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1808 lines
69 KiB
Python
1808 lines
69 KiB
Python
# orm/__init__.py
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# Copyright (C) 2005-2013 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS file>
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#
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# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
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# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
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"""
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Functional constructs for ORM configuration.
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See the SQLAlchemy object relational tutorial and mapper configuration
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documentation for an overview of how this module is used.
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"""
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from . import exc
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from .mapper import (
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Mapper,
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_mapper_registry,
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class_mapper,
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configure_mappers,
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reconstructor,
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validates
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)
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from .interfaces import (
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EXT_CONTINUE,
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EXT_STOP,
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MapperExtension,
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PropComparator,
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SessionExtension,
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AttributeExtension,
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)
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from .util import (
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aliased,
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join,
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object_mapper,
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outerjoin,
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polymorphic_union,
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was_deleted,
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with_parent,
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with_polymorphic,
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)
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from .properties import (
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ColumnProperty,
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ComparableProperty,
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CompositeProperty,
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RelationshipProperty,
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PropertyLoader,
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SynonymProperty,
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)
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from .relationships import (
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foreign,
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remote,
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)
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from .session import (
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Session,
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object_session,
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sessionmaker,
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make_transient
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)
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from .scoping import (
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scoped_session
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)
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from . import mapper as mapperlib
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from . import strategies
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from .query import AliasOption, Query
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from ..sql import util as sql_util
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from .. import util as sa_util
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from . import interfaces
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# here, we can establish InstrumentationManager back
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# in sqlalchemy.orm and sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces, which
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# also re-establishes the extended instrumentation system.
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#from ..ext import instrumentation as _ext_instrumentation
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#InstrumentationManager = \
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# interfaces.InstrumentationManager = \
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# _ext_instrumentation.InstrumentationManager
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__all__ = (
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'EXT_CONTINUE',
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'EXT_STOP',
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'MapperExtension',
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'AttributeExtension',
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'PropComparator',
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'Query',
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'Session',
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'aliased',
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'backref',
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'class_mapper',
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'clear_mappers',
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'column_property',
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'comparable_property',
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'compile_mappers',
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'configure_mappers',
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'composite',
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'contains_alias',
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'contains_eager',
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'create_session',
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'defer',
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'deferred',
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'dynamic_loader',
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'eagerload',
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'eagerload_all',
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'foreign',
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'immediateload',
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'join',
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'joinedload',
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'joinedload_all',
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'lazyload',
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'mapper',
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'make_transient',
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'noload',
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'object_mapper',
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'object_session',
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'outerjoin',
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'polymorphic_union',
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'reconstructor',
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'relationship',
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'relation',
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'remote',
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'scoped_session',
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'sessionmaker',
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'subqueryload',
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'subqueryload_all',
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'synonym',
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'undefer',
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'undefer_group',
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'validates',
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'was_deleted',
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'with_polymorphic'
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)
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def create_session(bind=None, **kwargs):
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"""Create a new :class:`.Session`
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with no automation enabled by default.
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This function is used primarily for testing. The usual
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route to :class:`.Session` creation is via its constructor
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or the :func:`.sessionmaker` function.
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:param bind: optional, a single Connectable to use for all
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database access in the created
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:class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session`.
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:param \*\*kwargs: optional, passed through to the
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:class:`.Session` constructor.
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:returns: an :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session` instance
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The defaults of create_session() are the opposite of that of
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:func:`sessionmaker`; ``autoflush`` and ``expire_on_commit`` are
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False, ``autocommit`` is True. In this sense the session acts
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more like the "classic" SQLAlchemy 0.3 session with these.
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Usage::
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>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import create_session
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>>> session = create_session()
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It is recommended to use :func:`sessionmaker` instead of
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create_session().
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"""
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kwargs.setdefault('autoflush', False)
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kwargs.setdefault('autocommit', True)
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kwargs.setdefault('expire_on_commit', False)
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return Session(bind=bind, **kwargs)
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def relationship(argument, secondary=None, **kwargs):
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"""Provide a relationship of a primary Mapper to a secondary Mapper.
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This corresponds to a parent-child or associative table relationship. The
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constructed class is an instance of :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
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A typical :func:`.relationship`, used in a classical mapping::
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mapper(Parent, properties={
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'children': relationship(Child)
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})
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Some arguments accepted by :func:`.relationship` optionally accept a
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callable function, which when called produces the desired value.
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The callable is invoked by the parent :class:`.Mapper` at "mapper
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initialization" time, which happens only when mappers are first used, and
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is assumed to be after all mappings have been constructed. This can be
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used to resolve order-of-declaration and other dependency issues, such as
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if ``Child`` is declared below ``Parent`` in the same file::
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mapper(Parent, properties={
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"children":relationship(lambda: Child,
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order_by=lambda: Child.id)
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})
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When using the :ref:`declarative_toplevel` extension, the Declarative
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initializer allows string arguments to be passed to :func:`.relationship`.
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These string arguments are converted into callables that evaluate
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the string as Python code, using the Declarative
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class-registry as a namespace. This allows the lookup of related
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classes to be automatic via their string name, and removes the need to
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import related classes at all into the local module space::
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from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
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Base = declarative_base()
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class Parent(Base):
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__tablename__ = 'parent'
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id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
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children = relationship("Child", order_by="Child.id")
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A full array of examples and reference documentation regarding
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:func:`.relationship` is at :ref:`relationship_config_toplevel`.
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:param argument:
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a mapped class, or actual :class:`.Mapper` instance, representing the
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target of the relationship.
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``argument`` may also be passed as a callable function
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which is evaluated at mapper initialization time, and may be passed as a
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Python-evaluable string when using Declarative.
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:param secondary:
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for a many-to-many relationship, specifies the intermediary
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table, and is an instance of :class:`.Table`. The ``secondary`` keyword
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argument should generally only
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be used for a table that is not otherwise expressed in any class
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mapping, unless this relationship is declared as view only, otherwise
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conflicting persistence operations can occur.
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``secondary`` may
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also be passed as a callable function which is evaluated at
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mapper initialization time.
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:param active_history=False:
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When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
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many-to-one reference should be loaded when replaced, if
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not already loaded. Normally, history tracking logic for
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simple many-to-ones only needs to be aware of the "new"
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value in order to perform a flush. This flag is available
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for applications that make use of
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:func:`.attributes.get_history` which also need to know
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the "previous" value of the attribute.
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:param backref:
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indicates the string name of a property to be placed on the related
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mapper's class that will handle this relationship in the other
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direction. The other property will be created automatically
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when the mappers are configured. Can also be passed as a
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:func:`backref` object to control the configuration of the
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new relationship.
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:param back_populates:
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Takes a string name and has the same meaning as ``backref``,
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except the complementing property is **not** created automatically,
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and instead must be configured explicitly on the other mapper. The
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complementing property should also indicate ``back_populates``
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to this relationship to ensure proper functioning.
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:param cascade:
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a comma-separated list of cascade rules which determines how
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Session operations should be "cascaded" from parent to child.
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This defaults to ``False``, which means the default cascade
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should be used. The default value is ``"save-update, merge"``.
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Available cascades are:
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* ``save-update`` - cascade the :meth:`.Session.add`
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operation. This cascade applies both to future and
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past calls to :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session.add`,
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meaning new items added to a collection or scalar relationship
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get placed into the same session as that of the parent, and
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also applies to items which have been removed from this
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relationship but are still part of unflushed history.
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* ``merge`` - cascade the :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session.merge`
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operation
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* ``expunge`` - cascade the :meth:`.Session.expunge`
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operation
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* ``delete`` - cascade the :meth:`.Session.delete`
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operation
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* ``delete-orphan`` - if an item of the child's type is
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detached from its parent, mark it for deletion.
