import urlopen import json
In [3]:
data = json.load(urlopen(url))
In [ ]:
In [7]:
data['pad:swarm02.md'].keys()
Out[7]:
dict_keys(['atext', 'pool', 'head', 'chatHead', 'publicStatus', 'passwordHash', 'savedRevisions'])
The "head" gives the number of the last revisions.
In [9]:
data['pad:swarm02.md']['head']
Out[9]:
2708
The first revision is number 0 and represents the initial welcome text.
In [10]:
data['pad:swarm02.md:revs:0']
Out[10]:
{'changeset': 'Z:1>6b|5+6b$Welcome to Etherpad!\n\nThis pad text is synchronized as you type, so that everyone viewing this page sees the same text. This allows you to collaborate seamlessly on documents!\n\nGet involved with Etherpad at http://etherpad.org\n',
'meta': {'author': '',
'timestamp': 1580310574755,
'atext': {'text': 'Welcome to Etherpad!\n\nThis pad text is synchronized as you type, so that everyone viewing this page sees the same text. This allows you to collaborate seamlessly on documents!\n\nGet involved with Etherpad at http://etherpad.org\n\n',
'attribs': '|6+6c'}}}
data['pad:swarm02.md:revs:2708']
In [12]:
data['pad:swarm02.md:revs:2709']
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- KeyError Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-12-f3133eb2f9ee> in <module>() ----> 1 data['pad:swarm02.md:revs:2709'] KeyError: 'pad:swarm02.md:revs:2709'
In [14]:
print(json.dumps(data, indent=2))
{
"pad:swarm02.md": {
"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n# SWARM 02\n\n\n**An annotated version of** \n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) & Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans: 1982) <br>\n\n**A Communications Primer** (Film: 1953) \n\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.35px;\"> \n</div>\n&\n\n**Rat's Meals / Cascades** (Text: 1980 Trans: 1982)\n\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.35px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n \n \n \n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\n<li>Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)</li>\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n<li>Signal</li>\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n<li>Noise</li>\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n<li>La Fontaine, Jean</li>\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n<li>Cascade</li>\nA mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n<li>Redundancy</li>\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n<li>Encode</li>\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n<li>Decode</li>\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n<li>Bit</li>\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n<li>Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music)</li>\nOf or in counterpoint.\n<li>Impostor</li>\nThe word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n<li>Bertrand (?)</li>\n<li>Raton (?)</li>\n<li>Country bumpkin(slang) </li>\nAn unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n<li>City slicker</li>\nA person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n<li>Tapeworn</li>\n<li>Polyphony</li>\nA type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n<li>Horace</li>\nThe leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n<li>Matrix</li>\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n<li>Parasitology</li>\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\n<li>Carrion</li>\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\n<li>Pasturella pestis</li>\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\n<li>Mollusks</li>\nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\n<li>Arthropod </li>\nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\n<li>Anthropomorphism </li>\nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\n<li>Phyla</li>\nin biology, a phylum (/\u02c8fa\u026al\u0259m/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. \n<li>Cybernetics</li>\ncoming from the Greek word 'to steer' is about steering to the goal; \"All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological.\" (Paul Pangaro describing systems that \"have goals.) \n</ol>\n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory) \n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n \n \n\n\n<br>\n<br>\n<br>\n\n## A COMMUNICATIONS PRIMER by Charles and Ray Eames (Film: 1953)\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n<div class=\"tomato\" markdown=true>\n\n- Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n- Communication process \n- Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not necessarily mean sound but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n- English language is half redundant,\n- 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n- Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n- Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n- Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n- The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n- What holds such birds together in their flight?\n- Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n- Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n- Symbols change and evolve ...\n- Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off. \n- Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n- Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n</div>\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"...\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic.\n* The movie can be concidered as manipulative (propaganda) - a simplified form.\n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and thereby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstandings.\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and an organism.\n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system.\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW.\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology.\n* Sheltered humanism / perception.\n* Can someone avoid responsability by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message.\n* **Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.**\n\n\n \n\n\n\n* **Humanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pulse of the computer\u201d**\n\n* Communication: responsibility of deciding.\n* There is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\n* Privileging the message over the noise.\n* Ideology is what goes unmentioned. \n\n* Noise!!\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>>channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient.\n* English is half redundant.\n* Redundancy when communicating a message.\n* Message=music, transmitor=tone.\n* Signal=the painting, reciver=the public, destination=their mind and emotions.\n* Noise - prevents the information to get through intact.\n* The symbol - symbols of communication - men\u2019s first fire - a wander of communication, through all language barriers.\n* Symbols change and evolve.\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors.\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no.\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous.\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process.\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine.\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision!\n* The complexity of communication.\n* Reduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message.\n\n\n* Chinese children, paragraph in the *Rustle of language*, Roland Barthes (understanding people without knowing their language)\n* The noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\n* What is being sheltered in this film? \n\n* Message of progress.\n* Translation.\n* Box with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love\n* Complexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\n* Simplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\n* Same level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n* Nature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n\n\n\n* Civilianization of communication. After WW2. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \n* Sheltered: humanism.\n* Hiding ideology. \n* Humanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n* Options of units per time.\n* Triggers and signals.\n\n\n\nLast issue of the Whole Earth Catalog\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n## RAT'S MEALS / CASCADES - Michel Serres (The Parasite / Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### Diagram\n\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return.\n* Its about survival in the end.\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n<br>\n<br>\n\n### MID - SUMMARY\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n \n\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production \n* processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. <br> Money=power. <br> Cheese=power. <br> Jesus = power. <br> Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n<br>\n<br>\n<br>\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\n * eco-fascist \n * economy of egoism\n * Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32). \n<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice>\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes from such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable? Hierarchy of relevancy.\n\nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"4\n\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n### BIBLIOGRAPHY\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n2. \nJain, A. (2020). Organisms or Machines?. [online] Phys.org. Available at:\nhttps://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n3. \nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online]\n Sciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\n philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n4. \nSerres, M., Latour, B. and Lapidus, R. (2011). Conversations on science, culture, and time. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.\n\n\n<br>\n\n### FURTHER READING\n\n*Turner, F. (2008). From counterculture to cyberculture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.\n\n*Serres, M., Latour, B. and Lapidus, R. (2011). Conversations on science, culture, and time. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.\n\n*Hayles, N. (2010). How we became posthuman. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\n\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\nhttps://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118\n\n \nHall, S. (1993). Encoding, Decoding. The Cultural Studies Reader, [online] \npp.507 - 517. Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Cultural-Studies-\nReader-During/7a15bfb3e0a2cf9394fbc6e7ad44ef7266e67182 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n*HEBDIGE, D. (1997). Subculture. London: Routledge.\n\n\n<!\u2013\u2013\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\u2013\u2013>\n\n\n\n",
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"changeset": "Z:2>qak|1=1*0|8+f9*0*1+a*0|2+2*0+p*0*1+3*0|2+2*0+4*0*2+n*0|1+m*0*1+9*0|5+42*0*1*2*3+g*0*1*3+14*0|1+6*0*1+9*0|b+8a*0*2+q*0|d+9b*0+5*0*4+7*0|1+3*0+y*0*2+a*0|a+8z*0+bh*0*2+14*0|3+bp*0+4*0*1+8*0+35*0*1+7*0|1o+3dy*0*1+d*0|1+1*0*1+i*0|4+2e*0*1+e*0|3+66*0*1+y*0|3+1t*0*1+3i*0|3+4u*0*1+18*0|j+mi*0*1+1b*0|22+23u*0*1*2*3+f*0*1*3+14*0|7+3j*0*1*3+n*0|3+b*0*1*2+gc*0|g+bm*0*1*2+l1*0|h+ky*0*1*2+2l*0*2+1*0|3+5d*0+1*0*1*2+1i*0|9+9a*0*1*2+r0*0|4+2i*0*2+24*0|e+mp*0*2+7*0|5+5n*0*1*2+6d*0|6+3i*0*1*2+nu*0|27+2f5*0*2+3*0*1*2+ry*0*2+3*0|h+m3*0*1*2+1g8*0|m+z9*0*1*2+cs*0|d+1js*0*1*2+p7*0|9+6g*0*1+j*0+z*0*1+d*0+26*0*1+j*0+2z*0*1+d*0|4+7k*0*1*2+yu*0|8+5v*0*1+8*0|5+a*0*2+n*0|6+54*0*2+c*0|a+21*0+a*0*2+15*0|2+1a*0*2+42*0|7+9t*0*1*3+f*0|4+1e*0*1*3+m*0|b+be*0*1*3+2l*0|2+6*0*5*6*7+1*0|1+h*0*5*6*7+1*0|1+1*0*5*6*7+1*0|1+17*0*5*6*7+1*0|1+1*0*5*6*7+1*0|1+3z*0*5*6*7+1*0|1+1*0*5*6*7+1*0|1+2z*0*5*6*7+1*0|1+1*0*5*6*7+1*0|1+1f*0*5*6*7+1*0|4+4$<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n <link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n <link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n <link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 01\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer \u2013 (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: Diacritics, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer, 1995), p. 9-63*\n</div>\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: Diacritics, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer, 1995), p. 9-63*\n</div>\n\n\n \u2013\u2013>\n\n \n \n<br> <br> <br>\n## A Communications Primer \u2013 Charles and Ray Eames (Film: 1953)\n\n[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byyQtGb3dvA] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byyQtGb3dvA)\n\nTranscript of film: <http://www.asc-cybernetics.org/2011/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Changing_Cybernetics_Transcripts.pdf>\n\n## Glossary (some terms)\n \n1. Signal\n2. Noise\n3. Redundancy\n4. Encode\n5. Decode\n6. Binary Unit\n7. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ adjective Music: of or in counterpoint.\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \nMax\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"\n<http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html>\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"\n[https://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html] (https://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html)\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\nCommunication aspects of daily concern to all of us\nCommunication process \nNoise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\nEnglish language is half redundant\n1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once\nPainting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\nBackground of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible \nReceiver and transmitter have to understand the same code\nThe language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026)\nWhat holds such birds together in their flight?\nConstant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements \nFlags as a means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound)\nSymbols change and evolve \nMorse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off\nBuild a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible\nCountless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action \nCommunication always implies the responsibility of decision\n--------------------------------------------------------\nMeaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way\nMessage of progress \n\"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\nCertain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\nThe movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \nIt puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstanding\nTries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \nNature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\nIdeas developed during the 2nd WW\nRepresents a civilianization of machines / Technology\nSheltered humanism / perception\nCan someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\nEncoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\nLanguage is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n https://www.dropbox.com/s/47585vdv3m10rn4/Screenshot%202020-01-29%20at%2011.26.39.png\n\nhttps://investorplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Stocks-to-buy-5-768x432.jpg\n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\n\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \nStewart Hall:\nEncoding, Decoding\n \nhttps://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\nDick Hebdige: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\nDick Hebdige: the meaning of style\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\nFred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\nN. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\nAvital\nNoise\nINFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECIVER\nMarket information is most efficient\nEnglish is half redundant\nRedundancy when communicating a message\nMessage- music, transmitor-tone\nSignal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\nNoise- prevents the information to get through intact\nThe symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\nSymbols change an evolve\nBuild a systems that can deal with many factors\nCommunicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\nThe number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\nThere is a point ignition that set off the process\nMultiple communication systems that make one great machine\nCommunication is the responsibility of decision\nThe complaxity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n- painting as a signal \n- noise: physical like absence of light\n- background and condition of the reciever \n- noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n\nSymbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nhuman nervous systems\nchannel is a nervous system\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: What Is Cybernetics? Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\nRest of day \u2013 18:00\n\n\n\n\n###The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n\n\n\n\nBegin annotation here: \n \n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan:\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope:\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\nSlow and steady wins the race.\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\nThe rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \nThey (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\nThe human as the parasite - if looking at it from the rats perspective - that disturbs the rats feast?\nSome \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n\nNoise or message, noise or signal?\nIt depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n\nPanopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\nConstant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n\nRats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n\nWho is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\" > a class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \nA resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\" noise as an -||-\n\nA constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \nConcentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n\nIn the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup)\n\nInterruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\nChain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n\n\"the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game.\"\n\nThere is a struggle, a fight for position.\n\nMany of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n\n\"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\nIt happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\nThe tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\nhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Economic_sectors_and_income.JPG\n\nDIAGRAM\n\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\nRelation between information and energy.\nDisruption that makes you feel a point of no return\nIts about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\nWhat is real production?\nWhat is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\nWhat is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\nEnergy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \nIt makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \nWhat disrupts the general tendency towards order? \nNoise.\nHumans are lazy.\nThe production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \nUniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n\nProduction vs reproduction.\nNovelty? Unique?\nReal production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal.\nIt is rare.\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: \n The Silicon Valley of Hardware\n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY\n\n\nEnergy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \nIt makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \nNoise.\n\nTo make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n\nInformation + energy ...\n\nTo use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n\nProduction is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n\nProper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\nSummary at lunch time:\n\n\nA hierarchy of order:\nThe first farmer = link to production\nThe second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter)\nThe city rat (benefits from second farmer)\nThe farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n \nBut what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order')\nWhat does interruption do?\nImplies hierarchies, dependancies.\nChanges the course of events.\nNo system is predictable.\nNew meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n\nNot being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\nAn interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\"\nhttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption\n\nTactic: to interrupt. A tool of power.\n\nIf you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n\nInterruption causes more complexity?\nProductive interruption?\n\nWelcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n\n\nOriginality - production; reproduction. \n\nInterrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\nMix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\nAccumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\nHistory has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\nColonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n\nThe conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n\nThe owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\nCheese = money.\nMoney=power.\nCheese=power.\nJesus = power.\n\nCheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. t The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\nthe problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n\nA tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\nA framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n\n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n\n* semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n*abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n*making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n*Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n*Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n*We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n\n*The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n*Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n*Noise as an active agent.\n\n*Evolution of a parasite.\n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.\nhttps://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammals .Not the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and \\. bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n*relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n*like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n*switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \nscience > anecdote > fable?\n\n\nSWARM 02\n\n\n11:00\n\nA Communications Primer \u2013 Charles and Ray Eames (film:1953)\n\nsee also: https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n\nRest of day \u2013 18:00\n\nThe Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n\n\nRats'Meals --- Cascades\n\n\n\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\n\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n <link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n <link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n <link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 01\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: \n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parrasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n\n \u2013\u2013>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n \n1. Signal\n2. Noise\n3. Redundancy\n4. Encode\n5. Decode\n6. Binary Unit\n7. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ adjective Music: of or in counterpoint.\n \n \n \n \nMax\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"\n\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"\n[https://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html] (https://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html)\n\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\nCommunication aspects of daily concern to all of us\nCommunication process \nNoise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\nEnglish language is half redundant\n1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once\nPainting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\nBackground of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible \nReceiver and transmitter have to understand the same code\nThe language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026)\nWhat holds such birds together in their flight?\nConstant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements \nFlags as a means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound)\nSymbols change and evolve \nMorse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off\nBuild a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible\nCountless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action \nCommunication always implies the responsibility of decision\n--------------------------------------------------------\nMeaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way\nMessage of progress \n\"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\nCertain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\nThe movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \nIt puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstanding\nTries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \nNature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\nIdeas developed during the 2nd WW\nRepresents a civilianization of machines / Technology\nSheltered humanism / perception\nCan someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\nEncoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\nLanguage is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n https://www.dropbox.com/s/47585vdv3m10rn4/Screenshot%202020-01-29%20at%2011.26.39.png\n\nhttps://investorplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Stocks-to-buy-5-768x432.jpg\n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\n\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \nStewart Hall:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\nDick Hebdige: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\nDick Hebdige: the meaning of style\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\nFred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\nN. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\nAvital\nNoise\nINFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECIVER\nMarket information is most efficient\nEnglish is half redundant\nRedundancy when communicating a message\nMessage- music, transmitor-tone\nSignal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\nNoise- prevents the information to get through intact\nThe symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\nSymbols change an evolve\nBuild a systems that can deal with many factors\nCommunicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\nThe number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\nThere is a point ignition that set off the process\nMultiple communication systems that make one great machine\nCommunication is the responsibility of decision\nThe complaxity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n- painting as a signal \n- noise: physical like absence of light\n- background and condition of the reciever \n- noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n\nSymbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nhuman nervous systems\nchannel is a nervous system\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: What Is Cybernetics? Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\nRest of day \u2013 18:00\n\n\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n\n\n\n\nBegin annotation here: \n \n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan:\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope:\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\nSlow and steady wins the race.\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\nThe rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \nThey (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\nThe human as the parasite - if looking at it from the rats perspective - that disturbs the rats feast?\nSome \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n\nNoise or message, noise or signal?\nIt depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n\nPanopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\nConstant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n\nRats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n\nWho is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\" > a class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \nA resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\" noise as an -||-\n\nA constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \nConcentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n\nIn the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup)\n\nInterruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\nChain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n\n\"the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game.\"\n\nThere is a struggle, a fight for position.\n\nMany of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n\n\"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\nIt happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\nThe tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\nhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Economic_sectors_and_income.JPG\n\nDIAGRAM\n\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\nRelation between information and energy.\nDisruption that makes you feel a point of no return\nIts about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\nWhat is real production?\nWhat is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\nWhat is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\nEnergy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \nIt makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \nWhat disrupts the general tendency towards order? \nNoise.\nHumans are lazy.\nThe production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \nUniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n\nProduction vs reproduction.\nNovelty? Unique?\nReal production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal.\nIt is rare.\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: \n The Silicon Valley of Hardware\n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY\n\n\nEnergy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \nIt makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \nNoise.\n\nTo make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n\nInformation + energy ...\n\nTo use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n\nProduction is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n\nProper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\nSummary at lunch time:\n\n\nA hierarchy of order:\nThe first farmer = link to production\nThe second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter)\nThe city rat (benefits from second farmer)\nThe farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n \nBut what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order')\nWhat does interruption do?\nImplies hierarchies, dependancies.\nChanges the course of events.\nNo system is predictable.