{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called \"Goulash Communism.\" Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Central Europe, northwest of Romania"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "47 00 N, 20 00 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "93,028 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "89,608 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "3,420 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly smaller than Virginia; about the same size as Indiana"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2,106 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Austria 321 km, Croatia 348 km, Romania 424 km, Serbia 164 km, Slovakia 627 km, Slovenia 94 km, Ukraine 128 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "0 km (landlocked)"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "text": "none (landlocked)"
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "143 m"
      },
      "elevation extremes": {
        "text": "lowest point: Tisza River 78 m ++ highest point: Kekes 1,014 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "58.9% ++ arable land 48.5%; permanent crops 2%; permanent pasture 8.4%"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "22.5%"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "18.6% (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "1,721 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population - distribution": {
      "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
    },
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EU requirements will require large investments"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "9,874,784 (July 2016 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Hungarian(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Hungarian"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Hungarian 85.6%, Roma 3.2%, German 1.9%, other 2.6%, unspecified 14.1%",
      "note": {
        "text": "percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "Hungarian (official) 99.6%, English 16%, German 11.2%, Russian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, French 1.2%, other 4.2%",
      "note": {
        "text": "shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 37.2%, Calvinist 11.6%, Lutheran 2.2%, Greek Catholic 1.8%, other 1.9%, none 18.2%, unspecified 27.2% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "14.76% (male 750,516/female 706,780)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "11.19% (male 570,097/female 534,856)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "41.74% (male 2,071,865/female 2,049,939)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "13.66% (male 620,362/female 728,387)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "18.65% (male 693,609/female 1,148,373) (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "47.9%"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "21.5%"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "26.3%"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.8% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "41.8 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "39.9 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "44.1 years (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "-0.24% (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "9.1 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "12.8 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "71.2% of total population (2015)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.47% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "BUDAPEST (capital) 1.714 million (2015)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.07 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.85 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.6 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.91 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "28.2 (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality rate": {
      "text": "17 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "5 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "5.2 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "4.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "75.9 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "72.2 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "79.8 years (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.44 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Health expenditures": {
      "text": "7.4% of GDP (2014)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "3.1 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "7.2 beds/1,000 population (2011)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 100% of population ++ rural: 100% of population ++ total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 0% of population ++ rural: 0% of population ++ total: 0% of population (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 97.8% of population ++ rural: 98.6% of population ++ total: 98% of population"
      },
      "unimproved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 2.2% of population ++ rural: 1.4% of population ++ total: 2% of population (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "100 (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Major infectious diseases": {
      "degree of risk": {
        "text": "intermediate"
      },
      "vectorborne diseases": {
        "text": "tickborne encephalitis (2016)"
      }
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "26% (2014)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "4.2% of GDP (2013)"
    },
    "Literacy": {
      "definition": {
        "text": "age 15 and over can read and write"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "99.1%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "99.1%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "99% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "15 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "16 years (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20.4%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "20%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "20.9% (2014 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Hungary"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Magyarorszag"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "the Byzantine Greeks refered to the tribes that arrived on the steppes of Eastern Europe in the 9th century as the \"Oungroi,\" a name that was later Latinized to \"Ungri\" and which became \"Hungari\"; the name originally meant an \"[alliance of] ten tribes\"; the Hungarian name \"Magyarorszag\" means \"Land of the Magyars\"; the term may derive from the most prominent of the Hungarian tribes, the Megyer"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Budapest"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "47 30 N, 19 05 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 23 cities with county rights (megyei jogu varosok, singular - megyei jogu varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros)",
      "counties": {
        "text": "Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Csongrad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala"
      },
      "cities with county rights": {
        "text": "Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Erd, Gyor, Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Salgotarjan, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szekszard, Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg"
      },
      "capital city": {
        "text": "Budapest"
      }
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "16 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 25 December 1000 (crowning of King STEPHEN I, traditional founding date); 30 March 1867 (Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy established)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August; note - commemorates the date when his remains were transferred to Buda (now Budapest)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1949 (heavily amended in 1989 following the collapse of communism); latest approved 18 April 2011, signed 25 April 2011, effective 1 January 2012"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by parliamentary committee, or by Parliament members; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament members and approval by the president; amended several times, last in 2013 (2016)"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil legal system influenced by the German model"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of Hungary"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "8 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age, 16 if married; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "Janos ADER (since 10 May 2012)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 29 May 2010)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Cabinet of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and