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639 lines
23 KiB
Python
639 lines
23 KiB
Python
# ext/mutable.py
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# Copyright (C) 2005-2013 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS file>
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#
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# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
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# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
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"""Provide support for tracking of in-place changes to scalar values,
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which are propagated into ORM change events on owning parent objects.
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The :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension replaces SQLAlchemy's legacy
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approach to in-place mutations of scalar values, established by the
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:class:`.types.MutableType` class as well as the ``mutable=True`` type flag,
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with a system that allows change events to be propagated from the value to
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the owning parent, thereby removing the need for the ORM to maintain copies
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of values as well as the very expensive requirement of scanning through all
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"mutable" values on each flush call, looking for changes.
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.. _mutable_scalars:
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Establishing Mutability on Scalar Column Values
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===============================================
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A typical example of a "mutable" structure is a Python dictionary.
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Following the example introduced in :ref:`types_toplevel`, we
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begin with a custom type that marshals Python dictionaries into
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JSON strings before being persisted::
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from sqlalchemy.types import TypeDecorator, VARCHAR
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import json
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class JSONEncodedDict(TypeDecorator):
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"Represents an immutable structure as a json-encoded string."
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impl = VARCHAR
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def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
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if value is not None:
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value = json.dumps(value)
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return value
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def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
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if value is not None:
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value = json.loads(value)
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return value
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The usage of ``json`` is only for the purposes of example. The
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:mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension can be used
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with any type whose target Python type may be mutable, including
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:class:`.PickleType`, :class:`.postgresql.ARRAY`, etc.
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When using the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension, the value itself
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tracks all parents which reference it. Below, we illustrate the a simple
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version of the :class:`.MutableDict` dictionary object, which applies
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the :class:`.Mutable` mixin to a plain Python dictionary::
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import collections
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from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import Mutable
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class MutableDict(Mutable, dict):
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@classmethod
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def coerce(cls, key, value):
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"Convert plain dictionaries to MutableDict."
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if not isinstance(value, MutableDict):
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if isinstance(value, dict):
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return MutableDict(value)
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# this call will raise ValueError
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return Mutable.coerce(key, value)
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else:
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return value
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def __setitem__(self, key, value):
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"Detect dictionary set events and emit change events."
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dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
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self.changed()
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def __delitem__(self, key):
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"Detect dictionary del events and emit change events."
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dict.__delitem__(self, key)
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self.changed()
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The above dictionary class takes the approach of subclassing the Python
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built-in ``dict`` to produce a dict
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subclass which routes all mutation events through ``__setitem__``. There are
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variants on this approach, such as subclassing ``UserDict.UserDict`` or
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``collections.MutableMapping``; the part that's important to this example is
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that the :meth:`.Mutable.changed` method is called whenever an in-place
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change to the datastructure takes place.
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We also redefine the :meth:`.Mutable.coerce` method which will be used to
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convert any values that are not instances of ``MutableDict``, such
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as the plain dictionaries returned by the ``json`` module, into the
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appropriate type. Defining this method is optional; we could just as well
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created our ``JSONEncodedDict`` such that it always returns an instance
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of ``MutableDict``, and additionally ensured that all calling code
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uses ``MutableDict`` explicitly. When :meth:`.Mutable.coerce` is not
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overridden, any values applied to a parent object which are not instances
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of the mutable type will raise a ``ValueError``.
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Our new ``MutableDict`` type offers a class method
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:meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` which we can use within column metadata
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to associate with types. This method grabs the given type object or
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class and associates a listener that will detect all future mappings
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of this type, applying event listening instrumentation to the mapped
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attribute. Such as, with classical table metadata::
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from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Integer
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my_data = Table('my_data', metadata,
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Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
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Column('data', MutableDict.as_mutable(JSONEncodedDict))
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)
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Above, :meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` returns an instance of ``JSONEncodedDict``
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(if the type object was not an instance already), which will intercept any
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attributes which are mapped against this type. Below we establish a simple
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mapping against the ``my_data`` table::
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from sqlalchemy import mapper
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class MyDataClass(object):
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pass
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# associates mutation listeners with MyDataClass.data
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mapper(MyDataClass, my_data)
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The ``MyDataClass.data`` member will now be notified of in place changes
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to its value.