\nNew meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n\nNot being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\nAn interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\"\nhttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption\n\nTactic: to interrupt. A tool of power.\n\nIf you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n\nInterruption causes more complexity?\nProductive interruption?\n\nWelcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n\n\nOriginality - production; reproduction. \n\nInterrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\nMix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\nAccumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\nHistory has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\nColonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n\nThe conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n\nThe owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\nCheese = money.\nMoney=power.\nCheese=power.\nJesus = power.\n\nCheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. t The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\nthe problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n\nA tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\nA framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n\n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n\n* semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n*abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n*making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n*Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n*Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n*We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n\n*The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n*Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n*Noise as an active agent.\n\n*Evolution of a parasite.\n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.\nhttps://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammals .Not the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and \\. bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n*relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n*like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n*switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \nscience > anecdote > fable?\n\n\nSWARM 02\n\n\n11:00\n\nA Communications Primer \u2013 Charles and Ray Eames (film:1953)\n\nsee also: https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n\nRest of day \u2013 18:00\n\nThe Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n\n\nRats'Meals --- Cascades\n\n\n\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\n\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 01\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: \n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parrasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n\n \u2013\u2013>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n \n1. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n2. Noise\nirregular fluctuations that accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it. Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal\n3. Redundancy\n4. Encode\n5. Decode\n6. Binary Unit\n7. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ adjective Music: of or in counterpoint.\n \n \n \n \nMax\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"\n<http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html>\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"\n[https://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html] (https://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html)\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\nCommunication aspects of daily concern to all of us\nCommunication process \nNoise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\nEnglish language is half redundant\n1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once\nPainting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\nBackground of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible \nReceiver and transmitter have to understand the same code\nThe language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026)\nWhat holds such birds together in their flight?\nConstant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements \nFlags as a means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound)\nSymbols change and evolve \nMorse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off\nBuild a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible\nCountless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action \nCommunication always implies the responsibility of decision\n--------------------------------------------------------\nMeaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way\nMessage of progress \n\"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\nCertain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\nThe movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \nIt puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstanding\nTries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \nNature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\nIdeas developed during the 2nd WW\nRepresents a civilianization of machines / Technology\nSheltered humanism / perception\nCan someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\nEncoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\nLanguage is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n https://www.dropbox.com/s/47585vdv3m10rn4/Screenshot%202020-01-29%20at%2011.26.39.png\n\nhttps://investorplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Stocks-to-buy-5-768x432.jpg\n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\n\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \nStewart Hall:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\nDick Hebdige: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\nDick Hebdige: the meaning of style\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\nFred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\nN. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\nAvital\nNoise\nINFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECIVER\nMarket information is most efficient\nEnglish is half redundant\nRedundancy when communicating a message\nMessage- music, transmitor-tone\nSignal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\nNoise- prevents the information to get through intact\nThe symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\nSymbols change an evolve\nBuild a systems that can deal with many factors\nCommunicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\nThe number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\nThere is a point ignition that set off the process\nMultiple communication systems that make one great machine\nCommunication is the responsibility of decision\nThe complaxity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n- painting as a signal \n- noise: physical like absence of light\n- background and condition of the reciever \n- noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n\nSymbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nhuman nervous systems\nchannel is a nervous system\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: What Is Cybernetics? Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\nRest of day \u2013 18:00\n\n\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan:\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope:\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\nSlow and steady wins the race.\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n*The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n*They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n*The human as the parasite - if looking at it from the rats perspective - that disturbs the rats feast?\n*Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n\n*Noise or message, noise or signal?\n*It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n\n*Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n*Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n\n*Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n\n*Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n* *\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"* > a class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n* *\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"* noise as an -||-\n\n*A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n*Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n\n*In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup)\n\n*Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n*Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n\n* *\"the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game.\"*\n\n*There is a struggle, a fight for position.\n\n*Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n\n*\"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n*It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n*The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n*Relation between information and energy.\n*Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n*Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\nWhat is real production?\nWhat is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\nWhat is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\nEnergy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \nIt makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \nWhat disrupts the general tendency towards order? \nNoise.\nHumans are lazy.\nThe production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \nUniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n\nProduction vs reproduction.\nNovelty? Unique?\nReal production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal.\nIt is rare.\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: \n The Silicon Valley of Hardware\n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY\n\n\nEnergy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \nIt makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \nNoise.\n\nTo make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n\nInformation + energy ...\n\nTo use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n\nProduction is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n\nProper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\nSummary at lunch time:\n\n\nA hierarchy of order:\nThe first farmer = link to production\nThe second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter)\nThe city rat (benefits from second farmer)\nThe farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n \nBut what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order')\nWhat does interruption do?\nImplies hierarchies, dependancies.\nChanges the course of events.\nNo system is predictable.\nNew meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n\nNot being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\nAn interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\"\nhttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption\n\nTactic: to interrupt. A tool of power.\n\nIf you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n\nInterruption causes more complexity?\nProductive interruption?\n\nWelcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n\n\nOriginality - production; reproduction. \n\nInterrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\nMix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\nAccumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\nHistory has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\nColonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n\nThe conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n\nThe owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\nCheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power.\n\nCheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. t The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\nthe problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n\nA tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\nA framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n\n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n\n* semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n*abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n*making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n*Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n*Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n*We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n\n*The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n*Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n*Noise as an active agent.\n\n*Evolution of a parasite.\n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.\nhttps://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammals .Not the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and \\. bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n*relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n*like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n*switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \nscience > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nCitations\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 01\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: \n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parrasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n\n \u2013\u2013>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n \n1. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n2. Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n3. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n4. Encode\n5. Decode\n6. Binary Unit\n7. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ adjective Music: of or in counterpoint.\n \n \n \n \nMax\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"\n[https://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html] (https://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html)\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\nCommunication aspects of daily concern to all of us\nCommunication process \nNoise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\nEnglish language is half redundant\n1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once\nPainting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\nBackground of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible \nReceiver and transmitter have to understand the same code\nThe language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026)\nWhat holds such birds together in their flight?\nConstant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements \nFlags as a means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound)\nSymbols change and evolve \nMorse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off\nBuild a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible\nCountless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action \nCommunication always implies the responsibility of decision\n--------------------------------------------------------\nMeaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way\nMessage of progress \n\"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\nCertain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\nThe movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \nIt puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstanding\nTries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \nNature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\nIdeas developed during the 2nd WW\nRepresents a civilianization of machines / Technology\nSheltered humanism / perception\nCan someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\nEncoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\nLanguage is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n https://www.dropbox.com/s/47585vdv3m10rn4/Screenshot%202020-01-29%20at%2011.26.39.png\n\nhttps://investorplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Stocks-to-buy-5-768x432.jpg\n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\n\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \nStewart Hall:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\nDick Hebdige: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\nDick Hebdige: the meaning of style\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\nFred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\nN. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\nAvital\nNoise\nINFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECIVER\nMarket information is most efficient\nEnglish is half redundant\nRedundancy when communicating a message\nMessage- music, transmitor-tone\nSignal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\nNoise- prevents the information to get through intact\nThe symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\nSymbols change an evolve\nBuild a systems that can deal with many factors\nCommunicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\nThe number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\nThere is a point ignition that set off the process\nMultiple communication systems that make one great machine\nCommunication is the responsibility of decision\nThe complaxity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n- painting as a signal \n- noise: physical like absence of light\n- background and condition of the reciever \n- noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n\nSymbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nhuman nervous systems\nchannel is a nervous system\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: What Is Cybernetics? Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\nRest of day \u2013 18:00\n\n\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan:\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope:\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\nSlow and steady wins the race.\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n*The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n*They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n*The human as the parasite - if looking at it from the rats perspective - that disturbs the rats feast?\n*Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n\n*Noise or message, noise or signal?\n*It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n\n*Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n*Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n\n*Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n\n*Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n* *\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"* > a class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n* *\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"* noise as an -||-\n\n*A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n*Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n\n*In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup)\n\n*Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n*Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n\n* *\"the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game.\"*\n\n*There is a struggle, a fight for position.\n\n*Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n\n*\"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n*It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n*The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n*Relation between information and energy.\n*Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n*Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\nWhat is real production?\nWhat is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\nWhat is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\nEnergy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \nIt makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \nWhat disrupts the general tendency towards order? \nNoise.\nHumans are lazy.\nThe production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \nUniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n\nProduction vs reproduction.\nNovelty? Unique?\nReal production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal.\nIt is rare.\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: \n The Silicon Valley of Hardware\n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY\n\n\nEnergy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \nIt makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \nNoise.\n\nTo make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n\nInformation + energy ...\n\nTo use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n\nProduction is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n\nProper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\nSummary at lunch time:\n\n\nA hierarchy of order:\nThe first farmer = link to production\nThe second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter)\nThe city rat (benefits from second farmer)\nThe farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n \nBut what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order')\nWhat does interruption do?\nImplies hierarchies, dependancies.\nChanges the course of events.\nNo system is predictable.\nNew meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n\nNot being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\nAn interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\"\nhttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption\n\nTactic: to interrupt. A tool of power.\n\nIf you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n\nInterruption causes more complexity?\nProductive interruption?\n\nWelcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n\n\nOriginality - production; reproduction. \n\nInterrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\nMix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\nAccumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\nHistory has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\nColonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n\nThe conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n\nThe owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\nCheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power.\n\nCheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. t The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\nthe problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n\nA tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\nA framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n\n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n\n* semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n*abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n*making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n*Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n*Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n*We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n\n*The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n*Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n*Noise as an active agent.\n\n*Evolution of a parasite.\n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.\nhttps://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammals .Not the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and \\. bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n*relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n*like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n*switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \nscience > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n \n1. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n2. Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n3. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n4. Encode\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n5. Decode\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n6. Bi(nary Unit\n7. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ adjective Music: of or in counterpoint.\n \n \n \n \nMax\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n[https://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html] \n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\nCommunication aspects of daily concern to all of us\nCommunication process \nNoise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\nEnglish language is half redundant\n1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once\nPainting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\nBackground of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible \nReceiver and transmitter have to understand the same code\nThe language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026)\nWhat holds such birds together in their flight?\nConstant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements \nFlags as a means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound)\nSymbols change and evolve \nMorse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off\nBuild a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible\nCountless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action \nCommunication always implies the responsibility of decision\n--------------------------------------------------------\nMeaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way\nMessage of progress \n\"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\nCertain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\nThe movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \nIt puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstanding\nTries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \nNature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\nIdeas developed during the 2nd WW\nRepresents a civilianization of machines / Technology\nSheltered humanism / perception\nCan someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\nEncoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\nLanguage is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n https://www.dropbox.com/s/47585vdv3m10rn4/Screenshot%202020-01-29%20at%2011.26.39.png\n\nhttps://investorplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Stocks-to-buy-5-768x432.jpg\n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\n\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \nStewart Hall:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\nDick Hebdige: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\nDick Hebdige: the meaning of style\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\nFred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\nN. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\nAvital\nNoise\nINFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECIVER\nMarket information is most efficient\nEnglish is half redundant\nRedundancy when communicating a message\nMessage- music, transmitor-tone\nSignal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\nNoise- prevents the information to get through intact\nThe symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\nSymbols change an evolve\nBuild a systems that can deal with many factors\nCommunicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\nThe number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\nThere is a point ignition that set off the process\nMultiple communication systems that make one great machine\nCommunication is the responsibility of decision\nThe complaxity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n- painting as a signal \n- noise: physical like absence of light\n- background and condition of the reciever \n- noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n\nSymbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nhuman nervous systems\nchannel is a nervous system\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: What Is Cybernetics? Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\nRest of day \u2013 18:00\n\n\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope:\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\nSlow and steady wins the race.\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite - if looking at it from the rats perspective - that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n> a class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n* *\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"* noise as an -||-\n\n*A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n*Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n\n*In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup)\n\n*Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n*Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n\n* *\"the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game.\"*\n\n*There is a struggle, a fight for position.\n\n*Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n\n*\"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n*It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n*The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n*Relation between information and energy.\n*Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n*Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\nWhat is real production?\nWhat is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\nWhat is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\nEnergy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \nIt makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \nWhat disrupts the general tendency towards order? \nNoise.\nHumans are lazy.\nThe production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \nUniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n\nProduction vs reproduction.\nNovelty? Unique?\nReal production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal.\nIt is rare.\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: \n The Silicon Valley of Hardware\n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY\n\n\nEnergy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \nIt makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \nNoise.\n\nTo make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n\nInformation + energy ...\n\nTo use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n\nProduction is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n\nProper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\nSummary at lunch time:\n\n\nA hierarchy of order:\nThe first farmer = link to production\nThe second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter)\nThe city rat (benefits from second farmer)\nThe farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n \nBut what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order')\nWhat does interruption do?\nImplies hierarchies, dependancies.\nChanges the course of events.\nNo system is predictable.\nNew meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n\nNot being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\nAn interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\"\nhttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption\n\nTactic: to interrupt. A tool of power.\n\nIf you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n\nInterruption causes more complexity?\nProductive interruption?\n\nWelcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n\n\nOriginality - production; reproduction. \n\nInterrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\nMix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\nAccumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\nHistory has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\nColonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n\nThe conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n\nThe owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\nCheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power.