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883 lines
26 KiB
Python
883 lines
26 KiB
Python
"""Implements a number of Python exceptions which can be raised from within
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a view to trigger a standard HTTP non-200 response.
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Usage Example
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-------------
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.. code-block:: python
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from werkzeug.wrappers.request import Request
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from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException, NotFound
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def view(request):
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raise NotFound()
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@Request.application
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def application(request):
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try:
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return view(request)
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except HTTPException as e:
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return e
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As you can see from this example those exceptions are callable WSGI
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applications. However, they are not Werkzeug response objects. You
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can get a response object by calling ``get_response()`` on a HTTP
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exception.
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Keep in mind that you may have to pass an environ (WSGI) or scope
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(ASGI) to ``get_response()`` because some errors fetch additional
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information relating to the request.
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If you want to hook in a different exception page to say, a 404 status
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code, you can add a second except for a specific subclass of an error:
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.. code-block:: python
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@Request.application
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def application(request):
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try:
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return view(request)
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except NotFound as e:
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return not_found(request)
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except HTTPException as e:
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return e
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"""
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import typing as t
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from datetime import datetime
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from html import escape
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from ._internal import _get_environ
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if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
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import typing_extensions as te
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from _typeshed.wsgi import StartResponse
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from _typeshed.wsgi import WSGIEnvironment
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from .datastructures import WWWAuthenticate
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from .sansio.response import Response
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from .wrappers.request import Request as WSGIRequest # noqa: F401
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from .wrappers.response import Response as WSGIResponse # noqa: F401
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class HTTPException(Exception):
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"""The base class for all HTTP exceptions. This exception can be called as a WSGI
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application to render a default error page or you can catch the subclasses
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of it independently and render nicer error messages.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.1
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Removed the ``wrap`` class method.
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"""
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code: t.Optional[int] = None
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description: t.Optional[str] = None
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def __init__(
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self,
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description: t.Optional[str] = None,
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response: t.Optional["Response"] = None,
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) -> None:
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super().__init__()
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if description is not None:
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self.description = description
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self.response = response
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@property
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def name(self) -> str:
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"""The status name."""
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from .http import HTTP_STATUS_CODES
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return HTTP_STATUS_CODES.get(self.code, "Unknown Error") # type: ignore
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def get_description(
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self,
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environ: t.Optional["WSGIEnvironment"] = None,
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scope: t.Optional[dict] = None,
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) -> str:
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"""Get the description."""
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if self.description is None:
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description = ""
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elif not isinstance(self.description, str):
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description = str(self.description)
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else:
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description = self.description
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description = escape(description).replace("\n", "<br>")
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return f"<p>{description}</p>"
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def get_body(
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self,
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environ: t.Optional["WSGIEnvironment"] = None,
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scope: t.Optional[dict] = None,
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) -> str:
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"""Get the HTML body."""
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return (
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"<!doctype html>\n"
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"<html lang=en>\n"
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f"<title>{self.code} {escape(self.name)}</title>\n"
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f"<h1>{escape(self.name)}</h1>\n"
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f"{self.get_description(environ)}\n"
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)
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def get_headers(
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self,
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environ: t.Optional["WSGIEnvironment"] = None,
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scope: t.Optional[dict] = None,
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) -> t.List[t.Tuple[str, str]]:
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"""Get a list of headers."""
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return [("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")]
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def get_response(
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self,
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environ: t.Optional[t.Union["WSGIEnvironment", "WSGIRequest"]] = None,
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scope: t.Optional[dict] = None,
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) -> "Response":
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"""Get a response object. If one was passed to the exception
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it's returned directly.
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:param environ: the optional environ for the request. This
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can be used to modify the response depending
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on how the request looked like.
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:return: a :class:`Response` object or a subclass thereof.
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"""
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from .wrappers.response import Response as WSGIResponse # noqa: F811
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if self.response is not None:
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return self.response
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if environ is not None:
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environ = _get_environ(environ)
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headers = self.get_headers(environ, scope)
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return WSGIResponse(self.get_body(environ, scope), self.code, headers)
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def __call__(
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self, environ: "WSGIEnvironment", start_response: "StartResponse"
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) -> t.Iterable[bytes]:
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"""Call the exception as WSGI application.