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There's no difference in usage when using declarative::
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from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
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Base = declarative_base()
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class MyDataClass(Base):
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__tablename__ = 'my_data'
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id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
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data = Column(MutableDict.as_mutable(JSONEncodedDict))
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Any in-place changes to the ``MyDataClass.data`` member
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will flag the attribute as "dirty" on the parent object::
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>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
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>>> sess = Session()
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>>> m1 = MyDataClass(data={'value1':'foo'})
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>>> sess.add(m1)
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>>> sess.commit()
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>>> m1.data['value1'] = 'bar'
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>>> assert m1 in sess.dirty
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True
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The ``MutableDict`` can be associated with all future instances
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of ``JSONEncodedDict`` in one step, using
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:meth:`~.Mutable.associate_with`. This is similar to
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:meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` except it will intercept all occurrences
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of ``MutableDict`` in all mappings unconditionally, without
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the need to declare it individually::
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MutableDict.associate_with(JSONEncodedDict)
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class MyDataClass(Base):
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__tablename__ = 'my_data'
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id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
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data = Column(JSONEncodedDict)
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Supporting Pickling
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--------------------
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The key to the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension relies upon the
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placement of a ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` upon the value object, which
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stores a mapping of parent mapped objects keyed to the attribute name under
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which they are associated with this value. ``WeakKeyDictionary`` objects are
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not picklable, due to the fact that they contain weakrefs and function
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callbacks. In our case, this is a good thing, since if this dictionary were
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picklable, it could lead to an excessively large pickle size for our value
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objects that are pickled by themselves outside of the context of the parent.
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The developer responsibility here is only to provide a ``__getstate__`` method
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that excludes the :meth:`~.MutableBase._parents` collection from the pickle
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stream::
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class MyMutableType(Mutable):
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def __getstate__(self):
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d = self.__dict__.copy()
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d.pop('_parents', None)
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return d
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With our dictionary example, we need to return the contents of the dict itself
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(and also restore them on __setstate__)::
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class MutableDict(Mutable, dict):
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# ....
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def __getstate__(self):
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return dict(self)
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def __setstate__(self, state):
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self.update(state)
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In the case that our mutable value object is pickled as it is attached to one
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or more parent objects that are also part of the pickle, the :class:`.Mutable`
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mixin will re-establish the :attr:`.Mutable._parents` collection on each value
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object as the owning parents themselves are unpickled.
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.. _mutable_composites:
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Establishing Mutability on Composites
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=====================================
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Composites are a special ORM feature which allow a single scalar attribute to
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be assigned an object value which represents information "composed" from one
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or more columns from the underlying mapped table. The usual example is that of
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a geometric "point", and is introduced in :ref:`mapper_composite`.
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.. versionchanged:: 0.7
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The internals of :func:`.orm.composite` have been
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greatly simplified and in-place mutation detection is no longer enabled by
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default; instead, the user-defined value must detect changes on its own and
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propagate them to all owning parents. The :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable`
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extension provides the helper class :class:`.MutableComposite`, which is a
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slight variant on the :class:`.Mutable` class.
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As is the case with :class:`.Mutable`, the user-defined composite class
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subclasses :class:`.MutableComposite` as a mixin, and detects and delivers
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change events to its parents via the :meth:`.MutableComposite.changed` method.
