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### alternative materials: how to fold, cut, bind and make holes when you have nothing.
<p class="howto"> you do not have any of the materials or tools they always advertise as 'essential' if you want to make your own notebooks?
Let's see what you can use that you already have at home, without the need to spend money or loose the interest because you need too much stuff... let's see.
</p>

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### alternative materials: do you need a bone folder?
<p class="howto">
This tool help us to fold the sheets to avoid breaking paper, especially if thick, and essentially to be more precise. Instead, you could use the back side of any metal knife. Or anything that is flat and hard and you can easily hold in your hands. Try with other objects too, you will be surprised!
</p>

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#### [°°°]
### how to make a notebook with recycled reused restored materials?
<p class="howto"> FACT: Paper sheets follow national or international regulations. For example, the typical A4 used for office prints, is part of the international system ISO 216. This is also important to consider when you are making a notebook. If you decide to go for a unusual shape that does not fit in an already existing size, you'll need to think about what to do with the leftovers of your cut. There are many ways to solve this problem but the main is prevent it before you need to solve it. Could you make the same notebook you had in mind but in some way be able not to cut the paper? I love folds. If you really can't, try to cut a size that could be reused for something else. Make a super vertical notebook for fast thoughts or for grocery lists. </p>
#### [°°°]

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: the first one
+it occupies less space but offers bigger pages
+the additional lateral wings allow modularity: the user can move the wings to connect with multiple pages at the same time
+if the user forgets something the wings give more space to write
-the fact that it's folded means it's thicker and it's difficult to write if it's too big

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: the metal rings one
18.01.2023
It feels better to have metal rings and the chance to position every sheet where I want.
CONS. I am very unorganised. At the moment I am always writing everything that comes very fast, in whatever position in the page. This leads to a big amount of content without a structure/any entry point. It is not accessible after some time I wrote things down.

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: the metal rings one
15.03.23
Yesterday I discovered I hate writing on vertical large notebooks. I always start making lists and it's never visual and I hate it because I get super lost and also in conversation/brainstorming notes there is no structure at all and I feel uncomfortable because I am not sure I can trust my own notes. In addition, metal rings don't work for me. I am too messy, I have texts everywhere, I cannot track the last thing I wrote, I need to go in order.

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: the first one but new
15.03.23
I will take *the last vertical notebook* I made in december and rip it apart. I will 1) change the cover, it was too hard and felt very difficult to open and use. 2) add the pockets as they have been very useful. 3) get rid of one of the signatures as I had to make it smaller. 4) I made some of the folded sheets a bit wider and some less and I want to see if that cm more I have will influence how I feel. As with the wide sheets I am having problems, how much do I have to reduce it to make it the perfect width?

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: the first one
materials used:
a4 multiple types of papers (white, cream, coloured, thicker, thinner etc..)
a4 wrong prints
amazon cardboard

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: some new ideas on how to play with the structure of the notebook
30.09.22
Thought about the fact that the limit of binding is that there's no space for easy customisation or add-ons after it's closed at the beginning. Instead of the *notebook kit*, where i felt there was too little rigid structure and the user could feel too lost, i imagined to use the same technique starting from a bound one [name: *the infinite notebook*]. It is bound, but free to move: the user is also able to cut out pages, re-position but also keep some they care about.

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#### PROCESS NOTES: the past
The main concept of using leftovers to make notebooks was born while I was making a book as a Christmas gift for a friend: it was late and I could not go and buy anything so I used every type of paper I had in the house. Different papers, with different weights, different colours, everything kept inside an Amazon boxs cardboard. I realized how interesting was to create books from waste and finding ways to make it work.

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#### PROCESS NOTES: why notebooks?
22.09.22
I have always been interested in the materiality of objects and their touch and how to build things myself. A lot is also about subjectivity and modularity: I am facinated by the fact that, even a publication for example, you can create it in a way that every person that uses it can react in their own way. I think it's a lot about disrupting known formats and ideas.

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#### PROCESS NOTES: a personal notebook process
**What are the negative sides? What could be a different approach to solve the issue?**
If what has been analysed above did not work, why didn't it work? Analysing what worked and what did not help to reason on new ways to solve the issue that was not solved.

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#### Q: how to make a notebook that can travel?
notebook-crossing?

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#### Q: How to transform anxieties into notebooks' features?
Thought about how the uncomfortabilities felt with a notebooks can come from certain anxieties we have in life and how we can transform those anxieties into notebooks features (e.g. how can I make a notebook public without thinking that what I write is stupid?).