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:param environ: the WSGI environment.
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:param start_response: the response callable provided by the WSGI
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server.
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"""
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response = t.cast("WSGIResponse", self.get_response(environ))
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return response(environ, start_response)
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def __str__(self) -> str:
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code = self.code if self.code is not None else "???"
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return f"{code} {self.name}: {self.description}"
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def __repr__(self) -> str:
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code = self.code if self.code is not None else "???"
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return f"<{type(self).__name__} '{code}: {self.name}'>"
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class BadRequest(HTTPException):
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"""*400* `Bad Request`
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Raise if the browser sends something to the application the application
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or server cannot handle.
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"""
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code = 400
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description = (
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"The browser (or proxy) sent a request that this server could "
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"not understand."
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)
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class BadRequestKeyError(BadRequest, KeyError):
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"""An exception that is used to signal both a :exc:`KeyError` and a
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:exc:`BadRequest`. Used by many of the datastructures.
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"""
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_description = BadRequest.description
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#: Show the KeyError along with the HTTP error message in the
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#: response. This should be disabled in production, but can be
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#: useful in a debug mode.
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show_exception = False
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def __init__(self, arg: t.Optional[str] = None, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any):
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super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
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if arg is None:
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KeyError.__init__(self)
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else:
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KeyError.__init__(self, arg)
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@property # type: ignore
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def description(self) -> str: # type: ignore
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if self.show_exception:
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return (
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f"{self._description}\n"
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f"{KeyError.__name__}: {KeyError.__str__(self)}"
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)
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return self._description
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@description.setter
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def description(self, value: str) -> None:
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self._description = value
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class ClientDisconnected(BadRequest):
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"""Internal exception that is raised if Werkzeug detects a disconnected
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client. Since the client is already gone at that point attempting to
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send the error message to the client might not work and might ultimately
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result in another exception in the server. Mainly this is here so that
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it is silenced by default as far as Werkzeug is concerned.
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Since disconnections cannot be reliably detected and are unspecified
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by WSGI to a large extent this might or might not be raised if a client
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is gone.
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.. versionadded:: 0.8
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"""
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class SecurityError(BadRequest):
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"""Raised if something triggers a security error. This is otherwise
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exactly like a bad request error.
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.. versionadded:: 0.9
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"""
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class BadHost(BadRequest):
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"""Raised if the submitted host is badly formatted.
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.. versionadded:: 0.11.2
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"""
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class Unauthorized(HTTPException):
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"""*401* ``Unauthorized``
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Raise if the user is not authorized to access a resource.
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The ``www_authenticate`` argument should be used to set the
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``WWW-Authenticate`` header. This is used for HTTP basic auth and
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other schemes. Use :class:`~werkzeug.datastructures.WWWAuthenticate`
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to create correctly formatted values. Strictly speaking a 401
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response is invalid if it doesn't provide at least one value for
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this header, although real clients typically don't care.
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:param description: Override the default message used for the body
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of the response.
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:param www-authenticate: A single value, or list of values, for the
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WWW-Authenticate header(s).
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.. versionchanged:: 2.0
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Serialize multiple ``www_authenticate`` items into multiple
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``WWW-Authenticate`` headers, rather than joining them
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into a single value, for better interoperability.
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.. versionchanged:: 0.15.3
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If the ``www_authenticate`` argument is not set, the
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``WWW-Authenticate`` header is not set.
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.. versionchanged:: 0.15.3
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The ``response`` argument was restored.
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.. versionchanged:: 0.15.1
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``description`` was moved back as the first argument, restoring
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its previous position.
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.. versionchanged:: 0.15.0
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``www_authenticate`` was added as the first argument, ahead of
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``description``.