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.. versionchanged:: 0.7
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This option does not prevent
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a new instance of the child object from being persisted
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without a parent to start with; to constrain against
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that case, ensure the child's foreign key column(s)
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is configured as NOT NULL
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* ``refresh-expire`` - cascade the :meth:`.Session.expire`
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and :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session.refresh` operations
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* ``all`` - shorthand for "save-update,merge, refresh-expire,
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expunge, delete"
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See the section :ref:`unitofwork_cascades` for more background
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on configuring cascades.
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:param cascade_backrefs=True:
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a boolean value indicating if the ``save-update`` cascade should
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operate along an assignment event intercepted by a backref.
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When set to ``False``,
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the attribute managed by this relationship will not cascade
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an incoming transient object into the session of a
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persistent parent, if the event is received via backref.
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That is::
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mapper(A, a_table, properties={
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'bs':relationship(B, backref="a", cascade_backrefs=False)
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})
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If an ``A()`` is present in the session, assigning it to
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the "a" attribute on a transient ``B()`` will not place
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the ``B()`` into the session. To set the flag in the other
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direction, i.e. so that ``A().bs.append(B())`` won't add
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a transient ``A()`` into the session for a persistent ``B()``::
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mapper(A, a_table, properties={
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'bs':relationship(B,
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backref=backref("a", cascade_backrefs=False)
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)
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})
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See the section :ref:`unitofwork_cascades` for more background
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on configuring cascades.
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:param collection_class:
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a class or callable that returns a new list-holding object. will
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be used in place of a plain list for storing elements.
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Behavior of this attribute is described in detail at
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:ref:`custom_collections`.
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:param comparator_factory:
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a class which extends :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator` which
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provides custom SQL clause generation for comparison operations.
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:param distinct_target_key=False:
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Indicate if a "subquery" eager load should apply the DISTINCT
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keyword to the innermost SELECT statement. When set to ``None``,
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the DISTINCT keyword will be applied in those cases when the target
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columns do not comprise the full primary key of the target table.
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When set to ``True``, the DISTINCT keyword is applied to the innermost
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SELECT unconditionally.
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This flag defaults as False in 0.8 but will default to None in 0.9.
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It may be desirable to set this flag to False when the DISTINCT is
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reducing performance of the innermost subquery beyond that of what
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duplicate innermost rows may be causing.
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.. versionadded:: 0.8.3 - distinct_target_key allows the
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subquery eager loader to apply a DISTINCT modifier to the
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innermost SELECT.
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:param doc:
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docstring which will be applied to the resulting descriptor.
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:param extension:
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an :class:`.AttributeExtension` instance, or list of extensions,
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which will be prepended to the list of attribute listeners for
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the resulting descriptor placed on the class.
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**Deprecated.** Please see :class:`.AttributeEvents`.
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:param foreign_keys:
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a list of columns which are to be used as "foreign key" columns,
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or columns which refer to the value in a remote column, within the
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context of this :func:`.relationship` object's ``primaryjoin``
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condition. That is, if the ``primaryjoin`` condition of this
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:func:`.relationship` is ``a.id == b.a_id``, and the values in ``b.a_id``
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are required to be present in ``a.id``, then the "foreign key" column
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of this :func:`.relationship` is ``b.a_id``.
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In normal cases, the ``foreign_keys`` parameter is **not required.**
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:func:`.relationship` will **automatically** determine which columns
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in the ``primaryjoin`` conditition are to be considered "foreign key"
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columns based on those :class:`.Column` objects that specify
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:class:`.ForeignKey`, or are otherwise listed as referencing columns
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in a :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` construct. ``foreign_keys`` is only
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needed when:
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1. There is more than one way to construct a join from the local
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table to the remote table, as there are multiple foreign key
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references present. Setting ``foreign_keys`` will limit the
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:func:`.relationship` to consider just those columns specified
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here as "foreign".
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.. versionchanged:: 0.8
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A multiple-foreign key join ambiguity can be resolved by
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setting the ``foreign_keys`` parameter alone, without the
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need to explicitly set ``primaryjoin`` as well.
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2. The :class:`.Table` being mapped does not actually have
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:class:`.ForeignKey` or :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`
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constructs present, often because the table
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was reflected from a database that does not support foreign key
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reflection (MySQL MyISAM).
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3. The ``primaryjoin`` argument is used to construct a non-standard
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join condition, which makes use of columns or expressions that do
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not normally refer to their "parent" column, such as a join condition
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expressed by a complex comparison using a SQL function.
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The :func:`.relationship` construct will raise informative error messages
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that suggest the use of the ``foreign_keys`` parameter when presented
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with an ambiguous condition. In typical cases, if :func:`.relationship`
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doesn't raise any exceptions, the ``foreign_keys`` parameter is usually
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not needed.
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``foreign_keys`` may also be passed as a callable function
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which is evaluated at mapper initialization time, and may be passed as a
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Python-evaluable string when using Declarative.
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.. seealso::
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:ref:`relationship_foreign_keys`
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:ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
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:func:`.foreign` - allows direct annotation of the "foreign" columns
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within a ``primaryjoin`` condition.
|
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.. versionadded:: 0.8
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The :func:`.foreign` annotation can also be applied
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directly to the ``primaryjoin`` expression, which is an alternate,
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more specific system of describing which columns in a particular
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``primaryjoin`` should be considered "foreign".
|
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:param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
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:attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
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.. versionadded:: 0.8
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:param innerjoin=False:
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when ``True``, joined eager loads will use an inner join to join
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against related tables instead of an outer join. The purpose
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of this option is generally one of performance, as inner joins
|
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generally perform better than outer joins. Another reason can be
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the use of ``with_lockmode``, which does not support outer joins.
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This flag can be set to ``True`` when the relationship references an
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object via many-to-one using local foreign keys that are not nullable,
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or when the reference is one-to-one or a collection that is guaranteed
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to have one or at least one entry.
|
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:param join_depth:
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when non-``None``, an integer value indicating how many levels
|
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deep "eager" loaders should join on a self-referring or cyclical
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relationship. The number counts how many times the same Mapper
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shall be present in the loading condition along a particular join
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branch. When left at its default of ``None``, eager loaders
|
|
will stop chaining when they encounter a the same target mapper
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which is already higher up in the chain. This option applies
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both to joined- and subquery- eager loaders.
|
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:param lazy='select': specifies
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how the related items should be loaded. Default value is
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``select``. Values include:
|
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* ``select`` - items should be loaded lazily when the property is first
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accessed, using a separate SELECT statement, or identity map
|
|
fetch for simple many-to-one references.
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* ``immediate`` - items should be loaded as the parents are loaded,
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using a separate SELECT statement, or identity map fetch for
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simple many-to-one references.
|
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|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.6.5
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* ``joined`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" in the same query as
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that of the parent, using a JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN. Whether
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the join is "outer" or not is determined by the ``innerjoin``
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parameter.
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* ``subquery`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" as the parents are
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loaded, using one additional SQL statement, which issues a JOIN to a
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subquery of the original statement, for each collection requested.
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* ``noload`` - no loading should occur at any time. This is to
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support "write-only" attributes, or attributes which are
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populated in some manner specific to the application.
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* ``dynamic`` - the attribute will return a pre-configured
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:class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query` object for all read
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operations, onto which further filtering operations can be
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applied before iterating the results. See
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the section :ref:`dynamic_relationship` for more details.
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* True - a synonym for 'select'
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* False - a synonym for 'joined'
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* None - a synonym for 'noload'
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Detailed discussion of loader strategies is at :doc:`/orm/loading`.
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|
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:param load_on_pending=False:
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Indicates loading behavior for transient or pending parent objects.
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.. versionchanged:: 0.8
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load_on_pending is superseded by
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:meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading`.
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When set to ``True``, causes the lazy-loader to
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issue a query for a parent object that is not persistent, meaning it has
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never been flushed. This may take effect for a pending object when
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autoflush is disabled, or for a transient object that has been
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"attached" to a :class:`.Session` but is not part of its pending
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collection.