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In the case of a composite class, the detection is usually via the usage of
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Python descriptors (i.e. ``@property``), or alternatively via the special
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Python method ``__setattr__()``. Below we expand upon the ``Point`` class
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introduced in :ref:`mapper_composite` to subclass :class:`.MutableComposite`
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and to also route attribute set events via ``__setattr__`` to the
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:meth:`.MutableComposite.changed` method::
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from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import MutableComposite
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class Point(MutableComposite):
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def __init__(self, x, y):
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self.x = x
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self.y = y
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def __setattr__(self, key, value):
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"Intercept set events"
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# set the attribute
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object.__setattr__(self, key, value)
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# alert all parents to the change
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self.changed()
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def __composite_values__(self):
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return self.x, self.y
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def __eq__(self, other):
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return isinstance(other, Point) and \\
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other.x == self.x and \\
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other.y == self.y
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def __ne__(self, other):
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return not self.__eq__(other)
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The :class:`.MutableComposite` class uses a Python metaclass to automatically
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establish listeners for any usage of :func:`.orm.composite` that specifies our
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``Point`` type. Below, when ``Point`` is mapped to the ``Vertex`` class,
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listeners are established which will route change events from ``Point``
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objects to each of the ``Vertex.start`` and ``Vertex.end`` attributes::
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from sqlalchemy.orm import composite, mapper
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from sqlalchemy import Table, Column
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vertices = Table('vertices', metadata,
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Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
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Column('x1', Integer),
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Column('y1', Integer),
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Column('x2', Integer),
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Column('y2', Integer),
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)
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class Vertex(object):
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pass
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mapper(Vertex, vertices, properties={
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'start': composite(Point, vertices.c.x1, vertices.c.y1),
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'end': composite(Point, vertices.c.x2, vertices.c.y2)
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})
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Any in-place changes to the ``Vertex.start`` or ``Vertex.end`` members
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will flag the attribute as "dirty" on the parent object::
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>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
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>>> sess = Session()
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>>> v1 = Vertex(start=Point(3, 4), end=Point(12, 15))
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>>> sess.add(v1)
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>>> sess.commit()
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>>> v1.end.x = 8
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>>> assert v1 in sess.dirty
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True
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Coercing Mutable Composites
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---------------------------
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The :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce` method is also supported on composite types.
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In the case of :class:`.MutableComposite`, the :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce`
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method is only called for attribute set operations, not load operations.
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Overriding the :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce` method is essentially equivalent
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to using a :func:`.validates` validation routine for all attributes which
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make use of the custom composite type::
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class Point(MutableComposite):
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# other Point methods
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# ...
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def coerce(cls, key, value):
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if isinstance(value, tuple):
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value = Point(*value)
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elif not isinstance(value, Point):
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raise ValueError("tuple or Point expected")
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return value
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.. versionadded:: 0.7.10,0.8.0b2
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Support for the :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce` method in conjunction with
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objects of type :class:`.MutableComposite`.
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Supporting Pickling
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--------------------
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As is the case with :class:`.Mutable`, the :class:`.MutableComposite` helper
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class uses a ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` available via the
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:meth:`.MutableBase._parents` attribute which isn't picklable. If we need to
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pickle instances of ``Point`` or its owning class ``Vertex``, we at least need
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to define a ``__getstate__`` that doesn't include the ``_parents`` dictionary.
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Below we define both a ``__getstate__`` and a ``__setstate__`` that package up
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the minimal form of our ``Point`` class::
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class Point(MutableComposite):
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# ...
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def __getstate__(self):
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return self.x, self.y
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def __setstate__(self, state):
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self.x, self.y = state
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As with :class:`.Mutable`, the :class:`.MutableComposite` augments the
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pickling process of the parent's object-relational state so that the
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:meth:`.MutableBase._parents` collection is restored to all ``Point`` objects.
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"""
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from ..orm.attributes import flag_modified
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from .. import event, types
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from ..orm import mapper, object_mapper, Mapper
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from ..util import memoized_property
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import weakref
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class MutableBase(object):
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"""Common base class to :class:`.Mutable`
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and :class:`.MutableComposite`.
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"""
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@memoized_property
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def _parents(self):
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"""Dictionary of parent object->attribute name on the parent.
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This attribute is a so-called "memoized" property. It initializes
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itself with a new ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` the first time
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it is accessed, returning the same object upon subsequent access.
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"""
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return weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
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@classmethod
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def coerce(cls, key, value):
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"""Given a value, coerce it into the target type.