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"""
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code = 401
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description = (
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"The server could not verify that you are authorized to access"
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" the URL requested. You either supplied the wrong credentials"
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" (e.g. a bad password), or your browser doesn't understand"
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" how to supply the credentials required."
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)
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def __init__(
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self,
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description: t.Optional[str] = None,
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response: t.Optional["Response"] = None,
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www_authenticate: t.Optional[
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t.Union["WWWAuthenticate", t.Iterable["WWWAuthenticate"]]
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] = None,
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) -> None:
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super().__init__(description, response)
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from .datastructures import WWWAuthenticate
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if isinstance(www_authenticate, WWWAuthenticate):
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www_authenticate = (www_authenticate,)
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self.www_authenticate = www_authenticate
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def get_headers(
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self,
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environ: t.Optional["WSGIEnvironment"] = None,
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scope: t.Optional[dict] = None,
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) -> t.List[t.Tuple[str, str]]:
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headers = super().get_headers(environ, scope)
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if self.www_authenticate:
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headers.extend(("WWW-Authenticate", str(x)) for x in self.www_authenticate)
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return headers
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class Forbidden(HTTPException):
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"""*403* `Forbidden`
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Raise if the user doesn't have the permission for the requested resource
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but was authenticated.
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"""
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code = 403
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description = (
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"You don't have the permission to access the requested"
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" resource. It is either read-protected or not readable by the"
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" server."
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)
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class NotFound(HTTPException):
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"""*404* `Not Found`
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Raise if a resource does not exist and never existed.
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"""
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code = 404
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description = (
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"The requested URL was not found on the server. If you entered"
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" the URL manually please check your spelling and try again."
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)
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class MethodNotAllowed(HTTPException):
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"""*405* `Method Not Allowed`
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Raise if the server used a method the resource does not handle. For
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example `POST` if the resource is view only. Especially useful for REST.
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The first argument for this exception should be a list of allowed methods.
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Strictly speaking the response would be invalid if you don't provide valid
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methods in the header which you can do with that list.
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"""
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code = 405
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description = "The method is not allowed for the requested URL."
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def __init__(
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self,
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valid_methods: t.Optional[t.Iterable[str]] = None,
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description: t.Optional[str] = None,
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response: t.Optional["Response"] = None,
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) -> None:
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"""Takes an optional list of valid http methods
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starting with werkzeug 0.3 the list will be mandatory."""
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super().__init__(description=description, response=response)
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self.valid_methods = valid_methods
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def get_headers(
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self,
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environ: t.Optional["WSGIEnvironment"] = None,
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scope: t.Optional[dict] = None,
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) -> t.List[t.Tuple[str, str]]:
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headers = super().get_headers(environ, scope)
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if self.valid_methods:
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headers.append(("Allow", ", ".join(self.valid_methods)))
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return headers
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class NotAcceptable(HTTPException):
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"""*406* `Not Acceptable`
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Raise if the server can't return any content conforming to the
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`Accept` headers of the client.
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"""
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code = 406
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description = (
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"The resource identified by the request is only capable of"
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" generating response entities which have content"
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" characteristics not acceptable according to the accept"
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" headers sent in the request."
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)
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class RequestTimeout(HTTPException):
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"""*408* `Request Timeout`
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Raise to signalize a timeout.
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"""
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code = 408
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description = (
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"The server closed the network connection because the browser"
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" didn't finish the request within the specified time."
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)
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class Conflict(HTTPException):
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"""*409* `Conflict`
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Raise to signal that a request cannot be completed because it conflicts
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with the current state on the server.
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.. versionadded:: 0.7
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"""
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code = 409
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description = (
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"A conflict happened while processing the request. The"
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" resource might have been modified while the request was being"
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" processed."
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)
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class Gone(HTTPException):
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"""*410* `Gone`
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Raise if a resource existed previously and went away without new location.
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"""
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code = 410
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description = (
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"The requested URL is no longer available on this server and"
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" there is no forwarding address. If you followed a link from a"
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" foreign page, please contact the author of this page."