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The load_on_pending flag does not improve behavior
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|
when the ORM is used normally - object references should be constructed
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at the object level, not at the foreign key level, so that they
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are present in an ordinary way before flush() proceeds. This flag
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is not not intended for general use.
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|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.6.5
|
|
|
|
:param order_by:
|
|
indicates the ordering that should be applied when loading these
|
|
items. ``order_by`` is expected to refer to one of the :class:`.Column`
|
|
objects to which the target class is mapped, or
|
|
the attribute itself bound to the target class which refers
|
|
to the column.
|
|
|
|
``order_by`` may also be passed as a callable function
|
|
which is evaluated at mapper initialization time, and may be passed as a
|
|
Python-evaluable string when using Declarative.
|
|
|
|
:param passive_deletes=False:
|
|
Indicates loading behavior during delete operations.
|
|
|
|
A value of True indicates that unloaded child items should not
|
|
be loaded during a delete operation on the parent. Normally,
|
|
when a parent item is deleted, all child items are loaded so
|
|
that they can either be marked as deleted, or have their
|
|
foreign key to the parent set to NULL. Marking this flag as
|
|
True usually implies an ON DELETE <CASCADE|SET NULL> rule is in
|
|
place which will handle updating/deleting child rows on the
|
|
database side.
|
|
|
|
Additionally, setting the flag to the string value 'all' will
|
|
disable the "nulling out" of the child foreign keys, when there
|
|
is no delete or delete-orphan cascade enabled. This is
|
|
typically used when a triggering or error raise scenario is in
|
|
place on the database side. Note that the foreign key
|
|
attributes on in-session child objects will not be changed
|
|
after a flush occurs so this is a very special use-case
|
|
setting.
|
|
|
|
:param passive_updates=True:
|
|
Indicates loading and INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE behavior when the
|
|
source of a foreign key value changes (i.e. an "on update"
|
|
cascade), which are typically the primary key columns of the
|
|
source row.
|
|
|
|
When True, it is assumed that ON UPDATE CASCADE is configured on
|
|
the foreign key in the database, and that the database will
|
|
handle propagation of an UPDATE from a source column to
|
|
dependent rows. Note that with databases which enforce
|
|
referential integrity (i.e. PostgreSQL, MySQL with InnoDB tables),
|
|
ON UPDATE CASCADE is required for this operation. The
|
|
relationship() will update the value of the attribute on related
|
|
items which are locally present in the session during a flush.
|
|
|
|
When False, it is assumed that the database does not enforce
|
|
referential integrity and will not be issuing its own CASCADE
|
|
operation for an update. The relationship() will issue the
|
|
appropriate UPDATE statements to the database in response to the
|
|
change of a referenced key, and items locally present in the
|
|
session during a flush will also be refreshed.
|
|
|
|
This flag should probably be set to False if primary key changes
|
|
are expected and the database in use doesn't support CASCADE
|
|
(i.e. SQLite, MySQL MyISAM tables).
|
|
|
|
Also see the passive_updates flag on ``mapper()``.
|
|
|
|
A future SQLAlchemy release will provide a "detect" feature for
|
|
this flag.
|
|
|
|
:param post_update:
|
|
this indicates that the relationship should be handled by a
|
|
second UPDATE statement after an INSERT or before a
|
|
DELETE. Currently, it also will issue an UPDATE after the
|
|
instance was UPDATEd as well, although this technically should
|
|
be improved. This flag is used to handle saving bi-directional
|
|
dependencies between two individual rows (i.e. each row
|
|
references the other), where it would otherwise be impossible to
|
|
INSERT or DELETE both rows fully since one row exists before the
|
|
other. Use this flag when a particular mapping arrangement will
|
|
incur two rows that are dependent on each other, such as a table
|
|
that has a one-to-many relationship to a set of child rows, and
|
|
also has a column that references a single child row within that
|
|
list (i.e. both tables contain a foreign key to each other). If
|
|
a ``flush()`` operation returns an error that a "cyclical
|
|
dependency" was detected, this is a cue that you might want to
|
|
use ``post_update`` to "break" the cycle.
|
|
|
|
:param primaryjoin:
|
|
a SQL expression that will be used as the primary
|
|
join of this child object against the parent object, or in a
|
|
many-to-many relationship the join of the primary object to the
|
|
association table. By default, this value is computed based on the
|
|
foreign key relationships of the parent and child tables (or association
|
|
table).
|
|
|
|
``primaryjoin`` may also be passed as a callable function
|
|
which is evaluated at mapper initialization time, and may be passed as a
|
|
Python-evaluable string when using Declarative.
|
|
|
|
:param remote_side:
|
|
used for self-referential relationships, indicates the column or
|
|
list of columns that form the "remote side" of the relationship.
|
|
|
|
``remote_side`` may also be passed as a callable function
|
|
which is evaluated at mapper initialization time, and may be passed as a
|
|
Python-evaluable string when using Declarative.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 0.8
|
|
The :func:`.remote` annotation can also be applied
|
|
directly to the ``primaryjoin`` expression, which is an alternate,
|
|
more specific system of describing which columns in a particular
|
|
``primaryjoin`` should be considered "remote".
|
|
|
|
:param query_class:
|
|
a :class:`.Query` subclass that will be used as the base of the
|
|
"appender query" returned by a "dynamic" relationship, that
|
|
is, a relationship that specifies ``lazy="dynamic"`` or was
|
|
otherwise constructed using the :func:`.orm.dynamic_loader`
|
|
function.
|
|
|
|
:param secondaryjoin:
|
|
a SQL expression that will be used as the join of
|
|
an association table to the child object. By default, this value is
|
|
computed based on the foreign key relationships of the association and
|
|
child tables.
|
|
|
|
``secondaryjoin`` may also be passed as a callable function
|
|
which is evaluated at mapper initialization time, and may be passed as a
|
|
Python-evaluable string when using Declarative.
|
|
|
|
:param single_parent=(True|False):
|
|
when True, installs a validator which will prevent objects
|
|
from being associated with more than one parent at a time.
|
|
This is used for many-to-one or many-to-many relationships that
|
|
should be treated either as one-to-one or one-to-many. Its
|
|
usage is optional unless delete-orphan cascade is also
|
|
set on this relationship(), in which case its required.
|
|
|
|
:param uselist=(True|False):
|
|
a boolean that indicates if this property should be loaded as a
|
|
list or a scalar. In most cases, this value is determined
|
|
automatically by ``relationship()``, based on the type and direction
|
|
of the relationship - one to many forms a list, many to one
|
|
forms a scalar, many to many is a list. If a scalar is desired
|
|
where normally a list would be present, such as a bi-directional
|
|
one-to-one relationship, set uselist to False.
|
|
|
|
:param viewonly=False:
|
|
when set to True, the relationship is used only for loading objects
|
|
within the relationship, and has no effect on the unit-of-work
|
|
flush process. Relationships with viewonly can specify any kind of
|
|
join conditions to provide additional views of related objects
|
|
onto a parent object. Note that the functionality of a viewonly
|
|
relationship has its limits - complicated join conditions may
|
|
not compile into eager or lazy loaders properly. If this is the
|
|
case, use an alternative method.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 0.6
|
|
:func:`relationship` was renamed from its previous name
|
|
:func:`relation`.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return RelationshipProperty(argument, secondary=secondary, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def relation(*arg, **kw):
|
|
"""A synonym for :func:`relationship`."""
|
|
|
|
return relationship(*arg, **kw)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def dynamic_loader(argument, **kw):
|
|
"""Construct a dynamically-loading mapper property.