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Can be overridden by custom subclasses to coerce incoming
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data into a particular type.
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By default, raises ``ValueError``.
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This method is called in different scenarios depending on if
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the parent class is of type :class:`.Mutable` or of type
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:class:`.MutableComposite`. In the case of the former, it is called
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for both attribute-set operations as well as during ORM loading
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operations. For the latter, it is only called during attribute-set
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operations; the mechanics of the :func:`.composite` construct
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handle coercion during load operations.
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:param key: string name of the ORM-mapped attribute being set.
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:param value: the incoming value.
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:return: the method should return the coerced value, or raise
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``ValueError`` if the coercion cannot be completed.
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"""
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if value is None:
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return None
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msg = "Attribute '%s' does not accept objects of type %s"
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raise ValueError(msg % (key, type(value)))
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@classmethod
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def _listen_on_attribute(cls, attribute, coerce, parent_cls):
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"""Establish this type as a mutation listener for the given
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mapped descriptor.
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"""
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key = attribute.key
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if parent_cls is not attribute.class_:
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return
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# rely on "propagate" here
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parent_cls = attribute.class_
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def load(state, *args):
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"""Listen for objects loaded or refreshed.
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Wrap the target data member's value with
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``Mutable``.
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"""
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val = state.dict.get(key, None)
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if val is not None:
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if coerce:
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val = cls.coerce(key, val)
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state.dict[key] = val
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val._parents[state.obj()] = key
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def set(target, value, oldvalue, initiator):
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"""Listen for set/replace events on the target
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data member.
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Establish a weak reference to the parent object
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on the incoming value, remove it for the one
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outgoing.
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"""
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if not isinstance(value, cls):
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value = cls.coerce(key, value)
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if value is not None:
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value._parents[target.obj()] = key
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if isinstance(oldvalue, cls):
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oldvalue._parents.pop(target.obj(), None)
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return value
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def pickle(state, state_dict):
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val = state.dict.get(key, None)
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if val is not None:
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if 'ext.mutable.values' not in state_dict:
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state_dict['ext.mutable.values'] = []
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state_dict['ext.mutable.values'].append(val)
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def unpickle(state, state_dict):
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if 'ext.mutable.values' in state_dict:
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for val in state_dict['ext.mutable.values']:
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val._parents[state.obj()] = key
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event.listen(parent_cls, 'load', load,
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raw=True, propagate=True)
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event.listen(parent_cls, 'refresh', load,
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raw=True, propagate=True)
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event.listen(attribute, 'set', set,
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raw=True, retval=True, propagate=True)
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event.listen(parent_cls, 'pickle', pickle,
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raw=True, propagate=True)
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event.listen(parent_cls, 'unpickle', unpickle,
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raw=True, propagate=True)
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class Mutable(MutableBase):
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"""Mixin that defines transparent propagation of change
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events to a parent object.
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See the example in :ref:`mutable_scalars` for usage information.
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"""
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def changed(self):
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"""Subclasses should call this method whenever change events occur."""
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for parent, key in self._parents.items():
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flag_modified(parent, key)
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@classmethod
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def associate_with_attribute(cls, attribute):
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"""Establish this type as a mutation listener for the given
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mapped descriptor.
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"""
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cls._listen_on_attribute(attribute, True, attribute.class_)
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@classmethod
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def associate_with(cls, sqltype):
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"""Associate this wrapper with all future mapped columns
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of the given type.
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This is a convenience method that calls
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``associate_with_attribute`` automatically.
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.. warning::
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The listeners established by this method are *global*
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to all mappers, and are *not* garbage collected. Only use
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:meth:`.associate_with` for types that are permanent to an
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application, not with ad-hoc types else this will cause unbounded
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growth in memory usage.