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)
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class LengthRequired(HTTPException):
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"""*411* `Length Required`
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Raise if the browser submitted data but no ``Content-Length`` header which
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is required for the kind of processing the server does.
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"""
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code = 411
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description = (
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"A request with this method requires a valid <code>Content-"
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"Length</code> header."
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)
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class PreconditionFailed(HTTPException):
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"""*412* `Precondition Failed`
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Status code used in combination with ``If-Match``, ``If-None-Match``, or
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``If-Unmodified-Since``.
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"""
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code = 412
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description = (
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"The precondition on the request for the URL failed positive evaluation."
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)
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class RequestEntityTooLarge(HTTPException):
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"""*413* `Request Entity Too Large`
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The status code one should return if the data submitted exceeded a given
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limit.
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"""
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code = 413
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description = "The data value transmitted exceeds the capacity limit."
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class RequestURITooLarge(HTTPException):
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"""*414* `Request URI Too Large`
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Like *413* but for too long URLs.
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"""
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code = 414
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description = (
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"The length of the requested URL exceeds the capacity limit for"
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" this server. The request cannot be processed."
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)
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class UnsupportedMediaType(HTTPException):
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"""*415* `Unsupported Media Type`
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The status code returned if the server is unable to handle the media type
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the client transmitted.
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"""
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code = 415
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description = (
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"The server does not support the media type transmitted in the request."
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)
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class RequestedRangeNotSatisfiable(HTTPException):
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"""*416* `Requested Range Not Satisfiable`
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The client asked for an invalid part of the file.
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.. versionadded:: 0.7
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"""
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code = 416
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description = "The server cannot provide the requested range."
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def __init__(
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self,
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length: t.Optional[int] = None,
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units: str = "bytes",
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description: t.Optional[str] = None,
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response: t.Optional["Response"] = None,
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) -> None:
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"""Takes an optional `Content-Range` header value based on ``length``
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parameter.
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"""
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super().__init__(description=description, response=response)
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self.length = length
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self.units = units
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def get_headers(
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self,
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environ: t.Optional["WSGIEnvironment"] = None,
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scope: t.Optional[dict] = None,
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) -> t.List[t.Tuple[str, str]]:
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headers = super().get_headers(environ, scope)
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if self.length is not None:
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headers.append(("Content-Range", f"{self.units} */{self.length}"))
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return headers
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class ExpectationFailed(HTTPException):
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"""*417* `Expectation Failed`
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The server cannot meet the requirements of the Expect request-header.
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.. versionadded:: 0.7
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"""
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code = 417
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description = "The server could not meet the requirements of the Expect header"
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class ImATeapot(HTTPException):
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"""*418* `I'm a teapot`
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The server should return this if it is a teapot and someone attempted
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to brew coffee with it.
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.. versionadded:: 0.7
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"""
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code = 418
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description = "This server is a teapot, not a coffee machine"
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class UnprocessableEntity(HTTPException):
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"""*422* `Unprocessable Entity`
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Used if the request is well formed, but the instructions are otherwise
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incorrect.
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"""
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code = 422
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description = (
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"The request was well-formed but was unable to be followed due"
|
|
" to semantic errors."
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Locked(HTTPException):
|
|
"""*423* `Locked`
|
|
|
|
Used if the resource that is being accessed is locked.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
code = 423
|
|
description = "The resource that is being accessed is locked."
|
|
|
|
|
|
class FailedDependency(HTTPException):
|
|
"""*424* `Failed Dependency`
|
|
|
|
Used if the method could not be performed on the resource
|
|
because the requested action depended on another action and that action failed.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
code = 424
|
|
description = (
|
|
"The method could not be performed on the resource because the"
|
|
" requested action depended on another action and that action"
|
|
" failed."
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class PreconditionRequired(HTTPException):
|
|
"""*428* `Precondition Required`
|
|
|
|
The server requires this request to be conditional, typically to prevent
|
|
the lost update problem, which is a race condition between two or more
|
|
clients attempting to update a resource through PUT or DELETE. By requiring
|
|
each client to include a conditional header ("If-Match" or "If-Unmodified-
|
|
Since") with the proper value retained from a recent GET request, the
|
|
server ensures that each client has at least seen the previous revision of
|
|
the resource.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
code = 428
|
|
description = (
|
|
"This request is required to be conditional; try using"
|
|
' "If-Match" or "If-Unmodified-Since".'