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#### Q: can you make a notebook that slows you down?
11.10.22
from M&Ms (workshop) "smoothest paper to prevent myself from hesitating because of no friction" = friction slows down

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![wiki scroll](wiki-scroll.jpg)

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## thesis excerpts: the spatial memory
A process takes place when we take notes and the type of interface we use to do it makes a difference: “The hippocampus is crucially involved not only in memory encoding and retrieval processes but also in spatial memory itself” (Umejima et al., 2021). (..) Throughout my research, I discovered how much it is important, for recovery and reviewing reasons, where I specifically write words or sentences. Recently, while using an unfitting notebook I made, I found myself scared of forgetting because the pages did not allow a proper instinctive positioning of the content while taking notes.

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## thesis excerpts: notebook as subversion
I chose an object or medium which is the emblem of productivity and that participates in consumerist practices. The aim is to convert it from an industrial model to a tool of expression, a self-thought and subversive object.

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# to create new connections between content
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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# for fast notes
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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# for personal thoughts
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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# for a long lecture
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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# to create a flow of thoughts to look at all at the same time
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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# not to hesitate while writing/approaching the space
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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# not to waste materials
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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#### PROCESS NOTES: why notebooks?
22.09.22
I started to make recycled notebooks during my bachelor's already, in that case it was mostly about recycling materials and reusing materials and I really enjoyed to use trash to make notebooks. I also heard a lot of people feeling guilty in using nice notebooks and trashy notebooks could therefore be better for people because they would get used.

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#### PROCESS NOTES: let's think
18.04.23
Let's think about how we make things: if i want to address something, the way I do it is as much as important as the content that I choose. Let's challenge the tools of production, the medium, the space in which it's been produced, how and where the work will circulate.

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#### PROCESS NOTES: general rule on making notebooks
It is important to have entry points to access the notebook. This means having a structure that does not slow you down or interrupt the moment in which you want to write something down.

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#### Q: who do you write for?
03.10.22
time-specific writing [erica said]= writing that makes sense only in the moment you wrote it.

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#### Q: how to make a notebook as an act of rebellion?

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# to help a stream of consciousness
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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# for temporary notes
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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## thesis excerpts: what is a notebook?
“The notebook as a paper machine consists of the functions noting and storing of notes. To note means first and foremost to write down, from the Latin notare, or from noscere, which means to get to know. (...) writing results in a praxis with paper that requires certain gestures,
performed acts, rituals and tools.” (te Heesen, 2005)

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## thesis excerpts: the gloss and the summa
A new need arose from the growth of accessibility to books: how to deal with contradictory information. One solution has been the gloss, which consisted in adding comments in small cursive on the side of a text (fig.7). Another solution that appeared in the XII century was called summa or summary, which purpose was to cut “the diverse interpretations to establish a core of truth” (Hobart and Schiffman, 2000): it began with a question, then contrasting opinions were listed and it ended with a conclusion or sententia.

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# to calm anxiety
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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# to describe one experience
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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# to forget things
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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# to organise scattered thoughts
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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# to remember things
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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# to share with others
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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# transportable
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_1.png" alt="situation">

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### alternative materials: do you need a awl?
What is it? This is not a hole puncher, but more like a hole maker. You'll need this in case of a thread binding, to help your needle to pass through the sheets correctly (the sheets need to be alligned - if that's what you want) In this case, a knife would not work. What about a needle? That's already what will pass through the holes. You can also use a needle that is a tiny bigger than the one you'll use for binding later. Yes, it does hurt a bit when the paper is not very thin so a solution is attaching a needle inside anything that you can hold with one hand.

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: the metal rings one
14.02.23
I noticed how much i work with numbered lists when i have a flat sheet of paper. I think it's pretty evident, looking at *the first notebook* and *the ring one*, how much the shape changed the content. It is very hard right now to use this notebook for brainstorming. I am only writing lines of text and cannot connect with other things at all.

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: the letter one
20.03.23
From the first CES, I had this recurrent idea in my head: one of the participants made this very very long strip-notebook, underlining how much the narrowness of the paper would help them to free their mind and free-write. Therefore, I bound this *letter notebook* with a little string to close it so that it would resemble a gift and folded, so that the length would be discovered just after opening (surprise effect). Then I free wrote both letters: they came out quite different from each other.

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: some new ideas on how to play with the structure of the notebook
30.09.22
This idea works on the concept of modularity: reconnecting content between the three sections, making possible to have an overview of content even when the space on the column is finished. By choosing a specific method (that could be colours, page number, or even a personal one created on the go) it should become intuitive to move in the space of the *triad notebook*.