|
|
|
|
This is essentially the same as
|
|
using the ``lazy='dynamic'`` argument with :func:`relationship`::
|
|
|
|
dynamic_loader(SomeClass)
|
|
|
|
# is the same as
|
|
|
|
relationship(SomeClass, lazy="dynamic")
|
|
|
|
See the section :ref:`dynamic_relationship` for more details
|
|
on dynamic loading.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
kw['lazy'] = 'dynamic'
|
|
return relationship(argument, **kw)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def column_property(*cols, **kw):
|
|
"""Provide a column-level property for use with a Mapper.
|
|
|
|
Column-based properties can normally be applied to the mapper's
|
|
``properties`` dictionary using the :class:`.Column` element directly.
|
|
Use this function when the given column is not directly present within the
|
|
mapper's selectable; examples include SQL expressions, functions, and
|
|
scalar SELECT queries.
|
|
|
|
Columns that aren't present in the mapper's selectable won't be persisted
|
|
by the mapper and are effectively "read-only" attributes.
|
|
|
|
:param \*cols:
|
|
list of Column objects to be mapped.
|
|
|
|
:param active_history=False:
|
|
When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
|
|
scalar attribute should be loaded when replaced, if not
|
|
already loaded. Normally, history tracking logic for
|
|
simple non-primary-key scalar values only needs to be
|
|
aware of the "new" value in order to perform a flush. This
|
|
flag is available for applications that make use of
|
|
:func:`.attributes.get_history` or :meth:`.Session.is_modified`
|
|
which also need to know
|
|
the "previous" value of the attribute.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.6.6
|
|
|
|
:param comparator_factory: a class which extends
|
|
:class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator` which provides custom SQL clause
|
|
generation for comparison operations.
|
|
|
|
:param group:
|
|
a group name for this property when marked as deferred.
|
|
|
|
:param deferred:
|
|
when True, the column property is "deferred", meaning that
|
|
it does not load immediately, and is instead loaded when the
|
|
attribute is first accessed on an instance. See also
|
|
:func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.deferred`.
|
|
|
|
:param doc:
|
|
optional string that will be applied as the doc on the
|
|
class-bound descriptor.
|
|
|
|
:param expire_on_flush=True:
|
|
Disable expiry on flush. A column_property() which refers
|
|
to a SQL expression (and not a single table-bound column)
|
|
is considered to be a "read only" property; populating it
|
|
has no effect on the state of data, and it can only return
|
|
database state. For this reason a column_property()'s value
|
|
is expired whenever the parent object is involved in a
|
|
flush, that is, has any kind of "dirty" state within a flush.
|
|
Setting this parameter to ``False`` will have the effect of
|
|
leaving any existing value present after the flush proceeds.
|
|
Note however that the :class:`.Session` with default expiration
|
|
settings still expires
|
|
all attributes after a :meth:`.Session.commit` call, however.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.7.3
|
|
|
|
:param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
|
|
:attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.8
|
|
|
|
:param extension:
|
|
an
|
|
:class:`.AttributeExtension`
|
|
instance, or list of extensions, which will be prepended
|
|
to the list of attribute listeners for the resulting
|
|
descriptor placed on the class.
|
|
**Deprecated.** Please see :class:`.AttributeEvents`.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
return ColumnProperty(*cols, **kw)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def composite(class_, *cols, **kwargs):
|
|
"""Return a composite column-based property for use with a Mapper.
|
|
|
|
See the mapping documentation section :ref:`mapper_composite` for a full
|
|
usage example.
|
|
|
|
The :class:`.MapperProperty` returned by :func:`.composite`
|
|
is the :class:`.CompositeProperty`.
|
|
|
|
:param class\_:
|
|
The "composite type" class.
|
|
|
|
:param \*cols:
|
|
List of Column objects to be mapped.
|
|
|
|
:param active_history=False:
|
|
When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
|
|
scalar attribute should be loaded when replaced, if not
|
|
already loaded. See the same flag on :func:`.column_property`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 0.7
|
|
This flag specifically becomes meaningful
|
|
- previously it was a placeholder.
|
|
|
|
:param group:
|
|
A group name for this property when marked as deferred.
|
|
|
|
:param deferred:
|
|
When True, the column property is "deferred", meaning that it does not
|
|
load immediately, and is instead loaded when the attribute is first
|
|
accessed on an instance. See also :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.deferred`.
|
|
|
|
:param comparator_factory: a class which extends
|
|
:class:`.CompositeProperty.Comparator` which provides custom SQL clause
|
|
generation for comparison operations.
|
|
|
|
:param doc:
|
|
optional string that will be applied as the doc on the
|
|
class-bound descriptor.
|
|
|
|
:param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
|
|
:attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.8
|
|
|
|
:param extension:
|
|
an :class:`.AttributeExtension` instance,
|
|
or list of extensions, which will be prepended to the list of
|
|
attribute listeners for the resulting descriptor placed on the class.
|
|
**Deprecated.** Please see :class:`.AttributeEvents`.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return CompositeProperty(class_, *cols, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def backref(name, **kwargs):
|
|
"""Create a back reference with explicit keyword arguments, which are the
|
|
same arguments one can send to :func:`relationship`.
|
|
|
|
Used with the ``backref`` keyword argument to :func:`relationship` in
|
|
place of a string argument, e.g.::
|
|
|
|
'items':relationship(SomeItem, backref=backref('parent', lazy='subquery'))
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return (name, kwargs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def deferred(*columns, **kwargs):
|
|
"""Return a :class:`.DeferredColumnProperty`, which indicates this
|
|
object attributes should only be loaded from its corresponding
|
|
table column when first accessed.
|
|
|
|
Used with the "properties" dictionary sent to :func:`mapper`.
|
|
|
|
See also:
|
|
|
|
:ref:`deferred`
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return ColumnProperty(deferred=True, *columns, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def mapper(class_, local_table=None, *args, **params):
|
|
"""Return a new :class:`~.Mapper` object.
|
|
|
|
This function is typically used behind the scenes
|
|
via the Declarative extension. When using Declarative,
|
|
many of the usual :func:`.mapper` arguments are handled
|
|
by the Declarative extension itself, including ``class_``,
|
|
``local_table``, ``properties``, and ``inherits``.
|
|
Other options are passed to :func:`.mapper` using
|
|
the ``__mapper_args__`` class variable::
|
|
|
|
class MyClass(Base):
|
|
__tablename__ = 'my_table'
|
|
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
|
|
type = Column(String(50))
|
|
alt = Column("some_alt", Integer)
|
|
|
|
__mapper_args__ = {
|
|
'polymorphic_on' : type
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
Explicit use of :func:`.mapper`
|
|
is often referred to as *classical mapping*. The above
|
|
declarative example is equivalent in classical form to::
|
|
|
|
my_table = Table("my_table", metadata,
|
|
Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
|
|
Column('type', String(50)),
|
|
Column("some_alt", Integer)
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
class MyClass(object):
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
mapper(MyClass, my_table,
|
|
polymorphic_on=my_table.c.type,
|
|
properties={
|
|
'alt':my_table.c.some_alt
|
|
})
|
|
|
|
See also:
|
|
|
|
:ref:`classical_mapping` - discussion of direct usage of
|
|
:func:`.mapper`
|
|
|
|
:param class\_: The class to be mapped. When using Declarative,
|
|
this argument is automatically passed as the declared class
|
|
itself.
|
|
|
|
:param local_table: The :class:`.Table` or other selectable
|
|
to which the class is mapped. May be ``None`` if
|
|
this mapper inherits from another mapper using single-table
|
|
inheritance. When using Declarative, this argument is
|
|
automatically passed by the extension, based on what
|
|
is configured via the ``__table__`` argument or via the
|
|
:class:`.Table` produced as a result of the ``__tablename__``
|
|
and :class:`.Column` arguments present.