\n\nCheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. t The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\nthe problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n\nA tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\nA framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n\n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n\n* semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n*abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n*making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n*Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n*Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n*We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n\n*The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n*Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n*Noise as an active agent.\n\n*Evolution of a parasite.\n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.\nhttps://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammals .Not the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and \\. bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n*relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n*like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n*switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \nscience > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n \n1. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n2. Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n3. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n4. Encode\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n5. Decode\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n6. Bi(nait\nA bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n7. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ adjective Music: of or in counterpoint.\n \n \n \n \nMax\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n[https://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html] \n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\nCommunication aspects of daily concern to all of us\nCommunication process \nNoise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\nEnglish language is half redundant\n1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once\nPainting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\nBackground of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible \nReceiver and transmitter have to understand the same code\nThe language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026)\nWhat holds such birds together in their flight?\nConstant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements \nFlags as a means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound)\nSymbols change and evolve \nMorse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off\nBuild a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible\nCountless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action \nCommunication always implies the responsibility of decision\n--------------------------------------------------------\nMeaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way\nMessage of progress \n\"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\nCertain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\nThe movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \nIt puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstanding\nTries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \nNature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\nIdeas developed during the 2nd WW\nRepresents a civilianization of machines / Technology\nSheltered humanism / perception\nCan someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\nEncoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\nLanguage is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n https://www.dropbox.com/s/47585vdv3m10rn4/Screenshot%202020-01-29%20at%2011.26.39.png\n\nhttps://investorplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Stocks-to-buy-5-768x432.jpg\n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\n\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \nStewart Hall:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\nDick Hebdige: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\nDick Hebdige: the meaning of style\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\nFred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\nN. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\nAvital\nNoise\nINFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECIVER\nMarket information is most efficient\nEnglish is half redundant\nRedundancy when communicating a message\nMessage- music, transmitor-tone\nSignal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\nNoise- prevents the information to get through intact\nThe symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\nSymbols change an evolve\nBuild a systems that can deal with many factors\nCommunicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\nThe number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\nThere is a point ignition that set off the process\nMultiple communication systems that make one great machine\nCommunication is the responsibility of decision\nThe complaxity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n- painting as a signal \n- noise: physical like absence of light\n- background and condition of the reciever \n- noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n\nSymbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nhuman nervous systems\nchannel is a nervous system\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: What Is Cybernetics? Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\nRest of day \u2013 18:00\n\n\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope:\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\nSlow and steady wins the race.\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite - if looking at it from the rats perspective - that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* \"the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game.\"\n* There is a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n*Relation between information and energy.\n*Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n*Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\nWhat is real production?\nWhat is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\nWhat is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\nEnergy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \nIt makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \nWhat disrupts the general tendency towards order? \nNoise.\nHumans are lazy.\nThe production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \nUniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n\nProduction vs reproduction.\nNovelty? Unique?\nReal production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal.\nIt is rare.\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: \n The Silicon Valley of Hardware\n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY\n\n\nEnergy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \nIt makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \nNoise.\n\nTo make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n\nInformation + energy ...\n\nTo use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n\nProduction is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n\nProper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\nSummary at lunch time:\n\n\nA hierarchy of order:\nThe first farmer = link to production\nThe second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter)\nThe city rat (benefits from second farmer)\nThe farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n \nBut what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order')\nWhat does interruption do?\nImplies hierarchies, dependancies.\nChanges the course of events.\nNo system is predictable.\nNew meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n\nNot being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\nAn interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\"\nhttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption\n\nTactic: to interrupt. A tool of power.\n\nIf you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n\nInterruption causes more complexity?\nProductive interruption?\n\nWelcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n\n\nOriginality - production; reproduction. \n\nInterrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\nMix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\nAccumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\nHistory has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\nColonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n\nThe conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n\nThe owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\nCheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power.\n\nCheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. t The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\nthe problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n\nA tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\nA framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n\n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n\n* semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n*abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n*making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n*Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n*Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n*We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n\n*The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n*Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n*Noise as an active agent.\n\n*Evolution of a parasite.\n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.\nhttps://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammals .Not the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and \\. bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n*relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n*like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n*switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \nscience > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"changeset": "Z:q65>3z|8y=fga*9*3+i*9+3h$Slightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>",
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"changeset": "Z:pny>m7|8g=ety*9|d+gq*9+5h$Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \nIt makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \nNoise.\n\nTo make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n\nInformation + energy ...\n\nTo use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n\nProduction is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n\nProper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .",
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"changeset": "Z:qa7>64|r=ta=1*h|1+f*h+5p$Fables d'Esope\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n Fables d'Esope\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n1. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n2. Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n3. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n4. Encode\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n5. Decode\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n6. Bit\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n7. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music): \nof or in counterpoint.\n\n\n\nx. Matrix\n\n \n \n \n \nMax\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n[https://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html] \n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\nCommunication aspects of daily concern to all of us\nCommunication process \nNoise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\nEnglish language is half redundant\n1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once\nPainting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\nBackground of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible \nReceiver and transmitter have to understand the same code\nThe language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026)\nWhat holds such birds together in their flight?\nConstant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements \nFlags as a means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound)\nSymbols change and evolve \nMorse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off\nBuild a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible\nCountless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n--------------------------------------------------------\nMeaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way\nMessage of progress \n\"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\nCertain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\nThe movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \nIt puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstanding\nTries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \nNature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\nIdeas developed during the 2nd WW\nRepresents a civilianization of machines / Technology\nSheltered humanism / perception\nCan someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\nEncoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\nLanguage is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n \n\nhttps://investorplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Stocks-to-buy-5-768x432.jpg\n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\n\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \nStewart Hall:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\nDick Hebdige: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\nDick Hebdige: the meaning of style\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\nFred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\nN. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\nAvital\nNoise\nINFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECIVER\nMarket information is most efficient\nEnglish is half redundant\nRedundancy when communicating a message\nMessage- music, transmitor-tone\nSignal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\nNoise- prevents the information to get through intact\nThe symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\nSymbols change an evolve\nBuild a systems that can deal with many factors\nCommunicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\nThe number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\nThere is a point ignition that set off the process\nMultiple communication systems that make one great machine\nCommunication is the responsibility of decision\nThe complaxity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n- painting as a signal \n- noise: physical like absence of light\n- background and condition of the reciever \n- noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n\nSymbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nhuman nervous systems\nchannel is a nervous system\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: What Is Cybernetics? Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\nRest of day \u2013 18:00\n\n\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope:\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\nSlow and steady wins the race.\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite - if looking at it from the rats perspective - that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\nTo make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n\nInformation + energy ...\n\nTo use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n\nProduction is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n\nProper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\nSummary at lunch time:\n\n\nA hierarchy of order:\nThe first farmer = link to production\nThe second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter)\nThe city rat (benefits from second farmer)\nThe farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n \nBut what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order')\nWhat does interruption do?\nImplies hierarchies, dependancies.\nChanges the course of events.\nNo system is predictable.\nNew meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n\nNot being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\nAn interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\"\nhttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption\n\nTactic: to interrupt. A tool of power.\n\nIf you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n\nInterruption causes more complexity?\nProductive interruption?\n\nWelcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n\n\nOriginality - production; reproduction. \n\nInterrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\nMix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\nAccumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\nHistory has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\nColonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n\nThe conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n\nThe owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\nCheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power.\n\nCheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\nthe problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n\nA tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\nA framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n\n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n\n* semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n*abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n*making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n*Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n*Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n*We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n\n*The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n*Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n*Noise as an active agent.\n\n*Evolution of a parasite.\n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.\nhttps://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammals .Not the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and \\. bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n*relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n*like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n*switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \nscience > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\nFables d'Esope\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n1. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n2. Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\nLa Fontaine, Jean\n French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables,\n\n3. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n4. Encode\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n5. Decode\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n6. Bit\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n7. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music): \nof or in counterpoint.\n8. Impostor- The word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n9. Bertrand\n10. Raton\nCountry bumpkin- (slang) An unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\nCity slicker- a person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n\n\n\nx. Matrix\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n\n \n \n \n \nMax\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n[https://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html] \n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\nCommunication aspects of daily concern to all of us\nCommunication process \nNoise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\nEnglish language is half redundant\n1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once\nPainting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\nBackground of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible \nReceiver and transmitter have to understand the same code\nThe language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026)\nWhat holds such birds together in their flight?\nConstant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements \nFlags as a means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound)\nSymbols change and evolve \nMorse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off\nBuild a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible\nCountless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\nMeaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way\nMessage of progress \n\"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\nCertain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\nThe movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \nIt puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstanding\nTries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \nNature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\nIdeas developed during the 2nd WW\nRepresents a civilianization of machines / Technology\nSheltered humanism / perception\nCan someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\nEncoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\nLanguage is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n \n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\n\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \nStewart Hall:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\nDick Hebdige: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\nDick Hebdige: the meaning of style\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\nFred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\nN. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\nAvital\nNoise\nINFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECIVER\nMarket information is most efficient\nEnglish is half redundant\nRedundancy when communicating a message\nMessage- music, transmitor-tone\nSignal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\nNoise- prevents the information to get through intact\nThe symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\nSymbols change an evolve\nBuild a systems that can deal with many factors\nCommunicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\nThe number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\nThere is a point ignition that set off the process\nMultiple communication systems that make one great machine\nCommunication is the responsibility of decision\nThe complaxity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n- painting as a signal \n- noise: physical like absence of light\n- background and condition of the reciever \n- noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n\nSymbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nhuman nervous systems\nchannel is a nervous system\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: What Is Cybernetics? Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\nRest of day \u2013 18:00\n\n\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope:\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\nSlow and steady wins the race.\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective - that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\nSummary 1:\n \nA hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n \nBut what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order')\nWhat does interruption do?\nImplies hierarchies, dependancies.\nChanges the course of events.\nNo system is predictable.\nNew meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n\nNot being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\nAn interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\"\nhttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption\n\nTactic: to interrupt. A tool of power.\n\nIf you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n\nInterruption causes more complexity?\nProductive interruption?\n\nWelcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n\n\nOriginality - production; reproduction. \n\nInterrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\nMix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\nAccumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\nHistory has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\nColonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n\nThe conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n\nThe owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\nCheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power.\n\nCheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\nthe problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n\nA tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\nA framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n\n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n\n* semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n*abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n*making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n*Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n*Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n*We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n\n*The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n*Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n*Noise as an active agent.\n\n*Evolution of a parasite.\n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.\nhttps://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammals .Not the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and \\. bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n*relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n*like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n*switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \nscience > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\nFables d'Esope\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n1. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n2. Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\nLa Fontaine, Jean\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, whi\n\n3. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n4. Encode\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n5. Decode\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n6. Bit\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n7. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music): \nof or in counterpoint.\n8. Impostor- The word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n9. Bertrand\n10. Raton\n11. Country bumpkin- (slang) An unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n12. City slicker- a person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n\n\n\nx. Matrix\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n\n \n \n \n \nMax\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n[https://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html] \n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\nCommunication aspects of daily concern to all of us\nCommunication process \nNoise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\nEnglish language is half redundant\n1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once\nPainting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\nBackground of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible \nReceiver and transmitter have to understand the same code\nThe language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026)\nWhat holds such birds together in their flight?\nConstant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements \nFlags as a means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound)\nSymbols change and evolve \nMorse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off\nBuild a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible\nCountless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\nMeaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way\nMessage of progress \n\"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\nCertain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\nThe movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \nIt puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstanding\nTries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \nNature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\nIdeas developed during the 2nd WW\nRepresents a civilianization of machines / Technology\nSheltered humanism / perception\nCan someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\nEncoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\nLanguage is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n \n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\n\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\nAvital\nNoise\nINFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECEIVER\nMarket information is most efficient\nEnglish is half redundant\nRedundancy when communicating a message\nMessage- music, transmitor-tone\nSignal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\nNoise- prevents the information to get through intact\nThe symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\nSymbols change and evolve\nBuild a systems that can deal with many factors\nCommunicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\nThe number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\nThere is a point ignition that set off the process\nMultiple communication systems that make one great machine\nCommunication is the responsibility of decision\nThe complaxity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n- painting as a signal \n- noise: physical like absence of light\n- background and condition of the reciever \n- noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n\nSymbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nhuman nervous systems\nchannel is a nervous system\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: What Is Cybernetics? Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\nRest of day \u2013 18:00\n\n\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope:\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\nSlow and steady wins the race.\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\nSummary 1:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\"\nhttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption\n\nTactic: to interrupt. A tool of power.\n\nIf you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n\nInterruption causes more complexity?\nProductive interruption?\n\nWelcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n\n\nOriginality - production; reproduction. \n\nInterrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\nMix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\nAccumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\nHistory has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\nColonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n\nThe conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n\nThe owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\nCheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power.\n\nCheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\nthe problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n\nA tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\nA framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n\n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n\n* semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n*abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n*making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n*Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n*Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n*We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n\n*The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n*Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n*Noise as an active agent.\n\n*Evolution of a parasite.\n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.