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: the notebook kit
09.11.22
I tried the concept of the notebook kit I made for supi on myself. It has been helpful to reorganise thoughts in very small sheets of paper. This obliged me to describe a concept in a little amount of words.
The second characteristic is that it allows me to move around the sheets and then attach them together when I finalise decisions.
It was helpful for the purpose, but the overall idea is that it's very fragile and not very usable if not sitting at a desk. It can help to explain concepts and ideas but it is of any use as a portable notebook.

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: new idea for books' annotations
12.11.22
I need a notebook for ideas sketching and development = where to write down a sudden idea fast and easy and then have the space to develop it in the future = organised but free space to express maybe with sum-up window/space

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: the first one but new
05.12.22
I found some problems in this new version I made:
It's very inflexible. I cannot turn it around, I cannot open the pages completely and I cannot use the two pages as a whole because the curve is too big. It's too thick and bulky. I cannot transport it easily, there are too many pages to start from. I tried to insert different sections. The problem is I am not able, every time I take notes, to visualise in which area the content I want to write should go into, so then it ends up that I don't write at all because I do not know where to start.

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#### PROCESS NOTES: why notebooks?
22.09.22
The reason why I am interested in notebooks is because of culture studies as well as from a practical point of view. I find it weird that every person writes in the same way with the same device and it doesnt make sense because we are all different and need different methods to engage with a piece of paper, annotate things, remember things, learn things. Not every is one fit.

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#### PROCESS NOTES: research and starting point
During the first semester at XPUB I have been using an Iperborea notebook, measurements: 10x20. I find the size amazing, but as it involves cutting paper out from an a4 sheet, I didn't want to create a new notebook out of that idea without finding a solution that would not waste anything. I thought about folding instead of cutting: it was nice to add additional notes on the side of the main sheets.

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#### PROCESS NOTES: a personal notebook process
**What are the positive sides? Does it work within the starting purpose?**
This is to understand if the solutions that have been found and applied to the new notebook are valid and working. this is important mostly not to lose track of the reasons underneath the concept and to evaluate how much the modifications worked.

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#### PROCESS NOTES: when i can't use a notebook
What interrupts me from using a notebook is that I do not know where to position the sudden ideas or thoughts I have. From this statement, I understand that what I need from the next notebook is to have the possibility to immediately write down what I have in mind, wherever I position it, without feeling any guilt regarding the appearance of the pages of my notebook. It is also important that it does not look too perfect, so that I feel okay in using what I have however I want.

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#### Q: What makes a notebook a notebook?
05.04.23
When something gets printed, does it stop to be a notebook?
Clara (tutor) and I discussed about the limits of the pages, how basic paper books do not allow annotation because of the little space in the margines. We tried to define what is a notebook for us. I said that for me it is something that accompanies you in certain situations and offers a support. Clara said they are periodicals. They are positioned in a specific location, and during a certain period of time, where and when the user goes back recurrently.

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#### Q: how to make a notebook that exaggerate the scattered and the chaos?
need for new inputs out of the mess

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## thesis excerpts: the moleskine
In the XIX century in Europe, a specific type of notebook spread around: the moleskine. The name means leather in English and it has been used to describe a notebook with a black cover of a very strong vinyl-coated material, a little pocket on the back and a rubber band. The notebook has been used by many famous authors and artists, becoming very well-known in Europe, “until plastic-covered ones gradually replaced them from the 1950s” (te Heesen, 2005).

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## thesis excerpts: my aim
I aimed for users to take part in every section of the design process as well as the practical creation of the object, to explore the endless spaces of a notebook and the memories and knowledge hidden inside of it.

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# to adapt a cardboard you already own
# to adapt a cardboard you already own
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_2.png" alt="binding">

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### alternative materials: do you need a cutting mat?
<p class="howto"> This is easy. If you need to cut paper, there are two ways: or you fold it and use your knife in the fold to separate the two parts. This method works well if you, for example, start from an A4 and need to make two a5s: it means, when you need the sheet you own to be cut in two identical parts. The other way works well especially if you own a real and sharp paper cutter. You will need a ruler positioned on top of the paper, with the measurements marked, and something that works as a cutting mat. I once used another notebook, but that was radical. Other options are any piece of wood or thick cardboard, anything that nobody cares if it get ruined with cut lines.
</p>

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# glue bound
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_2.png" alt="binding">

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# hard cover
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_2.png" alt="binding">

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# metal rings
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_2.png" alt="binding">