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class _RetryAfter(HTTPException):
|
|
"""Adds an optional ``retry_after`` parameter which will set the
|
|
``Retry-After`` header. May be an :class:`int` number of seconds or
|
|
a :class:`~datetime.datetime`.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
def __init__(
|
|
self,
|
|
description: t.Optional[str] = None,
|
|
response: t.Optional["Response"] = None,
|
|
retry_after: t.Optional[t.Union[datetime, int]] = None,
|
|
) -> None:
|
|
super().__init__(description, response)
|
|
self.retry_after = retry_after
|
|
|
|
def get_headers(
|
|
self,
|
|
environ: t.Optional["WSGIEnvironment"] = None,
|
|
scope: t.Optional[dict] = None,
|
|
) -> t.List[t.Tuple[str, str]]:
|
|
headers = super().get_headers(environ, scope)
|
|
|
|
if self.retry_after:
|
|
if isinstance(self.retry_after, datetime):
|
|
from .http import http_date
|
|
|
|
value = http_date(self.retry_after)
|
|
else:
|
|
value = str(self.retry_after)
|
|
|
|
headers.append(("Retry-After", value))
|
|
|
|
return headers
|
|
|
|
|
|
class TooManyRequests(_RetryAfter):
|
|
"""*429* `Too Many Requests`
|
|
|
|
The server is limiting the rate at which this user receives
|
|
responses, and this request exceeds that rate. (The server may use
|
|
any convenient method to identify users and their request rates).
|
|
The server may include a "Retry-After" header to indicate how long
|
|
the user should wait before retrying.
|
|
|
|
:param retry_after: If given, set the ``Retry-After`` header to this
|
|
value. May be an :class:`int` number of seconds or a
|
|
:class:`~datetime.datetime`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.0
|
|
Added ``retry_after`` parameter.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
code = 429
|
|
description = "This user has exceeded an allotted request count. Try again later."
|
|
|
|
|
|
class RequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge(HTTPException):
|
|
"""*431* `Request Header Fields Too Large`
|
|
|
|
The server refuses to process the request because the header fields are too
|
|
large. One or more individual fields may be too large, or the set of all
|
|
headers is too large.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
code = 431
|
|
description = "One or more header fields exceeds the maximum size."
|
|
|
|
|
|
class UnavailableForLegalReasons(HTTPException):
|
|
"""*451* `Unavailable For Legal Reasons`
|
|
|
|
This status code indicates that the server is denying access to the
|
|
resource as a consequence of a legal demand.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
code = 451
|
|
description = "Unavailable for legal reasons."
|
|
|
|
|
|
class InternalServerError(HTTPException):
|
|
"""*500* `Internal Server Error`
|
|
|
|
Raise if an internal server error occurred. This is a good fallback if an
|
|
unknown error occurred in the dispatcher.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0
|
|
Added the :attr:`original_exception` attribute.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
code = 500
|
|
description = (
|
|
"The server encountered an internal error and was unable to"
|
|
" complete your request. Either the server is overloaded or"
|
|
" there is an error in the application."
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
def __init__(
|
|
self,
|
|
description: t.Optional[str] = None,
|
|
response: t.Optional["Response"] = None,
|
|
original_exception: t.Optional[BaseException] = None,
|
|
) -> None:
|
|
#: The original exception that caused this 500 error. Can be
|
|
#: used by frameworks to provide context when handling
|
|
#: unexpected errors.
|
|
self.original_exception = original_exception
|
|
super().__init__(description=description, response=response)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class NotImplemented(HTTPException):
|
|
"""*501* `Not Implemented`
|
|
|
|
Raise if the application does not support the action requested by the
|
|
browser.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
code = 501
|
|
description = "The server does not support the action requested by the browser."
|
|
|
|
|
|
class BadGateway(HTTPException):
|
|
"""*502* `Bad Gateway`
|
|
|
|
If you do proxying in your application you should return this status code
|
|
if you received an invalid response from the upstream server it accessed
|
|
in attempting to fulfill the request.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
code = 502
|
|
description = (
|
|
"The proxy server received an invalid response from an upstream server."