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"""
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def listen_for_type(mapper, class_):
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for prop in mapper.column_attrs:
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if isinstance(prop.columns[0].type, sqltype):
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cls.associate_with_attribute(getattr(class_, prop.key))
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event.listen(mapper, 'mapper_configured', listen_for_type)
|
|
|
|
@classmethod
|
|
def as_mutable(cls, sqltype):
|
|
"""Associate a SQL type with this mutable Python type.
|
|
|
|
This establishes listeners that will detect ORM mappings against
|
|
the given type, adding mutation event trackers to those mappings.
|
|
|
|
The type is returned, unconditionally as an instance, so that
|
|
:meth:`.as_mutable` can be used inline::
|
|
|
|
Table('mytable', metadata,
|
|
Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
|
|
Column('data', MyMutableType.as_mutable(PickleType))
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
Note that the returned type is always an instance, even if a class
|
|
is given, and that only columns which are declared specifically with
|
|
that type instance receive additional instrumentation.
|
|
|
|
To associate a particular mutable type with all occurrences of a
|
|
particular type, use the :meth:`.Mutable.associate_with` classmethod
|
|
of the particular :meth:`.Mutable` subclass to establish a global
|
|
association.
|
|
|
|
.. warning::
|
|
|
|
The listeners established by this method are *global*
|
|
to all mappers, and are *not* garbage collected. Only use
|
|
:meth:`.as_mutable` for types that are permanent to an application,
|
|
not with ad-hoc types else this will cause unbounded growth
|
|
in memory usage.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
sqltype = types.to_instance(sqltype)
|
|
|
|
def listen_for_type(mapper, class_):
|
|
for prop in mapper.column_attrs:
|
|
if prop.columns[0].type is sqltype:
|
|
cls.associate_with_attribute(getattr(class_, prop.key))
|
|
|
|
event.listen(mapper, 'mapper_configured', listen_for_type)
|
|
|
|
return sqltype
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
class MutableComposite(MutableBase):
|
|
"""Mixin that defines transparent propagation of change
|
|
events on a SQLAlchemy "composite" object to its
|
|
owning parent or parents.
|
|
|
|
See the example in :ref:`mutable_composites` for usage information.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
def changed(self):
|
|
"""Subclasses should call this method whenever change events occur."""
|
|
|
|
for parent, key in self._parents.items():
|
|
|
|
prop = object_mapper(parent).get_property(key)
|
|
for value, attr_name in zip(
|
|
self.__composite_values__(),
|
|
prop._attribute_keys):
|
|
setattr(parent, attr_name, value)
|
|
|
|
def _setup_composite_listener():
|
|
import types
|
|
def _listen_for_type(mapper, class_):
|
|
for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
|
|
if (hasattr(prop, 'composite_class') and (type(prop.composite_class) in (types.ClassType, types.TypeType)) and
|
|
issubclass(prop.composite_class, MutableComposite)):
|
|
prop.composite_class._listen_on_attribute(
|
|
getattr(class_, prop.key), False, class_)
|
|
if not Mapper.dispatch.mapper_configured._contains(Mapper, _listen_for_type):
|
|
event.listen(Mapper, 'mapper_configured', _listen_for_type)
|
|
_setup_composite_listener()
|
|
|
|
|
|
class MutableDict(Mutable, dict):
|
|
"""A dictionary type that implements :class:`.Mutable`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.8
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
|
|
"""Detect dictionary set events and emit change events."""
|
|
dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
|
|
self.changed()
|
|
|
|
def __delitem__(self, key):
|
|
"""Detect dictionary del events and emit change events."""
|
|
dict.__delitem__(self, key)
|
|
self.changed()
|
|
|
|
def clear(self):
|
|
dict.clear(self)
|
|
self.changed()
|
|
|
|
@classmethod
|
|
def coerce(cls, key, value):
|
|
"""Convert plain dictionary to MutableDict."""
|
|
if not isinstance(value, MutableDict):
|
|
if isinstance(value, dict):
|
|
return MutableDict(value)
|
|
return Mutable.coerce(key, value)
|
|
else:
|
|
return value
|
|
|
|
def __getstate__(self):
|
|
return dict(self)
|
|
|
|
def __setstate__(self, state):
|
|
self.update(state)
|