\nhttps://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammals .Not the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and \\. bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n*relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n*like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n*switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \nscience > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\nFables d'Esope\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n1. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n2. Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\nLa Fontaine, Jean\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions from Aesop t\n\n3. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n4. Encode\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n5. Decode\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n6. Bit\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n7. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music): \nof or in counterpoint.\n8. Impostor- The word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n9. Bertrand\n10. Raton\n11. Country bumpkin- (slang) An unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n12. City slicker- a person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n13. Tapeworn\n\n\n\nx. Matrix\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\nx. Parasitology\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\n\n\n \n \n \n \nMax\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n[https://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html] \n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\nCommunication aspects of daily concern to all of us\nCommunication process \nNoise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\nEnglish language is half redundant\n1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once\nPainting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\nBackground of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible \nReceiver and transmitter have to understand the same code\nThe language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026)\nWhat holds such birds together in their flight?\nConstant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements \nFlags as a means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound)\nSymbols change and evolve \nMorse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off\nBuild a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible\nCountless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\nMeaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way\nMessage of progress \n\"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\nCertain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\nThe movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \nIt puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstanding\nTries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \nNature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\nIdeas developed during the 2nd WW\nRepresents a civilianization of machines / Technology\nSheltered humanism / perception\nCan someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\nEncoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\nLanguage is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n \n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\n\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\nAvital\nNoise\nINFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECEIVER\nMarket information is most efficient\nEnglish is half redundant\nRedundancy when communicating a message\nMessage- music, transmitor-tone\nSignal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\nNoise- prevents the information to get through intact\nThe symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\nSymbols change and evolve\nBuild a systems that can deal with many factors\nCommunicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\nThe number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\nThere is a point ignition that set off the process\nMultiple communication systems that make one great machine\nCommunication is the responsibility of decision\nThe complexity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n- painting as a signal \n- noise: physical like absence of light\n- background and condition of the reciever \n- noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n\nSymbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nhuman nervous systems\nchannel is a nervous system\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: What Is Cybernetics? Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\nRest of day \u2013 18:00\n\n\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope:\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\nSlow and steady wins the race.\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\nSummary 1:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n\nInterrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\nMix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\nAccumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\nHistory has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\nColonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n\nThe conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n\nThe owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\nCheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power.\n\nCheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\nthe problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n\nA tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\nA framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n\n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n\n* semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n*abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n*making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n*Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n*Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n*We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n\n*The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n*Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n*Noise as an active agent.\n\n*Evolution of a parasite.\n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.\nhttps://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammals .Not the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and \\. bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n*relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n*like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n*switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \nscience > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\nFables d'Esope\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n1. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n2. Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\nLa Fontaine, Jean\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \nCascade\n1)A mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;2 A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n\n3. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n4. Encode\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n5. Decode\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n6. Bit\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n7. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music): \nof or in counterpoint.\n8. Impostor- The word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n9. Bertrand (?)\n10. Raton (?)\n11. Country bumpkin- (slang) An unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n12. City slicker- a person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n13. Tapeworn\n14. \n\n\nx. Matrix\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\nx. Parasitology\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\nx Carrion\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\nx. Pasturella pestis\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea.[2] It causes the disease plague\n\n \n \n \n \nMax\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\nCommunication aspects of daily concern to all of us\nCommunication process \nNoise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\nEnglish language is half redundant\n1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once\nPainting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\nBackground of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible \nReceiver and transmitter have to understand the same code\nThe language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026)\nWhat holds such birds together in their flight?\nConstant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements \nFlags as a means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound)\nSymbols change and evolve \nMorse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off\nBuild a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible\nCountless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\nMeaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way\nMessage of progress \n\"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\nCertain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\nThe movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \nIt puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstanding\nTries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \nNature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\nIdeas developed during the 2nd WW\nRepresents a civilianization of machines / Technology\nSheltered humanism / perception\nCan someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\nEncoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\nLanguage is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n \n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\n\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding4\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\nAvital\nNoise\nINFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECEIVER\nMarket information is most efficient\nEnglish is half redundant\nRedundancy when communicating a message\nMessage- music, transmitor-tone\nSignal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\nNoise- prevents the information to get through intact\nThe symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\nSymbols change and evolve\nBuild a systems that can deal with many factors\nCommunicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\nThe number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\nThere is a point ignition that set off the process\nMultiple communication systems that make one great machine\nCommunication is the responsibility of decision\nThe complexity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n- painting as a signal \n- noise: physical like absence of light\n- background and condition of the reciever \n- noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n\nSymbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nhuman nervous systems\nchannel is a nervous system\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: What Is Cybernetics? Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan \n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\nSummary 1:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n\nInterrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\nMix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\nAccumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\nHistory has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\nColonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n\nThe conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n\nThe owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\nCheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power.\n\nCheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\nthe problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n\nA tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\nA framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n\n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n\n* semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n*abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n*making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n*Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n*Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n*We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n\n*The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n*Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n*Noise as an active agent.\n\n*Evolution of a parasite.\n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.\nhttps://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammals .Not the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and \\. bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n*relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n*like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n*switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \nscience > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"changeset": "Z:rdm>qh|64=a2n*k|2+1h*k*1+h*k|1+1*k*1+j*k|3+2d*k*1+i*k|3+66*k*1+12*k|3+1t*k*1+3m*k|3+4u*k*1+1c*k|2+2b$In relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding4\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n",
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"changeset": "Z:s4f>2z|2e=4p2+2z$<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>",
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"changeset": "Z:s7d>60|1u=2tf=3u*f|2+f*f+5l$\nx. Arthropod \nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.",
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"changeset": "Z:sdg>6k|ch=rl0=1a*0|3+5*0+h*0*2+14*0+4u$\n\n3.\nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online] Sciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n1. Fables d'Esope\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n2. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n3. Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n4. La Fontaine, Jean\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n5. Cascade\n- A mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n6. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n7. Encode\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n8. Decode\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n9. Bit\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n10. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music): \nof or in counterpoint.\n11. Impostor- The word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n9. Bertrand (?)\n10. Raton (?)\n11. Country bumpkin- (slang) An unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n12. City slicker- a person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n13. Tapeworn\n14. Polyphony- a type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n15. \n\n\nx. Matrix\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\nx. Parasitology\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\nx Carrion\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\nx. Pasturella pestis\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\nx. Mollusks \nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\nx. Arthropod \nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\nx. \n \n \n \n\n\nMax\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\nCommunication aspects of daily concern to all of us\nCommunication process \nNoise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\nEnglish language is half redundant\n1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once\nPainting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\nBackground of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible \nReceiver and transmitter have to understand the same code\nThe language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026)\nWhat holds such birds together in their flight?\nConstant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements \nFlags as a means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound)\nSymbols change and evolve \nMorse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off\nBuild a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible\nCountless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\nMeaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way\nMessage of progress \n\"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\nCertain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\nThe movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \nIt puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstanding\nTries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \nNature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\nIdeas developed during the 2nd WW\nRepresents a civilianization of machines / Technology\nSheltered humanism / perception\nCan someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\nEncoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\nLanguage is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n \n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\nAvital\nNoise\nINFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECEIVER\nMarket information is most efficient\nEnglish is half redundant\nRedundancy when communicating a message\nMessage- music, transmitor-tone\nSignal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\nNoise- prevents the information to get through intact\nThe symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\nSymbols change and evolve\nBuild a systems that can deal with many factors\nCommunicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\nThe number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\nThere is a point ignition that set off the process\nMultiple communication systems that make one great machine\nCommunication is the responsibility of decision\nThe complexity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n- painting as a signal \n- noise: physical like absence of light\n- background and condition of the reciever \n- noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n\nSymbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nhuman nervous systems\nchannel is a nervous system\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: What Is Cybernetics? Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\nFURTHER READINGS\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope.\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\nSummary 1:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n\nInterrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\nMix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\nAccumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\nHistory has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\nColonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n\nThe conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n\nThe owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\nCheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power.\n\nCheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\nthe problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n\nA tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\nA framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n\n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n\n* semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n*abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n*making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n*Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n*Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n*We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n\n*The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n*Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n*Noise as an active agent.\n\n*Evolution of a parasite.\n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.\nhttps://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammals .Not the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n*relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n*like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n*switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \nscience > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n3.\nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online] S\nciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n1. Fables d'Esope\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n2. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n3. Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n4. La Fontaine, Jean\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n5. Cascade\n- A mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n6. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n7. Encode\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n8. Decode\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n9. Bit\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n10. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music): \nof or in counterpoint.\n11. Impostor- The word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n12. Bertrand (?)\n13. Raton (?)\n14. Country bumpkin- (slang) An unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n15. City slicker- a person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n16. Tapeworn\n17. Polyphony- a type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n15. \u05dd\u05e8\u05e9\u05d1\u05e7\n\n\nx. Matrix\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\nx. Parasitology\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\nx Carrion\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\nx. Pasturella pestis\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\nx. Mollusks \nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\nx. Arthropod \nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\nx. \n \n \n \n\n\nMax\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\nCommunication aspects of daily concern to all of us\nCommunication process \nNoise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\nEnglish language is half redundant\n1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once\nPainting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\nBackground of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible \nReceiver and transmitter have to understand the same code\nThe language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026)\nWhat holds such birds together in their flight?\nConstant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements \nFlags as a means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound)\nSymbols change and evolve \nMorse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off\nBuild a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible\nCountless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way\n* Message of progress \n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\n* The movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for * misunderstanding\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \nNature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\nIdeas developed during the 2nd WW\nRepresents a civilianization of machines / Technology\nSheltered humanism / perception\nCan someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\nEncoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\nLanguage is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n \n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\nAvital\n* Noise\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient\n* English is half redundant\n* Redundancy when communicating a message\n* Message- music, transmitor-tone\n* Signal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\n* Noise- prevents the information to get through intact\n* The symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\n* Symbols change and evolve\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision\n* The complexity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n- painting as a signal \n- noise: physical like absence of light\n- background and condition of the reciever \n- noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n\nSymbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nhuman nervous systems\nchannel is a nervous system\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: What Is Cybernetics? Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\nFURTHER READINGS\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\nSUMMARY 1:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power. Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\nA framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n\n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n\n* semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n*abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n*making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n*Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n*Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n*We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n\n*The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n*Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n*Noise as an active agent.\n\n*Evolution of a parasite.\n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.\nhttps://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n*relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n*like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n*switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \nscience > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n3.\nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online] S\nciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\nphilosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n1. Fables d'Esope\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n2. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n3. Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n4. La Fontaine, Jean\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n5. Cascade\n- A mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n6. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n7. Encode\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n8. Decode\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n9. Bit\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n10. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music): \nof or in counterpoint.\n11. Impostor- The word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n12. Bertrand (?)\n13. Raton (?)\n14. Country bumpkin- (slang) An unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n15. City slicker- a person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n16. Tapeworn\n17. Polyphony- a type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n15. Horace- the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n\n\nx. Matrix\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\nx. Parasitology\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\nx Carrion\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\nx. Pasturella pestis\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\nx. Mollusks \nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\nx. Arthropod \nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\nx. Anthropomorphism \nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\nx. Horace\nQuintus Horatius Flaccus, known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus.\n \n \n \n\n\nMax\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n* Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n* Communication process \n* Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n* English language is half redundant\n* 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n* Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n* Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible \n* Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code\n* The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026)\nWhat holds such birds together in their flight?\nConstant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements \nFlags as a means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound)\nSymbols change and evolve \nMorse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off\nBuild a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible\nCountless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way\n* Message of progress \n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\n* The movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for * misunderstanding\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology\n* Sheltered humanism / perception\n* Can someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\n* Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n \n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\nAvital\n* Noise\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient\n* English is half redundant\n* Redundancy when communicating a message\n* Message- music, transmitor-tone\n* Signal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\n* Noise- prevents the information to get through intact\n* The symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\n* Symbols change and evolve\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision\n* The complexity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n* painting as a signal \n* noise: physical like absence of light\n* background and condition of the reciever \n* noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n* Symbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nhuman nervous systems\nchannel is a nervous system\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: What Is Cybernetics? Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\nFURTHER READINGS\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\nSUMMARY 1:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power. Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency.\nhttps://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n*relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n*like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n*switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \nscience > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n3.\nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online] S\nciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\nphilosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n1. Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n2. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n3. Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n4. La Fontaine, Jean\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n5. Cascade\n- A mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n6. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n7. Encode\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n8. Decode\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n9. Bit\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n10. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music): \nof or in counterpoint.\n11. Impostor- The word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n12. Bertrand (?)\n13. Raton (?)\n14. Country bumpkin- (slang) An unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n15. City slicker- a person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n16. Tapeworn\n17. Polyphony- a type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n15. Horace- the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n\n\nx. Matrix\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\nx. Parasitology\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\nx Carrion\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\nx. Pasturella pestis\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\nx. Mollusks \nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\nx. Arthropod \nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\nx. Anthropomorphism \nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\nx. Horace\nQuintus Horatius Flaccus, known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus.\n \n \n \n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n* Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n* Communication process \n* Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n* English language is half redundant,\n* 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n* Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n* Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n* Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n* The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n* What holds such birds together in their flight?\n* Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n* Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n* Symbols change and evolve ...\n* Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off.\n* Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n* Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic\n* The movie can be concidered manipulative (Propaganda) - a simplified form \n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for * misunderstanding\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology\n* Sheltered humanism / perception\n* Can someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\n* Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n \n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\nAvital\n* Noise\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient\n* English is half redundant\n* Redundancy when communicating a message\n* Message- music, transmitor-tone\n* Signal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\n* Noise- prevents the information to get through intact\n* The symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\n* Symbols change and evolve\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision\n* The complexity of communication \n\n\nMARK\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n* painting as a signal \n* noise: physical like absence of light\n* background and condition of the reciever \n* noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n* Symbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children.\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\nFURTHER READINGS\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\nSUMMARY 1:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power. Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n* Communication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n3.\nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online] S\nciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\nphilosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n1. Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n2. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n3. Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n4. La Fontaine, Jean\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n5. Cascade\n- A mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n6. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n7. Encode\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n8. Decode\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n9. Bit\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n10. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music): \nof or in counterpoint.\n11. Impostor- The word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n12. Bertrand (?)\n13. Raton (?)\n14. Country bumpkin- (slang) An unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n15. City slicker- a person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n16. Tapeworn\n17. Polyphony- a type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n15. Horace- the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n\n\nx. Matrix\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\nx. Parasitology\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\nx Carrion\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\nx. Pasturella pestis\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\nx. Mollusks \nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\nx. Arthropod \nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\nx. Anthropomorphism \nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\nx. Horace\nQuintus Horatius Flaccus, known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus.\n \n \n \n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n* Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n* Communication process \n* Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n* English language is half redundant,\n* 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n* Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n* Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n* Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n* The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n* What holds such birds together in their flight?\n* Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n* Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n* Symbols change and evolve ...\n* Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off.\n* Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n* Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"...\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic.\n* The movie can be concidered as manipulative (propaganda) - a simplified form.\n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and therby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for * misunderstanding\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and a organism \n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology\n* Sheltered humanism / perception\n* Can someone avoid responisility by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message\n* Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.\n\n \n\nHumanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pules of the computer\u201d\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\n* Noise\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient\n* English is half redundant\n* Redundancy when communicating a message\n* Message- music, transmitor-tone\n* Signal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\n* Noise- prevents the information to get through intact\n* The symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\n* Symbols change and evolve\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision\n* The complexity of communication \n\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n* painting as a signal \n* noise: physical like absence of light\n* background and condition of the reciever \n* noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n* Symbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children, paragraph in the **Rustle of language**, P (understanding people without knowing their language)\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\nFURTHER READINGS\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\n## MID - SUMMARY:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power. Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n* Communication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n3.\nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online] S\nciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\nphilosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n1. Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n2. Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n3. Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n4. La Fontaine, Jean\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n5. Cascade\nA mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n6. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n7. Encode\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n8. Decode\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n9. Bit\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n10. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music): \nof or in counterpoint.\n11. Impostor- The word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n12. Bertrand (?)\n13. Raton (?)\n14. Country bumpkin- (slang) An unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n15. City slicker- a person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n16. Tapeworn\n17. Polyphony- a type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n15. Horace- the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n16. Matrix\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n17. Parasitology\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\n18. Carrion\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\n19. Pasturella pestis\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\n20. Mollusks \nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\n21. Arthropod \nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\n22. Anthropomorphism \nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\n23. Horace\nQuintus Horatius Flaccus, known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus.\n24. Phyla\nin biology, a phylum (/\u02c8fa\u026al\u0259m/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. \n \n \n \n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n* Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n* Communication process \n* Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n* English language is half redundant,\n* 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n* Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n* Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n* Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n* The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n* What holds such birds together in their flight?\n* Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n* Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n* Symbols change and evolve ...\n* Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off.\n* Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n* Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"...\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic.\n* The movie can be concidered as manipulative (propaganda) - a simplified form.\n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and thereby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstandings.\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and an organism.\n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system.\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW.\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology.\n* Sheltered humanism / perception.\n* Can someone avoid responsability by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message.\n* **Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.**\n\n \n\n* **Humanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pulse of the computer\u201d**\n\ncommunication: responsibility of deciding \nThere is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\nPrivileging the message over the noise\nIdeology is what goes unmentioned\n\n* Noise\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>> channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient\n* English is half redundant\n* Redundancy when communicating a message\n* Message- music, transmitor-tone\n* Signal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\n* Noise- prevents the information to get through intact\n* The symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\n* Symbols change and evolve\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision\n* The complexity of communication \n\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n* painting as a signal \n* noise: physical like absence of light\n* background and condition of the reciever \n* noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n* Symbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\nPrinting:\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children, paragraph in the **Rustle of language**, Roland Barthes (understanding people without knowing their language)\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\nFURTHER READINGS\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\n## MID - SUMMARY:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. Money=power. Cheese=power. Jesus = power. Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n* Communication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCitations\n\n1.\nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n\n\n3.\nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online] S\nciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\nphilosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n1. Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)<br>\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n2. Signal<br>\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n3. Noise<br>\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n4. La Fontaine, Jean<br>\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n5. Cascade\nA mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n6. Redundancy\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n7. Encode\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n8. Decode\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n9. Bit\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n10. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music): \nof or in counterpoint.\n11. Impostor- The word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n12. Bertrand (?)\n13. Raton (?)\n14. Country bumpkin- (slang) An unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n15. City slicker- a person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n16. Tapeworn\n17. Polyphony- a type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n15. Horace- the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n16. Matrix\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n17. Parasitology\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\n18. Carrion\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\n19. Pasturella pestis\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\n20. Mollusks \nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\n21. Arthropod \nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\n22. Anthropomorphism \nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\n23. Horace\nQuintus Horatius Flaccus, known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus.\n24. Phyla\nin biology, a phylum (/\u02c8fa\u026al\u0259m/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. \n \n \n \n\n## A Communications Primer by Charles and Ray Eames (Film: 1953)\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n* Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n* Communication process \n* Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n* English language is half redundant,\n* 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n* Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n* Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n* Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n* The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n* What holds such birds together in their flight?\n* Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n* Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n* Symbols change and evolve ...\n* Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off.\n* Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n* Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"...\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic.\n* The movie can be concidered as manipulative (propaganda) - a simplified form.\n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and thereby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstandings.\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and an organism.\n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system.\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW.\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology.\n* Sheltered humanism / perception.\n* Can someone avoid responsability by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message.\n* **Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.**\n\n \n\n* **Humanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pulse of the computer\u201d**\n\n* Communication: responsibility of deciding.\n* There is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\n* Privileging the message over the noise.\n* Ideology is what goes unmentioned. \n\n* Noise!!\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>>channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient.\n* English is half redundant.\n* Redundancy when communicating a message.\n* Message=music, transmitor=tone\n* Signal- the painting, reciver- the public, destination-their mind and emotions\n* Noise- prevents the information to get through intact\n* The symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\n* Symbols change and evolve\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision\n* The complexity of communication \n\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\nin painting:\n* painting as a signal \n* noise: physical like absence of light\n* background and condition of the reciever \n* noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n* Symbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\n\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children, paragraph in the **Rustle of language**, Roland Barthes (understanding people without knowing their language)\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\nFURTHER READINGS\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\n## MID - SUMMARY:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. <br> Money=power. <br> Cheese=power. Jesus = power. Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n* Communication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n2. \nJain, A. (2020). Organisms or Machines?. [online] Phys.org. Available at:\nhttps://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n3. \nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online]\n Sciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\n philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n1. Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)<br>\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n2. Signal<br>\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n3. Noise<br>\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n4. La Fontaine, Jean<br>\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n5. Cascade<br>\nA mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n6. Redundancy<br>\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n7. Encode<br>\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n8. Decode<br>\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n9. Bit<br>\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n10. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music)<br>\nOf or in counterpoint.\n11. Impostor<br>\nThe word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n12. Bertrand (?)\n13. Raton (?)\n14. Country bumpkin(slang) <br>\nAn unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n15. City slicker<br>\nA person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n16. Tapeworn<br>\n17. Polyphony<br>\nA type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n15. Horace<br>\nThe leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n16. Matrix<br>\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n17. Parasitology<br>\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\n18. Carrion<br>\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\n19. Pasturella pestis<br>\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\n20. Mollusks \nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\n21. Arthropod \nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\n22. Anthropomorphism \nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\n23. Horace\nQuintus Horatius Flaccus, known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus.\n24. Phyla\nin biology, a phylum (/\u02c8fa\u026al\u0259m/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. \n \n \n \n\n## A COMMUNICATIONS PRIMER by Charles and Ray Eames (Film: 1953)\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n* Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n* Communication process \n* Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n* English language is half redundant,\n* 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n* Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n* Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n* Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n* The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n* What holds such birds together in their flight?\n* Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n* Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n* Symbols change and evolve ...\n* Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off.\n* Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n* Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"...\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic.\n* The movie can be concidered as manipulative (propaganda) - a simplified form.\n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and thereby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstandings.\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and an organism.\n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system.\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW.\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology.\n* Sheltered humanism / perception.\n* Can someone avoid responsability by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message.\n* **Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.**\n\n \n\n* **Humanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pulse of the computer\u201d**\n\n* Communication: responsibility of deciding.\n* There is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\n* Privileging the message over the noise.\n* Ideology is what goes unmentioned. \n\n* Noise!!\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>>channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient.\n* English is half redundant.\n* Redundancy when communicating a message.\n* Message=music, transmitor=tone.\n* Signal=the painting, reciver=the public, destination=their mind and emotions.\n* Noise - prevents the information to get through intact\n* The symbol- symbols of communication- men\u2019s first fire- a wander of communication, through all language barriers\n* Symbols change and evolve\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision\n* The complexity of communication \n\nReduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message\n\n* painting as a signal (noise: physical absence of light\n* background and condition of the reciever \n* noise in communication proces: subjectivity to subjectivity\n* Symbols of communication change over time (only become readable by antropologists)\n\n\nBW printing as a binairy system of desicions \nCMYK printing as large number of parallel decisions\n\nFeedback systems as memory and 'brains'\n\nCybernetics: Cybernetics (coming from the Greek word 'to steer') is about steering to the goal; All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological. (Describing systems that \"have goals\".) Paul Pangaro \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\nChinese children, paragraph in the **Rustle of language**, Roland Barthes (understanding people without knowing their language)\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\nFURTHER READINGS\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\n\n### The Parasite \u2013 Michel Serres (Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\n## MID - SUMMARY:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. <br> Money=power. <br> Cheese=power. <br> Jesus = power. <br> Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n* Communication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n2. \nJain, A. (2020). Organisms or Machines?. [online] Phys.org. Available at:\nhttps://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n<br>\n3. \nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online]\n Sciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\n philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n1. Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)<br>\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n2. Signal<br>\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n3. Noise<br>\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n4. La Fontaine, Jean<br>\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n5. Cascade<br>\nA mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n6. Redundancy<br>\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n7. Encode<br>\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n8. Decode<br>\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n9. Bit<br>\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n10. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music)<br>\nOf or in counterpoint.\n11. Impostor<br>\nThe word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n12. Bertrand (?)\n13. Raton (?)\n14. Country bumpkin(slang) <br>\nAn unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n15. City slicker<br>\nA person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n16. Tapeworn<br>\n17. Polyphony<br>\nA type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n15. Horace<br>\nThe leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n16. Matrix<br>\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n17. Parasitology<br>\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\n18. Carrion<br>\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\n19. Pasturella pestis<br>\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\n20. Mollusks<br>\nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\n21. Arthropod <br>\nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\n22. Anthropomorphism <br>\nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\n24. Phyla<br>\nin biology, a phylum (/\u02c8fa\u026al\u0259m/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. \n25. Cybernetics<br>\ncoming from the Greek word 'to steer' is about steering to the goal; \"All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological.\" (Paul Pangaro describing systems that \"have goals\".) \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory)\n\n\n \n \n \n\n## A COMMUNICATIONS PRIMER by Charles and Ray Eames (Film: 1953)\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n* Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n* Communication process \n* Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n* English language is half redundant,\n* 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n* Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n* Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n* Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n* The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n* What holds such birds together in their flight?\n* Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n* Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n* Symbols change and evolve ...\n* Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off. \n* Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n* Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"...\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic.\n* The movie can be concidered as manipulative (propaganda) - a simplified form.\n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and thereby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstandings.\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and an organism.\n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system.\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW.\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology.\n* Sheltered humanism / perception.\n* Can someone avoid responsability by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message.\n* **Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.**\n\n \n\n* **Humanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pulse of the computer\u201d**\n\n* Communication: responsibility of deciding.\n* There is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\n* Privileging the message over the noise.\n* Ideology is what goes unmentioned. \n\n* Noise!!\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>>channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient.\n* English is half redundant.\n* Redundancy when communicating a message.\n* Message=music, transmitor=tone.\n* Signal=the painting, reciver=the public, destination=their mind and emotions.\n* Noise - prevents the information to get through intact.\n* The symbol - symbols of communication - men\u2019s first fire - a wander of communication, through all language barriers.\n* Symbols change and evolve.\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors.\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no.\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous.\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process.\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine.\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision!\n* The complexity of communication.\n* Reduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message.\n\n\nChinese children, paragraph in the **Rustle of language**, Roland Barthes (understanding people without knowing their language)\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\nWhat is being sheltered in this film? \n\nMessage of progress.\nTranslation.\nBox with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n\nComplexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\nSimplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\nSame level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\nNature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)\n\n\n\nCivilianization of communication. After 2WW. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \nSheltered: humanism.\n\nHiding ideology. \nHumanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n\nref: Encoding Decoding\n\nsignal+noise\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\noptions of units per time.\ntriggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\nFURTHER READINGS\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\n\n## RAT'S MEALS / CASCADES Michel Serres (The ParasiteText: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\n## MID - SUMMARY:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. <br> Money=power. <br> Cheese=power. <br> Jesus = power. <br> Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n* Communication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n2. \nJain, A. (2020). Organisms or Machines?. [online] Phys.org. Available at:\nhttps://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n<br>\n3. \nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online]\n Sciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\n philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n1. Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)<br>\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n2. Signal<br>\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n3. Noise<br>\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n4. La Fontaine, Jean<br>\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n5. Cascade<br>\nA mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n6. Redundancy<br>\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n7. Encode<br>\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n8. Decode<br>\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n9. Bit<br>\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n10. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music)<br>\nOf or in counterpoint.\n11. Impostor<br>\nThe word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n12. Bertrand (?)\n13. Raton (?)