|
|
|
|
:param always_refresh: If True, all query operations for this mapped
|
|
class will overwrite all data within object instances that already
|
|
exist within the session, erasing any in-memory changes with
|
|
whatever information was loaded from the database. Usage of this
|
|
flag is highly discouraged; as an alternative, see the method
|
|
:meth:`.Query.populate_existing`.
|
|
|
|
:param allow_partial_pks: Defaults to True. Indicates that a
|
|
composite primary key with some NULL values should be considered as
|
|
possibly existing within the database. This affects whether a
|
|
mapper will assign an incoming row to an existing identity, as well
|
|
as if :meth:`.Session.merge` will check the database first for a
|
|
particular primary key value. A "partial primary key" can occur if
|
|
one has mapped to an OUTER JOIN, for example.
|
|
|
|
:param batch: Defaults to ``True``, indicating that save operations
|
|
of multiple entities can be batched together for efficiency.
|
|
Setting to False indicates
|
|
that an instance will be fully saved before saving the next
|
|
instance. This is used in the extremely rare case that a
|
|
:class:`.MapperEvents` listener requires being called
|
|
in between individual row persistence operations.
|
|
|
|
:param column_prefix: A string which will be prepended
|
|
to the mapped attribute name when :class:`.Column`
|
|
objects are automatically assigned as attributes to the
|
|
mapped class. Does not affect explicitly specified
|
|
column-based properties.
|
|
|
|
See the section :ref:`column_prefix` for an example.
|
|
|
|
:param concrete: If True, indicates this mapper should use concrete
|
|
table inheritance with its parent mapper.
|
|
|
|
See the section :ref:`concrete_inheritance` for an example.
|
|
|
|
:param eager_defaults: if True, the ORM will immediately fetch the
|
|
value of server-generated default values after an INSERT or UPDATE,
|
|
rather than leaving them as expired to be fetched on next access.
|
|
This can be used for event schemes where the server-generated values
|
|
are needed immediately before the flush completes.
|
|
This scheme will emit an individual ``SELECT`` statement per row
|
|
inserted or updated, which note can add significant performance
|
|
overhead.
|
|
|
|
:param exclude_properties: A list or set of string column names to
|
|
be excluded from mapping.
|
|
|
|
See :ref:`include_exclude_cols` for an example.
|
|
|
|
:param extension: A :class:`.MapperExtension` instance or
|
|
list of :class:`.MapperExtension` instances which will be applied
|
|
to all operations by this :class:`.Mapper`. **Deprecated.**
|
|
Please see :class:`.MapperEvents`.
|
|
|
|
:param include_properties: An inclusive list or set of string column
|
|
names to map.
|
|
|
|
See :ref:`include_exclude_cols` for an example.
|
|
|
|
:param inherits: A mapped class or the corresponding :class:`.Mapper`
|
|
of one indicating a superclass to which this :class:`.Mapper`
|
|
should *inherit* from. The mapped class here must be a subclass
|
|
of the other mapper's class. When using Declarative, this argument
|
|
is passed automatically as a result of the natural class
|
|
hierarchy of the declared classes.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:ref:`inheritance_toplevel`
|
|
|
|
:param inherit_condition: For joined table inheritance, a SQL
|
|
expression which will
|
|
define how the two tables are joined; defaults to a natural join
|
|
between the two tables.
|
|
|
|
:param inherit_foreign_keys: When ``inherit_condition`` is used and the
|
|
columns present are missing a :class:`.ForeignKey` configuration,
|
|
this parameter can be used to specify which columns are "foreign".
|
|
In most cases can be left as ``None``.
|
|
|
|
:param legacy_is_orphan: Boolean, defaults to ``False``.
|
|
When ``True``, specifies that "legacy" orphan consideration
|
|
is to be applied to objects mapped by this mapper, which means
|
|
that a pending (that is, not persistent) object is auto-expunged
|
|
from an owning :class:`.Session` only when it is de-associated
|
|
from *all* parents that specify a ``delete-orphan`` cascade towards
|
|
this mapper. The new default behavior is that the object is auto-expunged
|
|
when it is de-associated with *any* of its parents that specify
|
|
``delete-orphan`` cascade. This behavior is more consistent with
|
|
that of a persistent object, and allows behavior to be consistent
|
|
in more scenarios independently of whether or not an orphanable
|
|
object has been flushed yet or not.
|
|
|
|
See the change note and example at :ref:`legacy_is_orphan_addition`
|
|
for more detail on this change.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.8 - the consideration of a pending object as
|
|
an "orphan" has been modified to more closely match the
|
|
behavior as that of persistent objects, which is that the object
|
|
is expunged from the :class:`.Session` as soon as it is
|
|
de-associated from any of its orphan-enabled parents. Previously,
|
|
the pending object would be expunged only if de-associated
|
|
from all of its orphan-enabled parents. The new flag ``legacy_is_orphan``
|
|
is added to :func:`.orm.mapper` which re-establishes the
|
|
legacy behavior.
|
|
|
|
:param non_primary: Specify that this :class:`.Mapper` is in addition
|
|
to the "primary" mapper, that is, the one used for persistence.
|
|
The :class:`.Mapper` created here may be used for ad-hoc
|
|
mapping of the class to an alternate selectable, for loading
|
|
only.
|
|
|
|
The ``non_primary`` feature is rarely needed with modern
|
|
usage.
|
|
|
|
:param order_by: A single :class:`.Column` or list of :class:`.Column`
|
|
objects for which selection operations should use as the default
|
|
ordering for entities. By default mappers have no pre-defined
|
|
ordering.
|
|
|
|
:param passive_updates: Indicates UPDATE behavior of foreign key
|
|
columns when a primary key column changes on a joined-table
|
|
inheritance mapping. Defaults to ``True``.
|
|
|
|
When True, it is assumed that ON UPDATE CASCADE is configured on
|
|
the foreign key in the database, and that the database will handle
|
|
propagation of an UPDATE from a source column to dependent columns
|
|
on joined-table rows.
|
|
|
|
When False, it is assumed that the database does not enforce
|
|
referential integrity and will not be issuing its own CASCADE
|
|
operation for an update. The :class:`.Mapper` here will
|
|
emit an UPDATE statement for the dependent columns during a
|
|
primary key change.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:ref:`passive_updates` - description of a similar feature as
|
|
used with :func:`.relationship`
|
|
|
|
:param polymorphic_on: Specifies the column, attribute, or
|
|
SQL expression used to determine the target class for an
|
|
incoming row, when inheriting classes are present.
|
|
|
|
This value is commonly a :class:`.Column` object that's
|
|
present in the mapped :class:`.Table`::
|
|
|
|
class Employee(Base):
|
|
__tablename__ = 'employee'
|
|
|
|
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
|
|
discriminator = Column(String(50))
|
|
|
|
__mapper_args__ = {
|
|
"polymorphic_on":discriminator,
|
|
"polymorphic_identity":"employee"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
It may also be specified
|
|
as a SQL expression, as in this example where we
|
|
use the :func:`.case` construct to provide a conditional
|
|
approach::
|
|
|
|
class Employee(Base):
|
|
__tablename__ = 'employee'
|
|
|
|
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
|
|
discriminator = Column(String(50))
|
|
|
|
__mapper_args__ = {
|
|
"polymorphic_on":case([
|
|
(discriminator == "EN", "engineer"),
|
|
(discriminator == "MA", "manager"),
|
|
], else_="employee"),
|
|
"polymorphic_identity":"employee"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
It may also refer to any attribute
|
|
configured with :func:`.column_property`, or to the
|
|
string name of one::
|
|
|
|
class Employee(Base):
|
|
__tablename__ = 'employee'
|
|
|
|
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
|
|
discriminator = Column(String(50))
|
|
employee_type = column_property(
|
|
case([
|
|
(discriminator == "EN", "engineer"),
|
|
(discriminator == "MA", "manager"),
|
|
], else_="employee")
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
__mapper_args__ = {
|
|
"polymorphic_on":employee_type,
|
|
"polymorphic_identity":"employee"
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 0.7.4
|
|
``polymorphic_on`` may be specified as a SQL expression,
|
|
or refer to any attribute configured with
|
|
:func:`.column_property`, or to the string name of one.