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class ServiceUnavailable(_RetryAfter):
|
|
"""*503* `Service Unavailable`
|
|
|
|
Status code you should return if a service is temporarily
|
|
unavailable.
|
|
|
|
:param retry_after: If given, set the ``Retry-After`` header to this
|
|
value. May be an :class:`int` number of seconds or a
|
|
:class:`~datetime.datetime`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.0
|
|
Added ``retry_after`` parameter.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
code = 503
|
|
description = (
|
|
"The server is temporarily unable to service your request due"
|
|
" to maintenance downtime or capacity problems. Please try"
|
|
" again later."
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class GatewayTimeout(HTTPException):
|
|
"""*504* `Gateway Timeout`
|
|
|
|
Status code you should return if a connection to an upstream server
|
|
times out.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
code = 504
|
|
description = "The connection to an upstream server timed out."
|
|
|
|
|
|
class HTTPVersionNotSupported(HTTPException):
|
|
"""*505* `HTTP Version Not Supported`
|
|
|
|
The server does not support the HTTP protocol version used in the request.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
code = 505
|
|
description = (
|
|
"The server does not support the HTTP protocol version used in the request."
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
default_exceptions: t.Dict[int, t.Type[HTTPException]] = {}
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _find_exceptions() -> None:
|
|
for obj in globals().values():
|
|
try:
|
|
is_http_exception = issubclass(obj, HTTPException)
|
|
except TypeError:
|
|
is_http_exception = False
|
|
if not is_http_exception or obj.code is None:
|
|
continue
|
|
old_obj = default_exceptions.get(obj.code, None)
|
|
if old_obj is not None and issubclass(obj, old_obj):
|
|
continue
|
|
default_exceptions[obj.code] = obj
|
|
|
|
|
|
_find_exceptions()
|
|
del _find_exceptions
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Aborter:
|
|
"""When passed a dict of code -> exception items it can be used as
|
|
callable that raises exceptions. If the first argument to the
|
|
callable is an integer it will be looked up in the mapping, if it's
|
|
a WSGI application it will be raised in a proxy exception.
|
|
|
|
The rest of the arguments are forwarded to the exception constructor.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
def __init__(
|
|
self,
|
|
mapping: t.Optional[t.Dict[int, t.Type[HTTPException]]] = None,
|
|
extra: t.Optional[t.Dict[int, t.Type[HTTPException]]] = None,
|
|
) -> None:
|
|
if mapping is None:
|
|
mapping = default_exceptions
|
|
self.mapping = dict(mapping)
|
|
if extra is not None:
|
|
self.mapping.update(extra)
|
|
|
|
def __call__(
|
|
self, code: t.Union[int, "Response"], *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
|
|
) -> "te.NoReturn":
|
|
from .sansio.response import Response
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(code, Response):
|
|
raise HTTPException(response=code)
|
|
|
|
if code not in self.mapping:
|
|
raise LookupError(f"no exception for {code!r}")
|
|
|
|
raise self.mapping[code](*args, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def abort(
|
|
status: t.Union[int, "Response"], *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
|
|
) -> "te.NoReturn":
|
|
"""Raises an :py:exc:`HTTPException` for the given status code or WSGI
|
|
application.
|
|
|
|
If a status code is given, it will be looked up in the list of
|
|
exceptions and will raise that exception. If passed a WSGI application,
|
|
it will wrap it in a proxy WSGI exception and raise that::
|
|
|
|
abort(404) # 404 Not Found
|
|
abort(Response('Hello World'))
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
_aborter(status, *args, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
_aborter: Aborter = Aborter()
|