\n14. Country bumpkin(slang) <br>\nAn unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n15. City slicker<br>\nA person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n16. Tapeworn<br>\n17. Polyphony<br>\nA type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n15. Horace<br>\nThe leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n16. Matrix<br>\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n17. Parasitology<br>\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\n18. Carrion<br>\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\n19. Pasturella pestis<br>\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\n20. Mollusks<br>\nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\n21. Arthropod <br>\nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\n22. Anthropomorphism <br>\nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\n24. Phyla<br>\nin biology, a phylum (/\u02c8fa\u026al\u0259m/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. \n25. Cybernetics<br>\ncoming from the Greek word 'to steer' is about steering to the goal; \"All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological.\" (Paul Pangaro describing systems that \"have goals.) \n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory) \n\n\n \n \n \n\n## A COMMUNICATIONS PRIMER by Charles and Ray Eames (Film: 1953)\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n* Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n* Communication process \n* Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not mean sound necessarily but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n* English language is half redundant,\n* 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n* Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n* Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n* Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n* The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n* What holds such birds together in their flight?\n* Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n* Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n* Symbols change and evolve ...\n* Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off. \n* Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n* Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"...\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic.\n* The movie can be concidered as manipulative (propaganda) - a simplified form.\n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and thereby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstandings.\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and an organism.\n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system.\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW.\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology.\n* Sheltered humanism / perception.\n* Can someone avoid responsability by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message.\n* **Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.**\n\n \n\n* **Humanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pulse of the computer\u201d**\n\n* Communication: responsibility of deciding.\n* There is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\n* Privileging the message over the noise.\n* Ideology is what goes unmentioned. \n\n* Noise!!\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>>channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient.\n* English is half redundant.\n* Redundancy when communicating a message.\n* Message=music, transmitor=tone.\n* Signal=the painting, reciver=the public, destination=their mind and emotions.\n* Noise - prevents the information to get through intact.\n* The symbol - symbols of communication - men\u2019s first fire - a wander of communication, through all language barriers.\n* Symbols change and evolve.\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors.\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no.\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous.\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process.\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine.\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision!\n* The complexity of communication.\n* Reduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message.\n\n\nChinese children, paragraph in the **Rustle of language**, Roland Barthes (understanding people without knowing their language)\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\n* What is being sheltered in this film? \n\n * Message of progress.\n * Translation.\n * Box with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n * Complexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\n * Simplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\n * Same level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n\n * Nature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n[Birds flocking in python?](https://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118)4\n\n\n\n * Civilianization of communication. After WW2. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \n * Sheltered: humanism.\n * Hiding ideology. \n * Humanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n * Options of units per time.\n * Triggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nLast issyue\n\n\n\n<br>\n\nFURTHER READINGS\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\n\n## RAT'S MEALS / CASCADES - Michel Serres (The Parasite / Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n\n\n\n\nSlightly off-topic but this is a great documentary about Shenzen: The Silicon Valley of Hardware <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGJ5cZnoodY>\n\n## MID - SUMMARY:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. <br> Money=power. <br> Cheese=power. <br> Jesus = power. <br> Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\neco-fascist \neconomy of egoism\n* Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n* Communication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n2. \nJain, A. (2020). Organisms or Machines?. [online] Phys.org. Available at:\nhttps://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n<br>\n3. \nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online]\n Sciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\n philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n\nFurther reading\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n<ol>\n<li>Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)</li>\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n<li>Signal<br>\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n<li>Noise<br>\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n<li>La Fontaine, Jean<br>\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n<li>Cascade<br>\nA mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n<li>Redundancy<br>\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n<li>Encode<br>\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n<li>Decode<br>\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n9. Bit<br>\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n10. Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music)<br>\nOf or in counterpoint.\n11. Impostor<br>\nThe word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n12. Bertrand (?)\n13. Raton (?)\n14. Country bumpkin(slang) <br>\nAn unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n15. City slicker<br>\nA person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n16. Tapeworn<br>\n17. Polyphony<br>\nA type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n15. Horace<br>\nThe leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n16. Matrix<br>\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n17. Parasitology<br>\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\n18. Carrion<br>\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\n19. Pasturella pestis<br>\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\n20. Mollusks<br>\nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\n21. Arthropod <br>\nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\n22. Anthropomorphism <br>\nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\n24. Phyla<br>\nin biology, a phylum (/\u02c8fa\u026al\u0259m/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. \n25. Cybernetics<br>\ncoming from the Greek word 'to steer' is about steering to the goal; \"All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological.\" (Paul Pangaro describing systems that \"have goals.) \n</ol>\n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory) \n\n\n \n \n \n\n## A COMMUNICATIONS PRIMER by Charles and Ray Eames (Film: 1953)\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n* Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n* Communication process \n* Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not necessarily mean sound but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n* English language is half redundant,\n* 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n* Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n* Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n* Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n* The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n* What holds such birds together in their flight?\n* Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n* Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n* Symbols change and evolve ...\n* Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off. \n* Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n* Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"...\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic.\n* The movie can be concidered as manipulative (propaganda) - a simplified form.\n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and thereby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstandings.\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and an organism.\n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system.\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW.\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology.\n* Sheltered humanism / perception.\n* Can someone avoid responsability by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message.\n* **Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.**\n\n \n\n* **Humanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pulse of the computer\u201d**\n\n* Communication: responsibility of deciding.\n* There is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\n* Privileging the message over the noise.\n* Ideology is what goes unmentioned. \n\n* Noise!!\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>>channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient.\n* English is half redundant.\n* Redundancy when communicating a message.\n* Message=music, transmitor=tone.\n* Signal=the painting, reciver=the public, destination=their mind and emotions.\n* Noise - prevents the information to get through intact.\n* The symbol - symbols of communication - men\u2019s first fire - a wander of communication, through all language barriers.\n* Symbols change and evolve.\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors.\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no.\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous.\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process.\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine.\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision!\n* The complexity of communication.\n* Reduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message.\n\n\nChinese children, paragraph in the **Rustle of language**, Roland Barthes (understanding people without knowing their language)\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\n* What is being sheltered in this film? \n\n * Message of progress.\n * Translation.\n * Box with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n * Complexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\n * Simplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\n * Same level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n * Nature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n\n\n\n * Civilianization of communication. After WW2. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \n * Sheltered: humanism.\n * Hiding ideology. \n * Humanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n * Options of units per time.\n * Triggers and signals.\n\nhttp://files.archinect.com/uploads/ai/aiu_meeting_mike_davis_11.jpg\n\nLast issue of the Whole Earth Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n### FURTHER READINGS\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\n\n## RAT'S MEALS / CASCADES - Michel Serres (The Parasite / Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### Diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n### MID - SUMMARY:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. <br> Money=power. <br> Cheese=power. <br> Jesus = power. <br> Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\n * eco-fascist \n * economy of egoism\n * Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32).\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n* Communication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n2. \nJain, A. (2020). Organisms or Machines?. [online] Phys.org. Available at:\nhttps://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n<br>\n3. \nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online]\n Sciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\n philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n\nFurther reading\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n<ol>\n<li>Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].</li>\n<li>Signal\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.</li>\n<li>Noise\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.</li>\n<li>La Fontaine, Jean\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. </li>\n<li>Cascade</li>\nA mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n<li>Redundancy</li>\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n<li>Encode</li>\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n<li>Decode</li>\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n<li>Bit</li>\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n<li>Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music)</li>\nOf or in counterpoint.\n<li>Impostor</li>\nThe word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n<li>Bertrand (?)</li>\n<li>Raton (?)</li>\n<li>Country bumpkin(slang) </li>\nAn unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n<li>City slicker</li>\nA person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n<li>Tapeworn</li>\n<li>Polyphony</li>\nA type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n<li>Horace</li>\nThe leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n<li>Matrix</li>\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n<li>Parasitology</li>\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\n<li>Carrion</li>\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\n<li>Pasturella pestis</li>\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\n<li>Mollusks</li>\nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\n<li>Arthropod </li>\nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\n<li>Anthropomorphism </li>\nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\n<li>Phyla</li>\nin biology, a phylum (/\u02c8fa\u026al\u0259m/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. \n<li>Cybernetics</li>\ncoming from the Greek word 'to steer' is about steering to the goal; \"All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological.\" (Paul Pangaro describing systems that \"have goals.) \n</ol>\n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory) \n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n\n \n \n \n\n## A COMMUNICATIONS PRIMER by Charles and Ray Eames (Film: 1953)\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n* Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n* Communication process \n* Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not necessarily mean sound but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n* English language is half redundant,\n* 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n* Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n* Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n* Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n* The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n* What holds such birds together in their flight?\n* Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n* Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n* Symbols change and evolve ...\n* Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off. \n* Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n* Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"...\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic.\n* The movie can be concidered as manipulative (propaganda) - a simplified form.\n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and thereby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstandings.\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and an organism.\n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system.\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW.\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology.\n* Sheltered humanism / perception.\n* Can someone avoid responsability by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message.\n* **Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.**\n\n \n\n* **Humanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pulse of the computer\u201d**\n\n* Communication: responsibility of deciding.\n* There is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\n* Privileging the message over the noise.\n* Ideology is what goes unmentioned. \n\n* Noise!!\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>>channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient.\n* English is half redundant.\n* Redundancy when communicating a message.\n* Message=music, transmitor=tone.\n* Signal=the painting, reciver=the public, destination=their mind and emotions.\n* Noise - prevents the information to get through intact.\n* The symbol - symbols of communication - men\u2019s first fire - a wander of communication, through all language barriers.\n* Symbols change and evolve.\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors.\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no.\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous.\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process.\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine.\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision!\n* The complexity of communication.\n* Reduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message.\n\n\nChinese children, paragraph in the **Rustle of language**, Roland Barthes (understanding people without knowing their language)\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\n* What is being sheltered in this film? \n\n * Message of progress.\n * Translation.\n * Box with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love?\n * Complexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\n * Simplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\n * Same level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n * Nature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n\n\n\n * Civilianization of communication. After WW2. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \n * Sheltered: humanism.\n * Hiding ideology. \n * Humanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n * Options of units per time.\n * Triggers and signals.\n\n\n\nLast issue of the Whole Earth Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n### FURTHER READING\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\n\n## RAT'S MEALS / CASCADES - Michel Serres (The Parasite / Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolan_bunting>\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n<https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fables_d%27%C3%89sope>\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### Diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n### MID - SUMMARY:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. <br> Money=power. <br> Cheese=power. <br> Jesus = power. <br> Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\n * eco-fascist \n * economy of egoism\n * Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32). \n<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice>\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable? Hierarchy of relevancy.\n\n\nCitations\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n2. \nJain, A. (2020). Organisms or Machines?. [online] Phys.org. Available at:\nhttps://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n<br>\n3. \nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online]\n Sciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\n philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n\n### FURTHER READING\nSee also: Conversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n\n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n&\n</div>\n\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans:1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.75px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n<ol>\n<li>Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)</li>\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n<li>Signal</li>\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n<li>Noise</li>\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n<li>La Fontaine, Jean</li>\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n<li>Cascade</li>\nA mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n<li>Redundancy</li>\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n<li>Encode</li>\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n<li>Decode</li>\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n<li>Bit</li>\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n<li>Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music)</li>\nOf or in counterpoint.\n<li>Impostor</li>\nThe word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n<li>Bertrand (?)</li>\n<li>Raton (?)</li>\n<li>Country bumpkin(slang) </li>\nAn unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n<li>City slicker</li>\nA person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n<li>Tapeworn</li>\n<li>Polyphony</li>\nA type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n<li>Horace</li>\nThe leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n<li>Matrix</li>\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n<li>Parasitology</li>\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\n<li>Carrion</li>\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\n<li>Pasturella pestis</li>\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\n<li>Mollusks</li>\nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\n<li>Arthropod </li>\nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\n<li>Anthropomorphism </li>\nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\n<li>Phyla</li>\nin biology, a phylum (/\u02c8fa\u026al\u0259m/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. \n<li>Cybernetics</li>\ncoming from the Greek word 'to steer' is about steering to the goal; \"All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological.\" (Paul Pangaro describing systems that \"have goals.) \n</ol>\n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory) \n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n## A COMMUNICATIONS PRIMER by Charles and Ray Eames (Film: 1953)\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n* Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n* Communication process \n* Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not necessarily mean sound but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n* English language is half redundant,\n* 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n* Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n* Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n* Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n* The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n* What holds such birds together in their flight?\n* Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n* Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n* Symbols change and evolve ...\n* Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off. \n* Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n* Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"...\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic.\n* The movie can be concidered as manipulative (propaganda) - a simplified form.\n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and thereby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstandings.\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and an organism.\n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system.\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW.\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology.\n* Sheltered humanism / perception.\n* Can someone avoid responsability by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message.\n* **Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.**\n\n \n\n* **Humanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pulse of the computer\u201d**\n\n* Communication: responsibility of deciding.\n* There is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\n* Privileging the message over the noise.\n* Ideology is what goes unmentioned. \n\n* Noise!!\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>>channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient.\n* English is half redundant.\n* Redundancy when communicating a message.\n* Message=music, transmitor=tone.\n* Signal=the painting, reciver=the public, destination=their mind and emotions.\n* Noise - prevents the information to get through intact.\n* The symbol - symbols of communication - men\u2019s first fire - a wander of communication, through all language barriers.\n* Symbols change and evolve.\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors.\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no.\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous.\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process.\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine.\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision!\n* The complexity of communication.\n* Reduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message.\n\n\nChinese children, paragraph in the **Rustle of language**, Roland Barthes (understanding people without knowing their language)\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\n* What is being sheltered in this film? \n\n* Message of progress.\n* Translation.\n* Box with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love\n* Complexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\n* Simplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\n* Same level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n* Nature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n\n\n* Civilianization of communication. After WW2. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \n* Sheltered: humanism.\n* Hiding ideology. \n* Humanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n* Options of units per time.\n* Triggers and signals.\n\n\n\nLast issue of the Whole Earth Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n## RAT'S MEALS / CASCADES - Michel Serres (The Parasite / Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### Diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return\n* Its about survival in the end\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n### MID - SUMMARY:\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. <br> Money=power. <br> Cheese=power. <br> Jesus = power. <br> Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\n * eco-fascist \n * economy of egoism\n * Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32). \n<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice>\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes fr om such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable? Hierarchy of relevancy.\n\n\n### BIBLIOGRAP\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n2. \nJain, A. (2020). Organisms or Machines?. [online] Phys.org. Available at:\nhttps://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n<br>\n3. \nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online]\n Sciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\n philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n\n### FURTHER READING\n\nConversations on Science,Culture and Time (1995) Bruno Latour and Michel Serres: \n \nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"\nSee: https://monoskop.org/images/f/ff/Serres_Michel_Latour_Bruno_Conversations_on_Science_Culture_and_Time.pdf\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\nhttps://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118\n\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style\n\n**Fred Turner, \"From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism\"**\nhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/274062426_Fred_Turner_From_Counterculture_to_Cyberculture_Stewart_Brand_the_Whole_Earth_Network_and_the_Rise_of_Digital_Utopianism\n\n**N. Katherine Hayles: How we became posthuman**\nhttps://www.amazon.com/How-Became-Posthuman-Cybernetics-Informatics/dp/0226321460\n\n\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\n\n\n\n",