|
|
|
|
When setting ``polymorphic_on`` to reference an
|
|
attribute or expression that's not present in the
|
|
locally mapped :class:`.Table`, yet the value
|
|
of the discriminator should be persisted to the database,
|
|
the value of the
|
|
discriminator is not automatically set on new
|
|
instances; this must be handled by the user,
|
|
either through manual means or via event listeners.
|
|
A typical approach to establishing such a listener
|
|
looks like::
|
|
|
|
from sqlalchemy import event
|
|
from sqlalchemy.orm import object_mapper
|
|
|
|
@event.listens_for(Employee, "init", propagate=True)
|
|
def set_identity(instance, *arg, **kw):
|
|
mapper = object_mapper(instance)
|
|
instance.discriminator = mapper.polymorphic_identity
|
|
|
|
Where above, we assign the value of ``polymorphic_identity``
|
|
for the mapped class to the ``discriminator`` attribute,
|
|
thus persisting the value to the ``discriminator`` column
|
|
in the database.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:ref:`inheritance_toplevel`
|
|
|
|
:param polymorphic_identity: Specifies the value which
|
|
identifies this particular class as returned by the
|
|
column expression referred to by the ``polymorphic_on``
|
|
setting. As rows are received, the value corresponding
|
|
to the ``polymorphic_on`` column expression is compared
|
|
to this value, indicating which subclass should
|
|
be used for the newly reconstructed object.
|
|
|
|
:param properties: A dictionary mapping the string names of object
|
|
attributes to :class:`.MapperProperty` instances, which define the
|
|
persistence behavior of that attribute. Note that :class:`.Column`
|
|
objects present in
|
|
the mapped :class:`.Table` are automatically placed into
|
|
``ColumnProperty`` instances upon mapping, unless overridden.
|
|
When using Declarative, this argument is passed automatically,
|
|
based on all those :class:`.MapperProperty` instances declared
|
|
in the declared class body.
|
|
|
|
:param primary_key: A list of :class:`.Column` objects which define the
|
|
primary key to be used against this mapper's selectable unit.
|
|
This is normally simply the primary key of the ``local_table``, but
|
|
can be overridden here.
|
|
|
|
:param version_id_col: A :class:`.Column`
|
|
that will be used to keep a running version id of rows
|
|
in the table. This is used to detect concurrent updates or
|
|
the presence of stale data in a flush. The methodology is to
|
|
detect if an UPDATE statement does not match the last known
|
|
version id, a
|
|
:class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.StaleDataError` exception is
|
|
thrown.
|
|
By default, the column must be of :class:`.Integer` type,
|
|
unless ``version_id_generator`` specifies an alternative version
|
|
generator.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:ref:`mapper_version_counter` - discussion of version counting
|
|
and rationale.
|
|
|
|
:param version_id_generator: Define how new version ids should
|
|
be generated. Defaults to ``None``, which indicates that
|
|
a simple integer counting scheme be employed. To provide a custom
|
|
versioning scheme, provide a callable function of the form::
|
|
|
|
def generate_version(version):
|
|
return next_version
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:ref:`custom_version_counter`
|
|
|
|
:param with_polymorphic: A tuple in the form ``(<classes>,
|
|
<selectable>)`` indicating the default style of "polymorphic"
|
|
loading, that is, which tables are queried at once. <classes> is
|
|
any single or list of mappers and/or classes indicating the
|
|
inherited classes that should be loaded at once. The special value
|
|
``'*'`` may be used to indicate all descending classes should be
|
|
loaded immediately. The second tuple argument <selectable>
|
|
indicates a selectable that will be used to query for multiple
|
|
classes.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
:ref:`with_polymorphic`
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return Mapper(class_, local_table, *args, **params)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def synonym(name, map_column=False, descriptor=None,
|
|
comparator_factory=None, doc=None):
|
|
"""Denote an attribute name as a synonym to a mapped property.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 0.7
|
|
:func:`.synonym` is superseded by the :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid`
|
|
extension. See the documentation for hybrids
|
|
at :ref:`hybrids_toplevel`.
|
|
|
|
Used with the ``properties`` dictionary sent to
|
|
:func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper`::
|
|
|
|
class MyClass(object):
|
|
def _get_status(self):
|
|
return self._status
|
|
def _set_status(self, value):
|
|
self._status = value
|
|
status = property(_get_status, _set_status)
|
|
|
|
mapper(MyClass, sometable, properties={
|
|
"status":synonym("_status", map_column=True)
|
|
})
|
|
|
|
Above, the ``status`` attribute of MyClass will produce
|
|
expression behavior against the table column named ``status``,
|
|
using the Python attribute ``_status`` on the mapped class
|
|
to represent the underlying value.
|
|
|
|
:param name: the name of the existing mapped property, which can be
|
|
any other ``MapperProperty`` including column-based properties and
|
|
relationships.
|
|
|
|
:param map_column: if ``True``, an additional ``ColumnProperty`` is created
|
|
on the mapper automatically, using the synonym's name as the keyname of
|
|
the property, and the keyname of this ``synonym()`` as the name of the
|
|
column to map.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return SynonymProperty(name, map_column=map_column,
|
|
descriptor=descriptor,
|
|
comparator_factory=comparator_factory,
|
|
doc=doc)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def comparable_property(comparator_factory, descriptor=None):
|
|
"""Provides a method of applying a :class:`.PropComparator`
|
|
to any Python descriptor attribute.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 0.7
|
|
:func:`.comparable_property` is superseded by
|
|
the :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid` extension. See the example
|
|
at :ref:`hybrid_custom_comparators`.
|
|
|
|
Allows any Python descriptor to behave like a SQL-enabled
|
|
attribute when used at the class level in queries, allowing
|
|
redefinition of expression operator behavior.
|
|
|
|
In the example below we redefine :meth:`.PropComparator.operate`
|
|
to wrap both sides of an expression in ``func.lower()`` to produce
|
|
case-insensitive comparison::
|
|
|
|
from sqlalchemy.orm import comparable_property
|
|
from sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces import PropComparator
|
|
from sqlalchemy.sql import func
|
|
from sqlalchemy import Integer, String, Column
|
|
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
|
|
|
|
class CaseInsensitiveComparator(PropComparator):
|
|
def __clause_element__(self):
|
|
return self.prop
|
|
|
|
def operate(self, op, other):
|
|
return op(
|
|
func.lower(self.__clause_element__()),
|
|
func.lower(other)
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
Base = declarative_base()
|
|
|
|
class SearchWord(Base):
|
|
__tablename__ = 'search_word'
|
|
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
|
|
word = Column(String)
|
|
word_insensitive = comparable_property(lambda prop, mapper:
|
|
CaseInsensitiveComparator(mapper.c.word, mapper)
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
A mapping like the above allows the ``word_insensitive`` attribute
|
|
to render an expression like::
|
|
|
|
>>> print SearchWord.word_insensitive == "Trucks"
|
|
lower(search_word.word) = lower(:lower_1)
|
|
|
|
:param comparator_factory:
|
|
A PropComparator subclass or factory that defines operator behavior
|
|
for this property.
|
|
|
|
:param descriptor:
|
|
Optional when used in a ``properties={}`` declaration. The Python
|
|
descriptor or property to layer comparison behavior on top of.
|
|
|
|
The like-named descriptor will be automatically retrieved from the
|
|
mapped class if left blank in a ``properties`` declaration.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return ComparableProperty(comparator_factory, descriptor)
|
|
|
|
|
|
@sa_util.deprecated("0.7", message=":func:`.compile_mappers` "
|
|
"is renamed to :func:`.configure_mappers`")
|
|
def compile_mappers():
|
|
"""Initialize the inter-mapper relationships of all mappers that have
|
|
been defined.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
configure_mappers()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def clear_mappers():
|
|
"""Remove all mappers from all classes.