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# no binding
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_2.png" alt="binding">

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: the last one
28.03.23
*The last notebook* I made for myself and that I hope will follow me until graduation, as an answer to my thoughts on the 15.03.23. Overall, I am super happy with it. The fact that it fits in the inside pocket of my jacket is just one of the amazing features this notebook is offering. I am already noticing that the different width of the pages is making a difference.
```
Look for the image in the cards
here I have written my
"thoughts on this notebook"
(hint: yellow cover).

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#### PROCESS NOTES: how this process could help you
15.03.23
see modularity: "the degree to which a system's components may be separated and recombined, often with the benefit of flexibility and variety in use" (urgent publishing book)

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#### PROCESS NOTES: what i would like is
18.04.23
I would like to create (active) makers, not consumers. The final outcome needs to be something to be used to make, not only to receive/consume. I want the users of this work to participate in the act of making notebooks against capitalism and commodity practices. I want to expand the spaces of this medium.

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#### PROCESS NOTES: how this process could help you
15.03.23
What I want to say it is not necessarily that this process will make your way of writing on paper better or different, but just that it will make you feel more comfortable with the object, use it more, make more useful notes that can be reread and used. Do you think there is something you could change that will make you use the notebook more and that will help you more in your work or projects?

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#### Q: What is a notebook?

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#### Q: how to make a notebook that is easy to navigate?

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# rubber band
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_2.png" alt="binding">

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# soft cover
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_2.png" alt="binding">

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# something you have in the room you are in
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_2.png" alt="binding">

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# spiral
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_2.png" alt="binding">

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# sticks
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_2.png" alt="binding">

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# strings
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_2.png" alt="binding">

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# strips
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_2.png" alt="binding">

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# tape
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_2.png" alt="binding">

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## thesis excerpts: the value of making
As Gibson (2019) argues, making, and learning through making, provide “us with the opportunity to control the narrative of ourselves in a way that off the shelf consumption does not (..): it is an act of subversion”. What we produce with our hands suddenly becomes part of the representation of the world around us, and it includes our vision and our active participation in it.

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## thesis excerpts: what is note-taking?
Ann Blair defines note-taking as “the product of practices of reading and writing taught in school and reinforced by various cultural models” (Blair, 2010, p.5).

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<p class="thesis">
During the XVI century, the commonplace books (the term in English appeared around 1578) became significant in education and pedagogy and were “private notebooks in which students and scholars kept extracts from the major classical texts” (Yeo, 2008). </p>
## thesis excerpts: the commonplace book
During the XVI century, the commonplace books (the term in English appeared around 1578) became significant in education and pedagogy and were “private notebooks in which students and scholars kept extracts from the major classical texts” (Yeo, 2008).

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# thread bound
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_2.png" alt="binding">

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### alternative materials: do you need a cutting mat?
This is easy. If you need to cut paper, there are two ways: or you fold it and use your knife in the fold to separate the two parts. This method works well if you, for example, start from an A4 and need to make two a5s: it means, when you need the sheet you own to be cut in two identical parts. The other way works well especially if you own a real and sharp paper cutter. You will need a ruler positioned on top of the paper, with the measurements marked, and something that works as a cutting mat. I once used another notebook, but that was radical. Other options are any piece of wood or thick cardboard, anything that nobody cares if it get ruined with cut lines.

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: the metal rings one
18.01.2023
I feel restricted in the moment I have to write on a flat a5 page. I feel like the content is never organised because I can write in every direction and most of the time I use visual note-taking, or note-making, especially the circular method (have starting points in the middle and then move around it), i get lost in the space because I have no interruptions or limitations.

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: the first one but new
15.03.23
1) I noticed that I made some of the folded sheets a bit wider than the 20x30 that I used before and some less and I want to see if that cm more I have will influence how I feel. As with the wide sheets I am having problems, how much do I have to reduce it to make it the perfect width?

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: the letter one
20.03.23
I produced a special notebook to deliver a starter for a conversation around our projects to Kim and Chae (XPUB classmates).
The concept was to give each other something in form of a letter or gift, or anything we could think of, and deliver it to the others in our group. I made a sort of notebook that can be used if you need to write letters, get rid of thoughts, write fast, brainstorm for projects or writing tasks.