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"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n# SWARM 02\n\n**An annotated version of** \n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) <br>\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.45px;\">\n</div>\n### Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans: 1982) <br>\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.45px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\n<li>Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)</li>\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n<li>Signal</li>\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n<li>Noise</li>\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n<li>La Fontaine, Jean</li>\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n<li>Cascade</li>\nA mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n<li>Redundancy</li>\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n<li>Encode</li>\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n<li>Decode</li>\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n<li>Bit</li>\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n<li>Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music)</li>\nOf or in counterpoint.\n<li>Impostor</li>\nThe word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n<li>Bertrand (?)</li>\n<li>Raton (?)</li>\n<li>Country bumpkin(slang) </li>\nAn unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n<li>City slicker</li>\nA person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n<li>Tapeworn</li>\n<li>Polyphony</li>\nA type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n<li>Horace</li>\nThe leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n<li>Matrix</li>\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n<li>Parasitology</li>\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\n<li>Carrion</li>\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\n<li>Pasturella pestis</li>\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\n<li>Mollusks</li>\nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\n<li>Arthropod </li>\nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\n<li>Anthropomorphism </li>\nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\n<li>Phyla</li>\nin biology, a phylum (/\u02c8fa\u026al\u0259m/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. \n<li>Cybernetics</li>\ncoming from the Greek word 'to steer' is about steering to the goal; \"All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological.\" (Paul Pangaro describing systems that \"have goals.) \n</ol>\n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory) \n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n<br>\n<br>\n<br>\n\n## A COMMUNICATIONS PRIMER by Charles and Ray Eames (Film: 1953)\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n* Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n* Communication process \n* Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not necessarily mean sound but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n* English language is half redundant,\n* 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n* Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n* Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n* Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n* The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n* What holds such birds together in their flight?\n* Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n* Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n* Symbols change and evolve ...\n* Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off. \n* Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n* Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"...\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic.\n* The movie can be concidered as manipulative (propaganda) - a simplified form.\n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and thereby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstandings.\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and an organism.\n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system.\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW.\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology.\n* Sheltered humanism / perception.\n* Can someone avoid responsability by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message.\n* **Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.**\n\n \n\n* **Humanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pulse of the computer\u201d**\n\n* Communication: responsibility of deciding.\n* There is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\n* Privileging the message over the noise.\n* Ideology is what goes unmentioned. \n\n* Noise!!\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>>channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient.\n* English is half redundant.\n* Redundancy when communicating a message.\n* Message=music, transmitor=tone.\n* Signal=the painting, reciver=the public, destination=their mind and emotions.\n* Noise - prevents the information to get through intact.\n* The symbol - symbols of communication - men\u2019s first fire - a wander of communication, through all language barriers.\n* Symbols change and evolve.\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors.\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no.\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous.\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process.\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine.\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision!\n* The complexity of communication.\n* Reduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message.\n\n\nChinese children, paragraph in the *Rustle of language*, Roland Barthes (understanding people without knowing their language)\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\n* What is being sheltered in this film? \n\n* Message of progress.\n* Translation.\n* Box with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love\n* Complexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\n* Simplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\n* Same level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n* Nature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n\n\n* Civilianization of communication. After WW2. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \n* Sheltered: humanism.\n* Hiding ideology. \n* Humanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n* Options of units per time.\n* Triggers and signals.\n\n\n\nLast issue of the Whole Earth Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n## RAT'S MEALS / CASCADES - Michel Serres (The Parasite / Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### Diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return.\n* Its about survival in the end.\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n### MID - SUMMARY\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. <br> Money=power. <br> Cheese=power. <br> Jesus = power. <br> Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\n * eco-fascist \n * economy of egoism\n * Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32). \n<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice>\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes from such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable? Hierarchy of relevancy.\n\nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"4\n\n\n\n\n### BIBLIOGRAPHY\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n2. \nJain, A. (2020). Organisms or Machines?. [online] Phys.org. Available at:\nhttps://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n<br>\n3. \nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online]\n Sciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\n philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n4. \nSerres, M., Latour, B. and Lapidus, R. (2011). Conversations on science, culture, and time. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.\n\n### FURTHER READING\n\n*Turner, F. (2008). From counterculture to cyberculture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.\n\n*Serres, M., Latour, B. and Lapidus, R. (2011). Conversations on science, culture, and time. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.\n\n*Hayles, N. (2010). How we became posthuman. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\n\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\nhttps://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118\n\nIn relation to ideology see classic texts like:\n \n**Stewart Hall**:\nEncoding, Decoding\n https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/09b0/21078008e84717f4e7e4c32d270af41929df.pdf \n\n**Dick Hebdige**: \nHis work is commonly associated with the study of subcultures, and its resistance against the mainstream of society. His current research interests include media topographies, desert studies, and performative criticism.\n\n**Dick Hebdige: the meaning of style**\n\n\n<!\u2013\u2013\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\u2013\u2013>\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n# SWARM 02\n\n\n**An annotated version of** \n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) & Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans: 1982) <br>\n\n**A Communications Primer** (Film: 1953) \nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.35px;\"> \n</div>\n&\n\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.35px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\n<li>Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)</li>\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n<li>Signal</li>\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n<li>Noise</li>\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n<li>La Fontaine, Jean</li>\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n<li>Cascade</li>\nA mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n<li>Redundancy</li>\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n<li>Encode</li>\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n<li>Decode</li>\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n<li>Bit</li>\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n<li>Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music)</li>\nOf or in counterpoint.\n<li>Impostor</li>\nThe word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n<li>Bertrand (?)</li>\n<li>Raton (?)</li>\n<li>Country bumpkin(slang) </li>\nAn unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n<li>City slicker</li>\nA person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n<li>Tapeworn</li>\n<li>Polyphony</li>\nA type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n<li>Horace</li>\nThe leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n<li>Matrix</li>\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n<li>Parasitology</li>\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\n<li>Carrion</li>\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\n<li>Pasturella pestis</li>\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\n<li>Mollusks</li>\nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\n<li>Arthropod </li>\nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\n<li>Anthropomorphism </li>\nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\n<li>Phyla</li>\nin biology, a phylum (/\u02c8fa\u026al\u0259m/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. \n<li>Cybernetics</li>\ncoming from the Greek word 'to steer' is about steering to the goal; \"All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological.\" (Paul Pangaro describing systems that \"have goals.) \n</ol>\n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory) \n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n\n \n \n\n\n<br>\n<br>\n<br>\n\n## A COMMUNICATIONS PRIMER by Charles and Ray Eames (Film: 1953)\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n<div class=\"tomato\">\n* Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n* Communication process \n* Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not necessarily mean sound but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n* English language is half redundant,\n* 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n* Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n* Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n* Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n* The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n* What holds such birds together in their flight?\n* Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n* Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n* Symbols change and evolve ...\n* Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off. \n* Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n* Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n</div>\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"...\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic.\n* The movie can be concidered as manipulative (propaganda) - a simplified form.\n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and thereby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstandings.\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and an organism.\n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system.\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW.\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology.\n* Sheltered humanism / perception.\n* Can someone avoid responsability by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message.\n* **Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.**\n\n \n\n* **Humanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pulse of the computer\u201d**\n\n* Communication: responsibility of deciding.\n* There is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\n* Privileging the message over the noise.\n* Ideology is what goes unmentioned. \n\n* Noise!!\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>>channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient.\n* English is half redundant.\n* Redundancy when communicating a message.\n* Message=music, transmitor=tone.\n* Signal=the painting, reciver=the public, destination=their mind and emotions.\n* Noise - prevents the information to get through intact.\n* The symbol - symbols of communication - men\u2019s first fire - a wander of communication, through all language barriers.\n* Symbols change and evolve.\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors.\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no.\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous.\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process.\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine.\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision!\n* The complexity of communication.\n* Reduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message.\n\n\nChinese children, paragraph in the *Rustle of language*, Roland Barthes (understanding people without knowing their language)\nThe noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\n* What is being sheltered in this film? \n\n* Message of progress.\n* Translation.\n* Box with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love\n* Complexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\n* Simplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\n* Same level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n* Nature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n\n\n* Civilianization of communication. After WW2. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \n* Sheltered: humanism.\n* Hiding ideology. \n* Humanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n* Options of units per time.\n* Triggers and signals.\n\n\n\nLast issue of the Whole Earth Catalog\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n## RAT'S MEALS / CASCADES - Michel Serres (The Parasite / Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### Diagram\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return.\n* Its about survival in the end.\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n### MID - SUMMARY\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n \n\nhttps://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/fd/7e/31fd7e06bcbb6e537051e7c8504da028.png\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. <br> Money=power. <br> Cheese=power. <br> Jesus = power. <br> Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\n * eco-fascist \n * economy of egoism\n * Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32). \n<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice>\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes from such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable? Hierarchy of relevancy.\n\nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"4\n\n\n\n\n### BIBLIOGRAPHY\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n2. \nJain, A. (2020). Organisms or Machines?. [online] Phys.org. Available at:\nhttps://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n3. \nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online]\n Sciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\n philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n4. \nSerres, M., Latour, B. and Lapidus, R. (2011). Conversations on science, culture, and time. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.\n\n\n<br>\n\n### FURTHER READING\n\n*Turner, F. (2008). From counterculture to cyberculture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.\n\n*Serres, M., Latour, B. and Lapidus, R. (2011). Conversations on science, culture, and time. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.\n\n*Hayles, N. (2010). How we became posthuman. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\n\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\nhttps://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118\n\n \nHall, S. (1993). Encoding, Decoding. The Cultural Studies Reader, [online] \npp.507 - 517. Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Cultural-Studies-\nReader-During/7a15bfb3e0a2cf9394fbc6e7ad44ef7266e67182 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n*HEBDIGE, D. (1997). Subculture. London: Routledge.\n\n\n<!\u2013\u2013\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\u2013\u2013>\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n# SWARM 02\n\n\n**An annotated version of** \n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) & Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans: 1982) <br>\n\n**A Communications Primer** (Film: 1953) \n\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.35px;\"> \n</div>\n&\n\n**Rat's Meals / Cascades** (Text: 1980 Trans: 1982)\n\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.35px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n \n \n \n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\n<li>Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)</li>\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n<li>Signal</li>\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n<li>Noise</li>\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n<li>La Fontaine, Jean</li>\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n<li>Cascade</li>\nA mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n<li>Redundancy</li>\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n<li>Encode</li>\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n<li>Decode</li>\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n<li>Bit</li>\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n<li>Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music)</li>\nOf or in counterpoint.\n<li>Impostor</li>\nThe word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n<li>Bertrand (?)</li>\n<li>Raton (?)</li>\n<li>Country bumpkin(slang) </li>\nAn unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n<li>City slicker</li>\nA person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n<li>Tapeworn</li>\n<li>Polyphony</li>\nA type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n<li>Horace</li>\nThe leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n<li>Matrix</li>\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n<li>Parasitology</li>\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\n<li>Carrion</li>\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\n<li>Pasturella pestis</li>\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\n<li>Mollusks</li>\nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\n<li>Arthropod </li>\nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\n<li>Anthropomorphism </li>\nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\n<li>Phyla</li>\nin biology, a phylum (/\u02c8fa\u026al\u0259m/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. \n<li>Cybernetics</li>\ncoming from the Greek word 'to steer' is about steering to the goal; \"All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological.\" (Paul Pangaro describing systems that \"have goals.) \n</ol>\n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory) \n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n \n \n\n\n<br>\n<br>\n<br>\n\n## A COMMUNICATIONS PRIMER by Charles and Ray Eames (Film: 1953)\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n<div class=\"tomato\">\n\n* Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n* Communication process \n* Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not necessarily mean sound but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n* English language is half redundant,\n* 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n* Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n* Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n* Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n* The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n* What holds such birds together in their flight?\n* Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n* Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n* Symbols change and evolve ...\n* Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off. \n* Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n* Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n</div>\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n<div class=\"tomato\">\n\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"...\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic.\n* The movie can be concidered as manipulative (propaganda) - a simplified form.\n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and thereby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstandings.\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and an organism.\n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system.\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW.\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology.\n* Sheltered humanism / perception.\n* Can someone avoid responsability by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message.\n* **Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.**\n</div>\n\n \n\n<div class=\"tomato\">\n\n* **Humanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pulse of the computer\u201d**\n\n* Communication: responsibility of deciding.\n* There is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\n* Privileging the message over the noise.\n* Ideology is what goes unmentioned. \n\n* Noise!!\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>>channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient.\n* English is half redundant.\n* Redundancy when communicating a message.\n* Message=music, transmitor=tone.\n* Signal=the painting, reciver=the public, destination=their mind and emotions.\n* Noise - prevents the information to get through intact.\n* The symbol - symbols of communication - men\u2019s first fire - a wander of communication, through all language barriers.\n* Symbols change and evolve.\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors.\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no.\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous.\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process.\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine.\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision!\n* The complexity of communication.\n* Reduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message.\n\n\n* Chinese children, paragraph in the *Rustle of language*, Roland Barthes (understanding people without knowing their language)\n* The noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\n* What is being sheltered in this film? \n\n* Message of progress.\n* Translation.\n* Box with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love\n* Complexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\n* Simplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\n* Same level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n* Nature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n</div>\n\n* Civilianization of communication. After WW2. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \n* Sheltered: humanism.\n* Hiding ideology. \n* Humanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n* Options of units per time.\n* Triggers and signals.\n\n\n\nLast issue of the Whole Earth Catalog\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n## RAT'S MEALS / CASCADES - Michel Serres (The Parasite / Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### Diagram\n\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return.\n* Its about survival in the end.\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n<br>\n<br>\n\n### MID - SUMMARY\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n \n\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. <br> Money=power. <br> Cheese=power. <br> Jesus = power. <br> Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\n * eco-fascist \n * economy of egoism\n * Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32). \n<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice>\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes from such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable? Hierarchy of relevancy.\n\nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"4\n\n\n\n\n### BIBLIOGRAPHY\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n2. \nJain, A. (2020). Organisms or Machines?. [online] Phys.org. Available at:\nhttps://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n3. \nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online]\n Sciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\n philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n4. \nSerres, M., Latour, B. and Lapidus, R. (2011). Conversations on science, culture, and time. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.\n\n\n<br>\n\n### FURTHER READING\n\n*Turner, F. (2008). From counterculture to cyberculture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.\n\n*Serres, M., Latour, B. and Lapidus, R. (2011). Conversations on science, culture, and time. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.\n\n*Hayles, N. (2010). How we became posthuman. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\n\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\nhttps://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118\n\n \nHall, S. (1993). Encoding, Decoding. The Cultural Studies Reader, [online] \npp.507 - 517. Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Cultural-Studies-\nReader-During/7a15bfb3e0a2cf9394fbc6e7ad44ef7266e67182 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n*HEBDIGE, D. (1997). Subculture. London: Routledge.\n\n\n<!\u2013\u2013\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\u2013\u2013>\n\n\n\n",
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"atext": {
"text": "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" media=\"screen\" href=\"https://fontlibrary.org/face/waltograph\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Serif:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Khula&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Karla:400,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n<link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=DM+Sans:400,400i,700,700i&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"> \n\n## XPUB 1 - Post digital itch\n# SWARM 02\n\n\n**An annotated version of** \n### A Communications Primer (Film: 1953) & Rat's Meals / Cascades (Text: 1980 Trans: 1982) <br>\n\n**A Communications Primer** (Film: 1953) \n\nAuthors: Charles and Ray Eames\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.35px;\"> \n</div>\n&\n\n**Rat's Meals / Cascades** (Text: 1980 Trans: 1982)\n\nAuthors: Michel Serres\n<div markdown=\"true\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.35px;\">\n*Source: The Parasite p. 3-14*\n</div>\n\n \n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n \n \n \n \n \n## GLOSSARY OF TERMS\n\n<li>Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n\n\n<ol class=\"custom-counter\">\n<li>Fables d'Esope (eng. Aesop's Fables)</li>\nA collection of fables credited to *Aesop*, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece. [Famous fables:The Town Mouse & the Country Mouse, The Fox & the Grapes, The Wolf & the Crane].\n<li>Signal</li>\na gesture, action, or sound that is used to convey information or instructions, typically by prearrangement between the parties concerned.\n<li>Noise</li>\nany outside force, or irregular fluctuations that acts on or accompany a transmitted signal but are not part of it and tend to obscure it.\n<li>La Fontaine, Jean</li>\nA French fabulist and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known above all for his Fables, that had been collected from centuries of oral traditions strating from Aesop. \n<li>Cascade</li>\nA mass of something that falls or hangs in copious quantities;- A process whereby something, typically information or knowledge, is successively passed on.\n<li>Redundancy</li>\nthe state of being not or no longer needed or useful.\n<li>Encode</li>\nto change something into a system for sending messages secretly, or to represent complicated information in a simple or short way.\n<li>Decode</li>\nto discover the meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way or to understand the meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way.\n<li>Bit</li>\n(short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.\n<li>Contrapuntal /\u02cck\u0252ntr\u0259\u02c8p\u028cnt(\u0259)l/ (Music)</li>\nOf or in counterpoint.\n<li>Impostor</li>\nThe word *imposteur* means both \"tax-collector\" and \"impostor\". -Trans. see *Le Festin et la C\u00e8ne*, forthcoming.\n<li>Bertrand (?)</li>\n<li>Raton (?)</li>\n<li>Country bumpkin(slang) </li>\nAn unsophisticated person from the rural area of a particular country.\n<li>City slicker</li>\nA person with the sophistication and values generally associated with urban dwellers.\n<li>Tapeworn</li>\n<li>Polyphony</li>\nA type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony.\n<li>Horace</li>\nThe leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as just about the only Latin lyrics worth reading: \"He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words.\"\n<li>Matrix</li>\nthe cultural, social, or political environment in which something develops.\n<li>Parasitology</li>\nthe branch of biology or medicine concerned with the study of parasitic organisms.\n<li>Carrion</li>\nrefers to the dead and decaying flesh of an animal and is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems.\n<li>Pasturella pestis</li>\nis a bacterium, that can infect humans via the Oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague.\n<li>Mollusks</li>\nare soft-bodied invertebrates, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body.\n<li>Arthropod </li>\nis an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Euarthropoda, which includes insects, arachnids, myriapods, and crustaceans.\n<li>Anthropomorphism </li>\nis the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities. It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.\n<li>Phyla</li>\nin biology, a phylum (/\u02c8fa\u026al\u0259m/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. \n<li>Cybernetics</li>\ncoming from the Greek word 'to steer' is about steering to the goal; \"All intelligent systems have this property of trying, acting, seeing the difference, changing acting seeing, sensing. This loop of seeing, acting, comparing to the goal is a self-correcting system. Social, biological, technological.\" (Paul Pangaro describing systems that \"have goals.) \n</ol>\n\n[Communication theory, Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_theory) \n\nCommunication noise refers to influences on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conversations. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. <https://wdcb.stcwdc.org/faq/faqs/what-is-noise-in-communication/>\n\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n \n \n\n\n<br>\n<br>\n<br>\n\n## A COMMUNICATIONS PRIMER by Charles and Ray Eames (Film: 1953)\n\n\"In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce \"noise\" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.\"1\n\n\"An organism maintains its integrity and autonomy as a whole by regulating, repairing, and regenerating its parts, whereas a machine relies on outside intervention not just for its construction and assembly, but also for its maintenance and repair.\"2\n\n\n\"Why organisms aren\u2019t machines?\nOne of the most basic objections to the identification of organisms and machines is that their behaviour cannot be reduced to the activities and relations of their parts.\n\nIn contrast to a mechanical watch, whose activity is fully determined \u201cfrom the bottom up\u201d by the activities and organisation of its parts, organisms influence the activities of their parts.\n\nFor example, your muscles start to grow if you start to exercise. Moreover, the parts of a watch exist before the watch does. It is not the watch itself that builds its own parts.\n\nIn contrast, organisms are self-producing in the sense that it is the organism itself that builds and maintains its parts. If synthetic biology assumes Descartes\u2019 mechanical biology, then it might be headed to a dead end.\n\nSo, is synthetic biology driven by an assumption of Cartesian mechanical biology? Does the vision of the rational design and construction of organisms rely on a literal and not merely metaphorical understanding of the idea that organisms are machines?