|
|
|
|
This function removes all instrumentation from classes and disposes
|
|
of their associated mappers. Once called, the classes are unmapped
|
|
and can be later re-mapped with new mappers.
|
|
|
|
:func:`.clear_mappers` is *not* for normal use, as there is literally no
|
|
valid usage for it outside of very specific testing scenarios. Normally,
|
|
mappers are permanent structural components of user-defined classes, and
|
|
are never discarded independently of their class. If a mapped class itself
|
|
is garbage collected, its mapper is automatically disposed of as well. As
|
|
such, :func:`.clear_mappers` is only for usage in test suites that re-use
|
|
the same classes with different mappings, which is itself an extremely rare
|
|
use case - the only such use case is in fact SQLAlchemy's own test suite,
|
|
and possibly the test suites of other ORM extension libraries which
|
|
intend to test various combinations of mapper construction upon a fixed
|
|
set of classes.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
mapperlib._CONFIGURE_MUTEX.acquire()
|
|
try:
|
|
while _mapper_registry:
|
|
try:
|
|
# can't even reliably call list(weakdict) in jython
|
|
mapper, b = _mapper_registry.popitem()
|
|
mapper.dispose()
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
pass
|
|
finally:
|
|
mapperlib._CONFIGURE_MUTEX.release()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def joinedload(*keys, **kw):
|
|
"""Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert the property of the given
|
|
name or series of mapped attributes into an joined eager load.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 0.6beta3
|
|
This function is known as :func:`eagerload` in all versions
|
|
of SQLAlchemy prior to version 0.6beta3, including the 0.5 and 0.4
|
|
series. :func:`eagerload` will remain available for the foreseeable
|
|
future in order to enable cross-compatibility.
|
|
|
|
Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.
|
|
|
|
examples::
|
|
|
|
# joined-load the "orders" collection on "User"
|
|
query(User).options(joinedload(User.orders))
|
|
|
|
# joined-load the "keywords" collection on each "Item",
|
|
# but not the "items" collection on "Order" - those
|
|
# remain lazily loaded.
|
|
query(Order).options(joinedload(Order.items, Item.keywords))
|
|
|
|
# to joined-load across both, use joinedload_all()
|
|
query(Order).options(joinedload_all(Order.items, Item.keywords))
|
|
|
|
# set the default strategy to be 'joined'
|
|
query(Order).options(joinedload('*'))
|
|
|
|
:func:`joinedload` also accepts a keyword argument `innerjoin=True` which
|
|
indicates using an inner join instead of an outer::
|
|
|
|
query(Order).options(joinedload(Order.user, innerjoin=True))
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
The join created by :func:`joinedload` is anonymously aliased such that
|
|
it **does not affect the query results**. An :meth:`.Query.order_by`
|
|
or :meth:`.Query.filter` call **cannot** reference these aliased
|
|
tables - so-called "user space" joins are constructed using
|
|
:meth:`.Query.join`. The rationale for this is that
|
|
:func:`joinedload` is only applied in order to affect how related
|
|
objects or collections are loaded as an optimizing detail - it can be
|
|
added or removed with no impact on actual results. See the section
|
|
:ref:`zen_of_eager_loading` for a detailed description of how this is
|
|
used, including how to use a single explicit JOIN for
|
|
filtering/ordering and eager loading simultaneously.
|
|
|
|
See also: :func:`subqueryload`, :func:`lazyload`
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
innerjoin = kw.pop('innerjoin', None)
|
|
if innerjoin is not None:
|
|
return (
|
|
strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy='joined'),
|
|
strategies.EagerJoinOption(keys, innerjoin)
|
|
)
|
|
else:
|
|
return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy='joined')
|
|
|
|
|
|
def joinedload_all(*keys, **kw):
|
|
"""Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert all properties along the
|
|
given dot-separated path or series of mapped attributes
|
|
into an joined eager load.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 0.6beta3
|
|
This function is known as :func:`eagerload_all` in all versions
|
|
of SQLAlchemy prior to version 0.6beta3, including the 0.5 and 0.4
|
|
series. :func:`eagerload_all` will remain available for the
|
|
foreseeable future in order to enable cross-compatibility.
|
|
|
|
Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.
|
|
|
|
For example::
|
|
|
|
query.options(joinedload_all('orders.items.keywords'))...
|
|
|
|
will set all of ``orders``, ``orders.items``, and
|
|
``orders.items.keywords`` to load in one joined eager load.
|
|
|
|
Individual descriptors are accepted as arguments as well::
|
|
|
|
query.options(joinedload_all(User.orders, Order.items, Item.keywords))
|
|
|
|
The keyword arguments accept a flag `innerjoin=True|False` which will
|
|
override the value of the `innerjoin` flag specified on the
|
|
relationship().
|
|
|
|
See also: :func:`subqueryload_all`, :func:`lazyload`
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
innerjoin = kw.pop('innerjoin', None)
|
|
if innerjoin is not None:
|
|
return (
|
|
strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy='joined', chained=True),
|
|
strategies.EagerJoinOption(keys, innerjoin, chained=True)
|
|
)
|
|
else:
|
|
return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy='joined', chained=True)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def eagerload(*args, **kwargs):
|
|
"""A synonym for :func:`joinedload()`."""
|
|
return joinedload(*args, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def eagerload_all(*args, **kwargs):
|
|
"""A synonym for :func:`joinedload_all()`"""
|
|
return joinedload_all(*args, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def subqueryload(*keys):
|
|
"""Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert the property
|
|
of the given name or series of mapped attributes
|
|
into an subquery eager load.
|
|
|
|
Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.
|
|
|
|
examples::
|
|
|
|
# subquery-load the "orders" collection on "User"
|
|
query(User).options(subqueryload(User.orders))
|
|
|
|
# subquery-load the "keywords" collection on each "Item",
|
|
# but not the "items" collection on "Order" - those
|
|
# remain lazily loaded.
|
|
query(Order).options(subqueryload(Order.items, Item.keywords))
|
|
|
|
# to subquery-load across both, use subqueryload_all()
|
|
query(Order).options(subqueryload_all(Order.items, Item.keywords))
|
|
|
|
# set the default strategy to be 'subquery'
|
|
query(Order).options(subqueryload('*'))
|
|
|
|
See also: :func:`joinedload`, :func:`lazyload`
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy="subquery")
|
|
|
|
|
|
def subqueryload_all(*keys):
|
|
"""Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert all properties along the
|
|
given dot-separated path or series of mapped attributes
|
|
into a subquery eager load.
|
|
|
|
Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.
|
|
|
|
For example::
|
|
|
|
query.options(subqueryload_all('orders.items.keywords'))...
|
|
|
|
will set all of ``orders``, ``orders.items``, and
|
|
``orders.items.keywords`` to load in one subquery eager load.
|
|
|
|
Individual descriptors are accepted as arguments as well::
|
|
|
|
query.options(subqueryload_all(User.orders, Order.items,
|
|
Item.keywords))
|
|
|
|
See also: :func:`joinedload_all`, :func:`lazyload`, :func:`immediateload`
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy="subquery", chained=True)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lazyload(*keys):
|
|
"""Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert the property of the given
|
|
name or series of mapped attributes into a lazy load.
|
|
|
|
Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.
|
|
|
|
See also: :func:`eagerload`, :func:`subqueryload`, :func:`immediateload`
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy=True)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def lazyload_all(*keys):
|
|
"""Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert all the properties
|
|
along the given dot-separated path or series of mapped attributes
|
|
into a lazy load.
|
|
|
|
Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.
