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228 lines
7.5 KiB
Python
228 lines
7.5 KiB
Python
from __future__ import division, print_function, absolute_import
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__all__ = ['geometric_slerp']
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import warnings
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import numpy as np
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from scipy.spatial.distance import euclidean
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def _geometric_slerp(start, end, t):
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# create an orthogonal basis using QR decomposition
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basis = np.vstack([start, end])
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Q, R = np.linalg.qr(basis.T)
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signs = 2 * (np.diag(R) >= 0) - 1
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Q = Q.T * signs.T[:, np.newaxis]
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R = R.T * signs.T[:, np.newaxis]
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# calculate the angle between `start` and `end`
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c = np.dot(start, end)
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s = np.linalg.det(R)
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omega = np.arctan2(s, c)
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# interpolate
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start, end = Q
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s = np.sin(t * omega)
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c = np.cos(t * omega)
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return start * c[:, np.newaxis] + end * s[:, np.newaxis]
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def geometric_slerp(start,
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end,
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t,
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tol=1e-7):
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"""
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Geometric spherical linear interpolation.
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The interpolation occurs along a unit-radius
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great circle arc in arbitrary dimensional space.
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Parameters
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----------
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start : (n_dimensions, ) array-like
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Single n-dimensional input coordinate in a 1-D array-like
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object. `n` must be greater than 1.
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end : (n_dimensions, ) array-like
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Single n-dimensional input coordinate in a 1-D array-like
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object. `n` must be greater than 1.
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t: float or (n_points,) array-like
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A float or array-like of doubles representing interpolation
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parameters, with values required in the inclusive interval
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between 0 and 1. A common approach is to generate the array
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with ``np.linspace(0, 1, n_pts)`` for linearly spaced points.
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Ascending, descending, and scrambled orders are permitted.
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tol: float
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The absolute tolerance for determining if the start and end
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coordinates are antipodes.
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Returns
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-------
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result : (t.size, D)
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An array of doubles containing the interpolated
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spherical path and including start and
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end when 0 and 1 t are used. The
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interpolated values should correspond to the
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same sort order provided in the t array. The result
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may be 1-dimensional if ``t`` is a float.
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Raises
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------
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ValueError
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If ``start`` and ``end`` are antipodes, not on the
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unit n-sphere, or for a variety of degenerate conditions.
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Notes
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-----
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The implementation is based on the mathematical formula provided in [1]_,
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and the first known presentation of this algorithm, derived from study of
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4-D geometry, is credited to Glenn Davis in a footnote of the original
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quaternion Slerp publication by Ken Shoemake [2]_.
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.. versionadded:: 1.5.0
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References
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----------
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.. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slerp#Geometric_Slerp
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.. [2] Ken Shoemake (1985) Animating rotation with quaternion curves.
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ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 19(3): 245-254.
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See Also
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--------
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scipy.spatial.transform.Slerp : 3-D Slerp that works with quaternions
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Examples
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--------
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Interpolate four linearly-spaced values on the circumference of
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a circle spanning 90 degrees:
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>>> from scipy.spatial import geometric_slerp
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>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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>>> fig = plt.figure()
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>>> ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
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>>> start = np.array([1, 0])
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>>> end = np.array([0, 1])
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>>> t_vals = np.linspace(0, 1, 4)
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>>> result = geometric_slerp(start,
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... end,
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... t_vals)
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The interpolated results should be at 30 degree intervals
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recognizable on the unit circle:
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>>> ax.scatter(result[...,0], result[...,1], c='k')
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>>> circle = plt.Circle((0, 0), 1, color='grey')
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>>> ax.add_artist(circle)
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>>> ax.set_aspect('equal')
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>>> plt.show()
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Attempting to interpolate between antipodes on a circle is
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ambiguous because there are two possible paths, and on a
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sphere there are infinite possible paths on the geodesic surface.
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Nonetheless, one of the ambiguous paths is returned along
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with a warning:
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>>> opposite_pole = np.array([-1, 0])
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>>> with np.testing.suppress_warnings() as sup:
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... sup.filter(UserWarning)
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... geometric_slerp(start,
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... opposite_pole,
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... t_vals)
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array([[ 1.00000000e+00, 0.00000000e+00],
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[ 5.00000000e-01, 8.66025404e-01],
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[-5.00000000e-01, 8.66025404e-01],
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[-1.00000000e+00, 1.22464680e-16]])
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Extend the original example to a sphere and plot interpolation
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points in 3D:
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>>> from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import proj3d
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>>> fig = plt.figure()
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>>> ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
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Plot the unit sphere for reference (optional):
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>>> u = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100)
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>>> v = np.linspace(0, np.pi, 100)
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>>> x = np.outer(np.cos(u), np.sin(v))
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>>> y = np.outer(np.sin(u), np.sin(v))
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>>> z = np.outer(np.ones(np.size(u)), np.cos(v))
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>>> ax.plot_surface(x, y, z, color='y', alpha=0.1)
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Interpolating over a larger number of points
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may provide the appearance of a smooth curve on
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the surface of the sphere, which is also useful
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for discretized integration calculations on a
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sphere surface:
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>>> start = np.array([1, 0, 0])
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>>> end = np.array([0, 0, 1])
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>>> t_vals = np.linspace(0, 1, 200)
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>>> result = geometric_slerp(start,
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... end,
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... t_vals)
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>>> ax.plot(result[...,0],
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... result[...,1],
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... result[...,2],
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... c='k')
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>>> plt.show()
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"""
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start = np.asarray(start, dtype=np.float64)
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end = np.asarray(end, dtype=np.float64)
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if start.ndim != 1 or end.ndim != 1:
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raise ValueError("Start and end coordinates "
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"must be one-dimensional")
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if start.size != end.size:
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raise ValueError("The dimensions of start and "
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"end must match (have same size)")
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if start.size < 2 or end.size < 2:
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raise ValueError("The start and end coordinates must "
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"both be in at least two-dimensional "
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"space")
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if np.array_equal(start, end):
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return [start] * np.asarray(t).size
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# for points that violate equation for n-sphere
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for coord in [start, end]:
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if not np.allclose(np.linalg.norm(coord), 1.0,
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rtol=1e-9,
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atol=0):
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raise ValueError("start and end are not"
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" on a unit n-sphere")
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if not isinstance(tol, float):
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raise ValueError("tol must be a float")
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else:
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tol = np.fabs(tol)
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coord_dist = euclidean(start, end)
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# diameter of 2 within tolerance means antipodes, which is a problem
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# for all unit n-spheres (even the 0-sphere would have an ambiguous path)
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if np.allclose(coord_dist, 2.0, rtol=0, atol=tol):
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warnings.warn("start and end are antipodes"
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" using the specified tolerance;"
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" this may cause ambiguous slerp paths")
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t = np.asarray(t, dtype=np.float64)
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if t.size == 0:
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return np.empty((0, start.size))
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if t.min() < 0 or t.max() > 1:
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raise ValueError("interpolation parameter must be in [0, 1]")
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if t.ndim == 0:
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return _geometric_slerp(start,
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end,
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np.atleast_1d(t)).ravel()
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else:
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return _geometric_slerp(start,
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end,
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t)
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