\"3\n<https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877>\n\n-----------------------------------------------------\n<div class=\"tomato\" markdown=true>\n\n- Communication aspects are of daily concern to all of us.\n- Communication process \n- Noise is any outside force that acts on the signal (does not necessarily mean sound but also: motion, light, quality of the medium \u2026)\n- English language is half redundant,\n- 1 bit information is what 1 binary (on / off) circuit can handle at once.\n- Painting as language (signal is the painting, receiver is the viewers, noise is the surroundings of the painting when displayed)\n- Background of the receiver might be so different from the transmitter that understanding is impossible.\n- Receiver and transmitter have to understand the same code.\n- The language of the sea can be understood if you can read the signs (wind, waves, \u2026).\n- What holds such birds together in their flight?\n- Constant flow of information between groups of humans that steers the daily movements, even if not intentional.\n- Flags as means of communication (basic, minimalistic enough to cross barriers of sound).\n- Symbols change and evolve ...\n- Morse code - black or white, stop or go, on or off. \n- Build a system that handles each decision individually to make more complex communication possible.\n- Countless yes no decision make up the human mind (nervous system) and add up to a smooth action.\n\n**Communication always implies the responsibility of decision.**\n\n</div>\n\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n* Meaning in communication is very fragile and must be transmitted in the most thoughtful way to be recieved in the desired way.\n* Message of progress.\n* \"The concept of the archive is sheltered in itself, (...)\"...\n* Certain values are being sheltered: Straigh forward stuff disguising the complexity of the topic.\n* The movie can be concidered as manipulative (propaganda) - a simplified form.\n* It puts human to human and human to machine communication on the same level and thereby oversimplifies the complexity of the machine - whereas the machine does not leave room for misunderstandings.\n* Tries to make an equivalence between a machine and an organism.\n* Nature as a system - ecology as a feedback loop/system.\n* Ideas developed during the 2nd WW.\n* Represents a civilianization of machines / Technology.\n* Sheltered humanism / perception.\n* Can someone avoid responsability by not communicating? One can also avoid it by communicating!\n* Encoding / decoding - can blur / change the message.\n* **Language is never just there, never neutral or innocent. Words are actions. Language is acting.**\n\n\n \n\n\n\n* **Humanising and naturalising = \u201cfeel the pulse of the computer\u201d**\n\n* Communication: responsibility of deciding.\n* There is also value judgment here: Each decision \u201cadds something good and takes something bad away\u201d\n* Privileging the message over the noise.\n* Ideology is what goes unmentioned. \n\n* Noise!!\n* INFORMATION SOURCE>>channel>>RECEIVER\n* Market information is most efficient.\n* English is half redundant.\n* Redundancy when communicating a message.\n* Message=music, transmitor=tone.\n* Signal=the painting, reciver=the public, destination=their mind and emotions.\n* Noise - prevents the information to get through intact.\n* The symbol - symbols of communication - men\u2019s first fire - a wander of communication, through all language barriers.\n* Symbols change and evolve.\n* Build a systems that can deal with many factors.\n* Communicating with shapes, black and white, yes and no.\n* The number of decisions the human mind make is enormous.\n* There is a point ignition that set off the process.\n* Multiple communication systems that make one great machine.\n* Communication is the responsibility of decision!\n* The complexity of communication.\n* Reduncancy in transmitting as a way to reduce noise in a message.\n\n\n* Chinese children, paragraph in the *Rustle of language*, Roland Barthes (understanding people without knowing their language)\n* The noise as the one that generates new meanings?\n\n* What is being sheltered in this film? \n\n* Message of progress.\n* Translation.\n* Box with noise > disruption of a certain meaning. Can this noise, the misunderstanding produce new meanings? Human - machine, machine-machine, machine-human > noise is not a productive force. Human - human. Love\n* Complexity of communication is hidden in the film, that is straight forward.\n* Simplification of the theory, availablitiy to \"the mass\".\n* Same level of the communication between humans and machines. Puts the individual in the same position of communication to human & to the machine. Simplification of communication.\n* Nature? As a system. Computation, systematic movement of birds.\n\n\n\n* Civilianization of communication. After WW2. Domesticated principles of communication. Naturalized. Humanized. \n* Sheltered: humanism.\n* Hiding ideology. \n* Humanising, naturalising machines > in the era, making people comfortable using the technology.\n* Options of units per time.\n* Triggers and signals.\n\n\n\nLast issue of the Whole Earth Catalog\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n<br>\n\n\n\n## RAT'S MEALS / CASCADES - Michel Serres (The Parasite / Text: 1980 Trans:1982)\n\n<https://anybody.memoryoftheworld.org/Michel%20Serres/The%20Parasite%20(1019)/The%20Parasite%20-%20Michel%20Serres.pdfY>\n \n***The city rat invites the country rat onto the Persian rug. They gnaw and chew leftover bits of ortolan. Scraps, bits and pieces, left\u00ad overs: their royal feast is only a meal after a meal among the dirty dishes of a table that has not been cleared. The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing. Boursault says this in his Fables d'Esope, where the city rat lives in the house of a big tax farmer. Oil, butter, ham, bacon, cheese-everything is available. It is easy to invite the country cousin and to regale oneself at the expense of another.***\n\nOrtolan: \n\n\nFables d'Esope. <br>\n*Slow and steady wins the race.*\n\n\n\nMarxist vibe: The city rat has produced nothing and his dinner invitation costs him almost nothing.\n\n\n\n***The tax farmer produced neither oil nor ham nor cheese; in fact, he produced nothing. But using power or the law, he can profit from these products. Likewise for the city rat who takes the farmer's leftovers. And the last to profit is the country rat. But we know that the feast is cut short. The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information. Was the noise really a message? Wasn't it, rather, static, a parasite? A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order. Let's go to the country where we eat only soup, but quietly and without interruption.***\n\n* The rats feast on leftovers. Leftovers produced not by them, nor by the Tax farmer, in whose house they are, but by others out of sight (capitalism). \n* They (the rats as well as the tax farmer) use his power and the law to profit from these products.\n* The human as the parasite \u2013 if looking at it from the rats perspective \u2013 that disturbs the rats feast?\n* Some \"types\" of humans as parasites on society. Economic chain of dependecies.\n* Noise or message, noise or signal?\n* It depends on the receivers' interpretation of the signal.\n* Panopticon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon\n* Constant state of fight or flight. Response to signals.\n* Rats as parasites? They parasite the feast.\n* Who is sending the message? The noise as a parasite (not the rats).\n\n***\"A parasite who has the last word, who produces disorder and who generates a different order.\"** \n* A class of people. The \"white collar criminals\", generating a different order. Not an obvious one, a parallel one. \n* A resistance movement can generate a counter/ a different order as well.\n\n***\"interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information\"*** \n\n* Noise as an -||- .\n* A constant noise > static, a parasite. Noise is synonymous with parasitism. Parasitism as a long-term state. \n* Concentration of noise and parasitism in certain environments. In the city. \n* In the countryside > you exit the economic chain of dependancy (eating only soup).\n* Interruption becomes a part of the economy.\n\n***The tax farmer is a parasite, living off the fat of the land: a royal feast, ortolans, Persian rugs. The first rat is a parasite; for him, leftovers, the same Persian rug. Nothing is missing, says La Fontaine. At the table of the first, the table of the farmer, the second rat is a parasite. He permits himself to be entertained in such a fashion, never missing a bite. But strictly speaking, they all interrupt: the custom house officer makes The Parasite life hard for the working man, the rat taxes the farmer, the guest exploits his host. But I can no longer write; the noise, the ultimate parasite, through its interruption, wins the game. In the parasitic chain, the last to come tries to supplant his predecessor. The noise chases the country rat; the city rat remains, for he wants to finish the roast. A given parasite seeks to eject the parasite on the level immediately superior to his own. The following shows the cascade, which collapses when P1 = P4.***\n\n* Chain, everybody is a parasite, there is a hierarchy, an order. Levels of abstraction.\n* There is also a struggle, a fight for position.\n* Many of the jobs in the modern society do not produce materials, goods or products.\n* \"The tertiary or service sector is the one that does not provide any goods.\n* It happens because they are responsible to provide a support system to the other sectors \u2013 secondary (manufacturing) and primary (raw material) - sector.\n* The tertiary sector is responsible for the production of the services that include advice, attention, discussion, experience and effective labor.\"\nhttps://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/understanding-economic-development-ncert-solutions/sectors-of-the-indian-economy/ncert-solutions/12_8_1330_828_35_10470\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_sector\n\n\n\n### Diagram\n\n\n\n\n***I leave it to you to think about this loud noise: the sounds of the street which would make the tax farmer give in; the creaking of the floor\u00adboards, the cracking of the beams, which would chase the rats from the building.***\n\n* Relation between information and energy.\n* Disruption that makes you feel a point of no return.\n* Its about survival in the end.\n\n***Let's draw up the balance. In the beginning is production: the oil crusher, the butter churn, the smokehouse, the cheesemaker's hut. Yet I would still like to know what produce means. Those who call production reproduction make the job easy. Our world is full of copiers and repeaters, all highly rewarded with money and glory. It is better to interpret than to compose; it is better to have an opinion on a decision that has already been made than to make one's own. The modern illness is the engulfing of the new in the duplicata, the engulfing of intelligence in the pleasure [jouissance] of the homogeneous. Real production is undoubtedly rare, for it attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. Real production is unexpected and improbable; it overflows with information and is always immediately parasited.***\n\n* What is real production?\n* What is the relation to entropy? [unexpected - improbable]\n* What is the relation to entropy (disorganisation) and order (organisation) in this text?\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is anit entropic (negentropic). \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. \n* What disrupts the general tendency towards order? \n* Noise.\n* Humans are lazy.\n* The production of goods and materials attracts parasites. \n* Uniformity, mass production and standartisation limits \"real production\".\n* Production vs reproduction.\n* Novelty? Unique?\n* Real production attracts parasites that immediately make it something common and banal. It is rare.\n* Energy, entropy... To reproduce a message doesn't cost energy. It is not entropic. \n* It makes order. It reproduces the same messages. What disrupts the general tendency towards order? Noise.\n* To make something new is improbable, nevertheless it would be information-rich.\n* Information + energy ...\n* To use very little energy to potentially do a lot.\n* Production is related to information. Building a house (information about it, knowledge - makes you do less mistakes which saves energy).\n* Actually, even to have a plan in your head takes very little energy; to reproduce a plan takes little energy.\n* Proper information / communication can save a lot of energy. Information and energy are closely linked (entropy/ disorder-- 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy degrades within a system ) .\n\n<br>\n<br>\n\n### MID - SUMMARY\n \n1. A hierarchy of order: The first farmer = link to production. The second (tax) farmer = benefits from the production of others (he is an interrupter). The city rat (benefits from second farmer). The farm rat (benefits from first farmer and the largesse of the city rat) \n2. But what is interruption? ('also a message' ... 'a rupture of information' ..'The parasite produces disorder .. generates a different order'). \n3. What does interruption do? Implies hierarchies, dependancies. Changes the course of events.\n4. No system is predictable.\n5. New meaning is produced, information/data is being generated.\n6. Not being interrupted is linked to power - it is a luxury. The rat is always interrupted, the \"king\" never.\n7. An interruption is \"something that causes a stoppage or break in the continuity of something\". <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interruption> Tactic: to interrupt. A tool of power. If you are constantly being interrupted, you have to deviate to be understood. It segments production.\n8. Interruption causes more complexity? Productive interruption?\n9. Welcoming interruptions. They broaden up \"the discussion\".\n10. Originality - production; reproduction. \n11. Interrupting means distracting, overwhelming. But it can also mean participating, or caring?\n12. Mix in information theory (into the base-superstructure).\n\n \n\n\n\n\n***It attracts the farmer, whom I catch in the act of stealing (away). If he is a peasant, he raises cows and calves, pigs and poultry, living on butter and ham, eating at a table furnished with other foodstuffs; some\u00adtimes he sleeps in the barn, in the manure, among the livestock; he does not destroy nonrenewable resources, like a vulgar industrialist, but lives off the newborn. Industry pillages and plunders. Such a farmer is part of a matrix. Is he a parasite? If he is a tax-collector (an interrupter), he takes part of the products of others for his own profit or for the profit of the state to whom he respectfully defers. He is a veritable impostor. * (The word imposteur means both tax-collector and impostor.) His table abounds with cheeses, ham, bacon, butter, all produced by the first farmer. The situation repeats itself throughout history, for history has never lacked for political parasites. History is full of them, or maybe is made solely of them. Dinner is served among the parasites.***\n\n* Accumulating wealth by interrupting production processes beneath and channeling the wealth away from its producers.\n* History has never lacked for political parasites. Dinner is served among the parasites.\n* Colonialism. What kind of a farm, what kind of a history, what kind of a farmer (industry). \n* The conversion of material value and products into money, capital is an interruption (to the system). From beyond this point and in this chain everybody becomes a parasite.\n* The owner turns cheese into capital. The workers turn labor into cheese and money in order to survive.\n* Cheese = money. <br> Money=power. <br> Cheese=power. <br> Jesus = power. <br> Cheese = jesus.\n\n\n<br>\n<br>\n<br>\n\n***The rats are attracted to the table. One invites the other. It wouldn't occur to Bertrand or to Raton to eat, quite simply, something like chestnuts. They march Indian file, the monkey behind the cat, the country bumpkin behind the city slicker. Hence, the chain of my decisions, unitary in nature. The guest, though a rat, is a parasite for anthropology, a guest at an interrupted banquet, like that of Don Juan's Stone Guest, like the Last Supper. The parasite of a meal, the parasite of satire and comedy, of Moliere, Plautus, and Xenophon, of the history of religion. The host is not a parasite in this sense, but in order to live in the house of the tax farmer, within his walls, in his larder, he is a parasite in the biological sense, like a common louse, a tapeworm, like mistletoe, an epiphyte. I am broadening the matter; I shall come back to it. If the \"guest\" is a tax-collector, in the broadest sense, I consider him to be a parasite in the political sense, in that a human group is organized with one-way relations, where one eats the other and where the second cannot benefit at all from the first. The exchange is neither principal nor original nor fundamental; I do not know how to put it: the relation denoted by a single arrow is irreversible, just takes its place in the world. Man is a louse for other men. Thus man is a host for other men. The flow goes one way, never the other. I call this semiconduction, this valve, this ..... single arrow, this relation without a reversal of direction, \"parasitic.\" If the \"guest\" is a farmer, I consider him to be a parasite in the economic sense. La Fontaine explains this to me further on. What does man give to the cow, to the tree, to the steer, who give him milk, warmth, shelter, work, and food? What does he give? Death.***\n\n* The problematic of one-way relation (semiconduction), that is: a parasitic one.\n* A tax collector is a parasite in the political sence as he is feeding of other humans and their labor and using its political power to do so. Does not care about balance.\n* A framer is a parasite in the biological sence as he is feeding of nature. Does care about balance.\n* The parasite does not kill its host. Wants to keep it alive, but weak. Relationship of extracion of power.\n* Biological, political and economic sense of parasitism.\n* Biological sense. Unknowing the parasite within you (a tapeworm), being an emotional vampire? Homeostasis, equilibrium. Just taking so much, to be able to remain unnoticable. \n* Political sense. Human group organised with one-way relations, one eats the other... Political parasite is exhausting the resource. No notion of balance. Cruel extraction. Overfarming the resource. The exhaustion of the resource will (supposedly) happen long after your time. So you, as the parasite, don't care about it. It is also apparent and ruthless. One direction. Its irreversible.\n* Last sentence: Death\n * eco-fascist \n * economy of egoism\n * Who is responsible for climate crisis?\n* Semi-conduction: only one way. interrupted. semi, related to the on-off. \n\n***The system constructed here beginning with a production, I temporarily placed in a black box, is parasitic in a cascade. But the cascade orders knowledge itself, of man and of life, making us change our terminology without changing the subject. It is an interesting circuit which we shall follow in order to understand one thing, various landscapes, several epistemologies. Maybe polyphony is in order. I call the language of many portals \"philosophical.***\n\n* Shifting between perceptual keys. (political, economic, biological) - anecdote, philisophy, science, ... Relationship to knowledge. Polyphony is in order. We can get a deeper understanding of a matter, when we observe it from a multitude of possible perspectives. \nlanguage of many portals = philosophical.\n* Abstracting the concrete - ability to consider them in a broader sense, making links. Way of thinking that allows you to branch out. Interdisciplinary approach.\n* Making us change terminology, without changing the subject. Speaking about something in a metaphorical sense. This is what we're doing, when we are communicating. Always. Calling to a multitude of discourses.\n* Polyphony in life, accepting it as a reality (not just as a philisophical discourse)\n* Multiplicity in communication, it is impossible to send/understand a perfect message, that is not going to be misinterpreted in any way.\n* We should acknowledge the fact there are multiple discourses about what communication actually is (?)\n\nElaborating this in a practical re\ufb02ection in the \ufb01nal section, we will suggest that management should encourage the deconstruction of dominating narratives and languages and provide space for new languages, for a philosophical language that is a \u2018\u2018language of many portals\u2019\u2019 (Serres, 1982, p. 6). The constructive task for (non-positivistic) schools of management confronting polyphony is to learn to regard this very polyphony as creating space for voices not normally heard, providing a space that will \u2018\u2018multiply the voices\u2019\u2019 (Gergen & Thatchenkery, 1998, p. 34). Using the concepts of deconstruction and translation it becomes possible to circumscribe management as a discursive practice not dominated by a single language or discourse, but driven by different discourses, language games, and metaphors, which, together, constitute \u2018\u2018multivocality\u2019\u2019 (Law, 1994, p. 32). \n<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222533345_Rethinking_the_Polyphonic_Organization_Managing_as_Discursive_Practice>\n\n***But that's not all. You need the peasant's moral at the end of the fable-the first member of the chain must be excluded. He will never come back to the glorious sites of the feasts of the bourgeois and rich farmer, this spot of terror and irreversible exploitation. He will not or he cannot, it all depends. He does not feel at ease when he is anxious. He leaves to go back to the flat countryside, to the peace of the fields, to meet Horace, who is waiting for him. But who expels him? Noise. One parasite chases another out. One parasite (static), in the sense that information theory uses the word, chases another, in the anthropological sense. Communication theory is in charge of the system; it can break it down or let it function, depending on the signal. A parasite, physical, acoustic, informational, belonging to order and disorder, a new voice, an important one, in the contrapuntal matrix.***\n\n* The country rat goes back to the countryside. Expelled by noise (disruption, misunderstanding). \n* Always mixing up levels of abstraction (information theory, anthropology).\n* Noise as an active agent.\n* Evolution of a parasite.\n\n\n\n***Let us stop for a moment. I am using words in an unusual way. For the science called parasitology, a rat, a carrion-eater like the hyena, a man, be he peasant or high official, are not parasites at all. They are, quite simply, predators. The relation with a host presupposes a perma\u00adnent or semipermanent contact with him; such is the case for the louse, the tapeworm, the pasturella pestis. Not only living on but also living in-by him, with him, and in him. And thus a parasite cannot be large. Parasitism pertains only to invertebrates, coming to an end with mollusks, insects, and arthropods. There are no parasitic mammalsNot the rat, not the hyena, not even the administrator. Here's the answer. The basic vocabulary of this science comes from such ancient and common customs and habits that the earliest monuments of our culture tell of them, and we still see them, at least in part: hospitality, conviviality, table manners, hostelry, general relations with strangers. Thus the vocabulary is imported to this pure science and bears several traces of anthropomorphism. The animal-host offers a meal from the larder or from his own flesh; as a hotel or a hostel, he provides a place to sleep, quite graciously, of course.***\n\n* Relating with the fable of the rat, to understand parasitism...? \n* Like \"humanising technology\" (from the film before)\n* Switching codes, to communicate, to relate with meaning. \n* Science > anecdote > fable? Hierarchy of relevancy.\n\nBruno Latour: \"....we need ta reconcile the need for synthesis, on one hand, and the necessity of always reforging new, localized, adapted tools.\"\n[...]\nMilchel Serres: \"To talk only by means of substantives or verbs, and for us to write in a telegraphic code, as ordinary philosophy does, defines a different form of abstraction from the one I propose, which relies on prepositions.\"4\n\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n<br>\n\n### BIBLIOGRAPHY\n1. \nCrow, J. (2020). Charles & Ray Eames\u2019 A Communications Primer Explains the \nKey to Clear Communication in the Modern Age (1953). [online] Open Culture. \nAvailable at: http://www.openculture.com/2014/11/charles-ray-eames-a-communications-primer.html\n[Accessed 29 Jan. 2020]. \n\n2. \nJain, A. (2020). Organisms or Machines?. [online] Phys.org. Available at:\nhttps://phys.org/news/2016-01-machines.html [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n3. \nHolm, S. (2020). Are organisms basically living machines?. [online]\n Sciencenordic.com. Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-forskerzonen-\n philosophy/are-organisms-basically-living-machines/1459877 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n4. \nSerres, M., Latour, B. and Lapidus, R. (2011). Conversations on science, culture, and time. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.\n\n\n<br>\n\n### FURTHER READING\n\n*Turner, F. (2008). From counterculture to cyberculture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.\n\n*Serres, M., Latour, B. and Lapidus, R. (2011). Conversations on science, culture, and time. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.\n\n*Hayles, N. (2010). How we became posthuman. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.\n\nref: https://fredturner.stanford.edu/books/from-counterculture-to-cyberculture/\n\nref:https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/D/bo10509859.html\n\nhttps://medium.com/better-programming/boids-simulating-birds-flock-behavior-in-python-9fff99375118\n\n \nHall, S. (1993). Encoding, Decoding. The Cultural Studies Reader, [online] \npp.507 - 517. Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Cultural-Studies-\nReader-During/7a15bfb3e0a2cf9394fbc6e7ad44ef7266e67182 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2020].\n\n*HEBDIGE, D. (1997). Subculture. London: Routledge.\n\n\n<!\u2013\u2013\nPrevious Swarm:\n \n https://pad.xpub.nl/p/archivefever\n \nRelated (please add): \n \n Information theory: \n \n https://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf\n \n Power-knowledge:\n \n https://monoskop.org/images/9/90/Foucault_Michel_Archaeology_of_Knowledge.pdf\n https://monoskop.org/images/5/5d/Foucault_Michel_Power_Knowledge_Selected_Interviews_and_Other_Writings_1972-1977.pdf\n\nSurvaying the field : contemporary archive studies [academic and para-academic] (please add):\n \n*http://aaaan.net\n*\n* https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/jcas/\n*\n*https://gsh.uva.nl/content/dual-masters/archival-and-information-studies-heritage-studies/archival-studies-heritage-studies.html?1580129444937\n*\n*http://aaaan.net/vox-populi-and-the-syrian-archive-documenting-revolution-and-conflict-in-the-digital-age/\n*\n*https://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/stoler.pdf\n*\n\u2013\u2013>\n\n\n\n",
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"changeset": "Z:swb>4|1k=w5=k*l|4+4$\n\n\n\n",
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EasySync¶
EasySync is the protocol developed for the etherpad software. The idea was to have a compact representation of a document as series of compact change sets -- ie descriptions of how a particular text was changed / edited -- rather than larger snapshots of the whole text over and over again. The design of the system reflects also its nature as a distributed system, the idea for the compactness and granularity of the changeset was to make it possible to combine the editing of multiple people making edits at possibly the same time. (The algorithm used in the end is called the Operational Transformation.
The design of changesets also reflects Engineering culture -- they are referred to as operations, like the machine operations used to program a computer. EasySync is in fact a sort of computer design where the basic operations manipulate a state-machine that represents a text.
In [17]:
import re
In [20]:
# e.g. Z:9kj>1|8=al=o4*1a|1+1$ def changeset_parse (c) : changeset_pat = re.compile(r'^Z:([0-9a-z]+)([><])([0-9a-z]+)(.+?)\$') op_pat = re.compile(r'(\|([0-9a-z]+)([\+\-\=])([0-9a-z]+))|([\*\+\-\=])([0-9a-z]+)') def parse_op (m): g = m.groups() if g[0]: if g[2] == "+": op = "insert" elif g[2] == "-": op = "delete" else: op = "hold" return { 'raw': m.group(0), 'op': op, 'lines': int(g[1], 36), 'chars': int(g[3], 36) } elif g[4] == "*": return { 'raw': m.group(0), 'op': 'attr', 'index': int(g[5], 36) } else: if g[4] == "+": op = "insert" elif g[4] == "-": op = "delete" else: op = "hold" return { 'raw': m.group(0), 'op': op, 'chars': int(g[5], 36) } m = changeset_pat.search(c) bank = c[m.end():] g = m.groups() ops_raw = g[3] op = None ret = {} ret['raw'] = c ret['source_length'] = int(g[0], 36) ret['final_op'] = g[1] ret['final_diff'] = int(g[2], 36) ret['ops_raw'] = ops_raw ret['ops'] = ops = [] ret['bank'] = bank ret['bank_length'] = len(bank) for m in op_pat.finditer(ops_raw): ops.append(parse_op(m)) return ret def perform_changeset_curline (text, c): textpos = 0 curline = 0 curline_charpos = 0 curline_insertchars = 0 bank = c['bank'] bankpos = 0 newtext = '' current_attributes = [] # loop through the operations # rebuilding the final text for op in c['ops']: if op['op'] == "attr": current_attributes.append(op['index']) elif op['op'] == "insert": newtextposition = len(newtext) insertion_text = bank[bankpos:bankpos+op['chars']] newtext += insertion_text bankpos += op['chars'] if 'lines' in op: curline += op['lines'] curline_charpos = 0 else: curline_charpos += op['chars'] curline_insertchars = op['chars'] # todo PROCESS attributes # NB on insert, the (original/old/previous) textpos does *not* increment... elif op['op'] == "delete": newtextposition = len(newtext) # is this right? # todo PROCESS attributes textpos += op['chars'] elif op['op'] == "hold": newtext += text[textpos:textpos+op['chars']] textpos += op['chars'] if 'lines' in op: curline += op['lines'] curline_charpos = 0 else: curline_charpos += op['chars'] # append rest of old text... newtext += text[textpos:] return newtext, curline, curline_charpos, curline_insertchars
In [19]:
changeset_parse(data['pad:swarm02.md:revs:2708']['changeset'])
Out[19]:
{'raw': 'Z:swd>1|ah=jer=1*m+1$ ',
'source_length': 37453,
'final_op': '>',
'final_diff': 1,
'ops_raw': '|ah=jer=1*m+1',
'ops': [{'raw': '|ah=jer', 'op': 'hold', 'lines': 377, 'chars': 25155},
{'raw': '=1', 'op': 'hold', 'chars': 1},
{'raw': '*m', 'op': 'attr', 'index': 22},
{'raw': '+1', 'op': 'insert', 'chars': 1}],
'bank': ' ',
'bank_length': 1}
Questions¶
But how compact is EasySync really? ... Despite it's claims of conciseness, the last change set for example above represents the typing of a space. The fact that each changeset is represented as a row in database, with a timestamp and other metadata (representing for instance author) adds another layer of information, and this then thousands of times to represent the history of a document.
In our practice at Constant, we need to regularly (maybe one a year) rebuild the etherpad database when it grows to be unmanageaably large (maybe 10 GB). This is due to the fact that the full history of all documents as changesets is much too expansive.
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