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: supi's notebooks
29.09.23
Supi (XPUB classmate) presented me some updates on the use of her notebooks. Supi noticed how much a different tool/pen has a different result on her way of working/drawing/thinking, how much it makes a difference in the act of playing with the use of the pen (the way you interact with the pen, an object that teaches her through the act of drawing - notebooks as discovery space). In this case, paper has a substantial impact on the results, so that often pen and paper goes together.

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: the notebook kit
20.09.22
I delivered to Supi the first *notebook kit: An adjustable and editable notebook with included tape and papers for continuation.*
The idea is that this type of notebooks allows the user to build it up easily as their needs come over and adjusting and editing while using it and not being forced to stay in a standardised area for standardised notebook users.

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#### NOTES ON PROTOTYPE: some new ideas on how to play with the structure of the notebook
30.09.22
Recycle notebooks paper to create new notebooks: check paper making --> if i destroy the paper sheets of a notebook in water, then i make a new notebook out of it, then i melt it again, and again, it should become smaller and smaller?

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#### PROCESS NOTES: some reasons for this project to exist
(C) Learning
.Notebooks are an individual space for learning
.How knowing our thinking processes helps our learning
.Creation experience as part of the process of learning

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#### PROCESS NOTES: a personal notebook process
A personal notebook process is the ever-changing process a person can go through, by analysing and keeping attention to their individual note-taking activity and their use of paper notebooks to understand themselves and their needs.

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# [°°°]
## production choices
<p class="info"> I also inserted some empty pages in the publication, to let some space for thoughts or ideas (if they come while browsing through). The main reason though, is that i have been wondering when a notebook is not a notebook anymore. I knew this publication was going to be printed, but i hope that through this different considerations, for some, this could still be defined as a notebook. The content comes from my reflections and the notes I took, on my laptop and on my notebooks. They were notes and now, after printing them out I wonder, are they still?
To conclude, the publication is printed on A4 sheets to avoid paper waste. I picked for you 5 different types of paper to let you feel different options already intrinsically within the publication.</p>
# [°°°]

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#### Q: what does everyone need from a notebook?
12.10.22
Notebooks as a lens into humans' brains, why someone needs to visualise, to organise, to reason, to focus, to extract themselves?

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## thesis excerpts: how note-taking affects learning
There are two ways in which the act of note-taking can affect learning: “The encoding hypothesis suggests that the processing that occurs during the act of note-taking improves learning and retention. The external storage hypothesis touts the benefits of the ability to review material” (Mueller and Oppenheimer, 2014).

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## thesis excerpts: levels of creativity
The basic level of creativity is doing, which requires a minimum amount of interest. This happens when we use a notebook already made in the industry and bought from a shelf. The second is adapting. This action is made to personalise and change an object you already have. For example, you could make little additions to it, like a back pocket, or post-its to create more space. The third level is making. This happens when we build a notebook from scratch but we follow predetermined patterns. This action needs more time and energy. The last level is creating. Creating is making something that does not yet exist. It relies on the use of raw materials and the absence of pre-existing rules.

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## thesis excerpts: the origin of notebooks
Note-taking has existed for a long time but there is not much evidence of it before the XV century (Blair, 2010, p.1). Nowadays, notebooks are mostly used for annotating for later use, but in the past, they were used to organise and classify materials (Yeo, 2008). They “were part of daily life for literate, educated individuals, (..) were prompts for material that should be stored in memory” (Yeo, 2008). Paper notebooks consisted of the work of intellectuals on parchment, to transmit oral knowledge.

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## what you will find inside
<p class="info">This publication is a collection of materials that all try to help you, a user (that could soon become an active maker), to get inspiration and start making notebooks into your own practice.
some texts will stop and continue on a different card: try to reconnect them to go on reading! Nothing is in order, every piece of the publication is positioned almost 100% randomly in the different cards. You might feel lost, in that case move on, read something else, write down something. You might find an explanation somewhere else.
some of the cards are pieces of my personal thoughs while, in the last year, i have been experimenting with notebooks' making. They might feel completely out of context, as also the pictures of the notebooks these comments are referred to are randomly spread around the publication. Use your imagination and get lost.</p>

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### alternative materials: do you need a awl?
<p class="howto"> What is it? This is not a hole puncher, but more like a hole maker. You'll need this in case of a thread binding, to help your needle to pass through the sheets correctly (the sheets need to be alligned - if that's what you want) In this case, a knife would not work. What about a needle? That's already what will pass through the holes. You can also use a needle that is a tiny bigger than the one you'll use for binding later. Yes, it does hurt a bit when the paper is not very thin so a solution is attaching a needle inside anything that you can hold with one hand.
</p>

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# very big
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_3.png" alt="paperformat">

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# dotted paper
<img class=game src="/icons/icon_3.png" alt="paperformat">

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