|
|
|
|
See also: :func:`eagerload`, :func:`subqueryload`, :func:`immediateload`
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy=True, chained=True)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def noload(*keys):
|
|
"""Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert the property of the
|
|
given name or series of mapped attributes into a non-load.
|
|
|
|
Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.
|
|
|
|
See also: :func:`lazyload`, :func:`eagerload`,
|
|
:func:`subqueryload`, :func:`immediateload`
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy=None)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def immediateload(*keys):
|
|
"""Return a ``MapperOption`` that will convert the property of the given
|
|
name or series of mapped attributes into an immediate load.
|
|
|
|
The "immediate" load means the attribute will be fetched
|
|
with a separate SELECT statement per parent in the
|
|
same way as lazy loading - except the loader is guaranteed
|
|
to be called at load time before the parent object
|
|
is returned in the result.
|
|
|
|
The normal behavior of lazy loading applies - if
|
|
the relationship is a simple many-to-one, and the child
|
|
object is already present in the :class:`.Session`,
|
|
no SELECT statement will be emitted.
|
|
|
|
Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.
|
|
|
|
See also: :func:`lazyload`, :func:`eagerload`, :func:`subqueryload`
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 0.6.5
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy='immediate')
|
|
|
|
|
|
def contains_alias(alias):
|
|
"""Return a :class:`.MapperOption` that will indicate to the query that
|
|
the main table has been aliased.
|
|
|
|
This is used in the very rare case that :func:`.contains_eager`
|
|
is being used in conjunction with a user-defined SELECT
|
|
statement that aliases the parent table. E.g.::
|
|
|
|
# define an aliased UNION called 'ulist'
|
|
statement = users.select(users.c.user_id==7).\\
|
|
union(users.select(users.c.user_id>7)).\\
|
|
alias('ulist')
|
|
|
|
# add on an eager load of "addresses"
|
|
statement = statement.outerjoin(addresses).\\
|
|
select().apply_labels()
|
|
|
|
# create query, indicating "ulist" will be an
|
|
# alias for the main table, "addresses"
|
|
# property should be eager loaded
|
|
query = session.query(User).options(
|
|
contains_alias('ulist'),
|
|
contains_eager('addresses'))
|
|
|
|
# then get results via the statement
|
|
results = query.from_statement(statement).all()
|
|
|
|
:param alias: is the string name of an alias, or a
|
|
:class:`~.sql.expression.Alias` object representing
|
|
the alias.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return AliasOption(alias)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def contains_eager(*keys, **kwargs):
|
|
"""Return a ``MapperOption`` that will indicate to the query that
|
|
the given attribute should be eagerly loaded from columns currently
|
|
in the query.
|
|
|
|
Used with :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.options`.
|
|
|
|
The option is used in conjunction with an explicit join that loads
|
|
the desired rows, i.e.::
|
|
|
|
sess.query(Order).\\
|
|
join(Order.user).\\
|
|
options(contains_eager(Order.user))
|
|
|
|
The above query would join from the ``Order`` entity to its related
|
|
``User`` entity, and the returned ``Order`` objects would have the
|
|
``Order.user`` attribute pre-populated.
|
|
|
|
:func:`contains_eager` also accepts an `alias` argument, which is the
|
|
string name of an alias, an :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.alias`
|
|
construct, or an :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.aliased` construct. Use this when
|
|
the eagerly-loaded rows are to come from an aliased table::
|
|
|
|
user_alias = aliased(User)
|
|
sess.query(Order).\\
|
|
join((user_alias, Order.user)).\\
|
|
options(contains_eager(Order.user, alias=user_alias))
|
|
|
|
See also :func:`eagerload` for the "automatic" version of this
|
|
functionality.
|
|
|
|
For additional examples of :func:`contains_eager` see
|
|
:ref:`contains_eager`.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
alias = kwargs.pop('alias', None)
|
|
if kwargs:
|
|
raise exc.ArgumentError(
|
|
'Invalid kwargs for contains_eager: %r' % kwargs.keys())
|
|
return strategies.EagerLazyOption(keys, lazy='joined',
|
|
propagate_to_loaders=False, chained=True), \
|
|
strategies.LoadEagerFromAliasOption(keys, alias=alias, chained=True)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def defer(*key):
|
|
"""Return a :class:`.MapperOption` that will convert the column property
|
|
of the given name into a deferred load.
|
|
|
|
Used with :meth:`.Query.options`.
|
|
|
|
e.g.::
|
|
|
|
from sqlalchemy.orm import defer
|
|
|
|
query(MyClass).options(defer("attribute_one"),
|
|
defer("attribute_two"))
|
|
|
|
A class bound descriptor is also accepted::
|
|
|
|
query(MyClass).options(
|
|
defer(MyClass.attribute_one),
|
|
defer(MyClass.attribute_two))
|
|
|
|
A "path" can be specified onto a related or collection object using a
|
|
dotted name. The :func:`.orm.defer` option will be applied to that object
|
|
when loaded::
|
|
|
|
query(MyClass).options(
|
|
defer("related.attribute_one"),
|
|
defer("related.attribute_two"))
|
|
|
|
To specify a path via class, send multiple arguments::
|
|
|
|
query(MyClass).options(
|
|
defer(MyClass.related, MyOtherClass.attribute_one),
|
|
defer(MyClass.related, MyOtherClass.attribute_two))
|
|
|
|
See also:
|
|
|
|
:ref:`deferred`
|
|
|
|
:param \*key: A key representing an individual path. Multiple entries
|
|
are accepted to allow a multiple-token path for a single target, not
|
|
multiple targets.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return strategies.DeferredOption(key, defer=True)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def undefer(*key):
|
|
"""Return a :class:`.MapperOption` that will convert the column property
|
|
of the given name into a non-deferred (regular column) load.
|
|
|
|
Used with :meth:`.Query.options`.
|
|
|
|
e.g.::
|
|
|
|
from sqlalchemy.orm import undefer
|
|
|
|
query(MyClass).options(
|
|
undefer("attribute_one"),
|
|
undefer("attribute_two"))
|
|
|
|
A class bound descriptor is also accepted::
|
|
|
|
query(MyClass).options(
|
|
undefer(MyClass.attribute_one),
|
|
undefer(MyClass.attribute_two))
|
|
|
|
A "path" can be specified onto a related or collection object using a
|
|
dotted name. The :func:`.orm.undefer` option will be applied to that
|
|
object when loaded::
|
|
|
|
query(MyClass).options(
|
|
undefer("related.attribute_one"),
|
|
undefer("related.attribute_two"))
|
|
|
|
To specify a path via class, send multiple arguments::
|
|
|
|
query(MyClass).options(
|
|
undefer(MyClass.related, MyOtherClass.attribute_one),
|
|
undefer(MyClass.related, MyOtherClass.attribute_two))
|
|
|
|
See also:
|
|
|
|
:func:`.orm.undefer_group` as a means to "undefer" a group
|
|
of attributes at once.
|
|
|
|
:ref:`deferred`
|
|
|
|
:param \*key: A key representing an individual path. Multiple entries
|
|
are accepted to allow a multiple-token path for a single target, not
|
|
multiple targets.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return strategies.DeferredOption(key, defer=False)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def undefer_group(name):
|
|
"""Return a :class:`.MapperOption` that will convert the given group of
|
|
deferred column properties into a non-deferred (regular column) load.
|
|
|
|
Used with :meth:`.Query.options`.
|
|
|
|
e.g.::
|
|
|
|
query(MyClass).options(undefer("group_one"))
|
|
|
|
See also:
|
|
|
|
:ref:`deferred`
|
|
|
|
:param name: String name of the deferred group. This name is
|
|
established using the "group" name to the :func:`.orm.deferred`
|
|
configurational function.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
return strategies.UndeferGroupOption(name)
|
|
|
|
from sqlalchemy import util as _sa_util
|
|
_sa_util.importlater.resolve_all()
|