appointed by the president"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president indirectly elected by the National Assembly with two-thirds majority vote in first round or simple majority vote in second round for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 May 2012 (next to be held by May 2017); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Janos ADER (Fidesz) elected president; National Assembly vote - 262 to 40; Viktor ORBAN (Fidesz) elected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 130 to 57 (in 2014)"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (199 seats; 106 members directly elected in single-member constituencies by simple majority vote and 93 members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by party list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 6 April 2014 (next to be held by April 2018)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - Fidesz-KDNP 44.5%, Unity 26%, Jobbik 20.5%, LMP 5.3%, other 3.7%; seats by party - Fidesz-KDNP 133, Unity 38, Jobbik 23, LMP 5"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Curia or Supreme Judicial Court (consists of the Curia president, vice president, and approximately 76 judges organized into 16 civil chambers, 3 criminal chambers, and 4 administrative chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges including the court president and 2 vice-presidents)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Curia president elected from among its members for 9 years by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president of the republic; other Curia judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, a separate 15-member administrative body; judge tenure based on interim evaluations until normal retirement age; Constitutional Court judges elected by two-thirds vote of the National Assembly; members serve single renewable 12-year terms with mandatory retirement at age 70"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "5 regional courts of appeal; 19 regional or county courts (including Budapest Metropolitan Court); 20 administrative and labor courts; 111 district or local courts"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN] ++ Democratic Coalition or DK [Ferenc GYURCSANY] ++ Dialogue for Hungary or PM [Javor BENEDEK, Timea SZABO, co-chairs] ++ Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN] ++ Hungarian Liberal Party or MLP [Gabor FODOR] ++ Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Jozsef TOBIAS] ++ Movement for a Better Hungary or Jobbik [Gabor VONA] ++ Politics Can Be Different or LMP [Andras SCHIFFER, Bernadett SZEL] ++ Together 2014 or Egyutt [Peter JUHASZ, Peter KONYA, Viktor SZIGETVARI]"
    },
    "Political pressure groups and leaders": {
      "text": "Civil Osszefogas Forum (\"Civil Unity Forum,\" nominally independent organization that serves as the steering committee for the pro-government mass organization Bekemenet (Peace March), supporting ORBAN government's policies) ++ Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (Tarsasag a Szabadsagjogokert) or TASZ (freedom of expression, information privacy) ++ Hungarian Helsinki Committee (asylum seekers' rights, human rights in law enforcement and the judicial system) ++ MigSzol (Migrant Solidarity Group of Hungary) (independent advocacy group on migration crisis) ++ MostMi (\"Now Us\") [Bori TAKACS, Zsolt VARADY](Facebook group that was a major participant at anti-government demonstrations in late 2014-early 2015; pro-Europe, anti-establishment movement that blames Fidesz for the state of the country, but also blames all established political parties for perceived political and economic failures since the fall of communism) ++ Okotars (empowerment of civil society in Hungary) ++ ",
      "other": {
        "text": " ++ Energy Club (Energia Klub) ++ Greenpeace Hungary (Greenpeace Magyarorszag)"
      }
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Reka SZEMERKENYI (since 23 February 2015)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 362-6730"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 966-8135"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Los Angeles, New York"
      },
      "consulate(s)": {
        "text": "Boston"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Colleen Bradley BELL (since 21 January 2015)"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5270 Budapest Place, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[36] (1) 475-4400"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[36] (1) 475-4764"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green; the flag dates to the national movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, and fuses the medieval colors of the Hungarian coat of arms with the revolutionary tricolor form of the French flag; folklore attributes virtues to the colors: red for strength, white for faithfulness, and green for hope; alternatively, the red is seen as being for the blood spilled in defense of the land, white for freedom, and green for the pasturelands that make up so much of the country"
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "Holy Crown of Hungary (Crown of Saint Stephen); national colors: red, white, green"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"Himnusz\" (Hymn)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Ferenc KOLCSEY/Ferenc ERKEL"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "adopted 1844"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economy - overview": {
      "text": "Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income nearly two-thirds that of the EU-28 average. ++  ++ In late 2008, Hungary's impending inability to service its short-term debt - brought on by the global financial crisis - led Budapest to obtain an IMF/EU/World Bank-arranged financial assistance package worth over $25 billion. The global economic downturn, declining exports, and low domestic consumption and investment, dampened by government austerity measures, resulted in a severe economic contraction in 2009. In 2010, the new government implemented a number of changes including cutting business and personal income taxes, but imposed \"crisis taxes\" on financial institutions, energy and telecom companies, and retailers. The IMF/EU bailout program lapsed at the end of 2010 and was replaced by Post Program Monitoring and Article IV Consultations on overall economic and fiscal processes. At the end of 2011 the government turned to the IMF and the EU to obtain a financial backstop to support its efforts to refinance foreign currency debt and bond obligations in 2012 and beyond, but Budapest's rejection of EU and IMF economic policy recommendations led to a breakdown in talks with the lenders in late 2012. Global demand for high yield has since helped Hungary to obtain funds on international markets. ++  ++ Hungary’s progress reducing its deficit to under 3% of GDP led the European Commission in 2013 to permit Hungary for the first time since joining the EU in 2004 to exit the Excessive Deficit Procedure. The government remains committed to keeping the budget deficit in check and lowering public debt by using sectoral taxes, while relying on state interventionist measures to lower utility prices and boost growth and employment."
    },
    "GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "text": "$267.6 billion (2016 est.) ++ $262.4 billion (2015 est.) ++ $254.9 billion (2014 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
      }
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$117.1 billion (2015 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - real growth rate": {
      "text": "2% (2016 est.) ++ 2.9% (2015 est.) ++ 3.7% (2014 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
      "text": "$27,200 (2016 est.) ++ $26,600 (2015 est.) ++ $25,800 (2014 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
      }
    },
    "Gross national saving": {
      "text": "25.8% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 26.4% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 24.3% of GDP (2014 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "50.3%"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "20%"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "20.4%"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.6%"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "94.3%"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-85.6% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3.5%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "31.8%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "64.7% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agriculture - products": {
      "text": "wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "3.3% (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "4.564 million (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "7.1%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "29.7%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "63.2% (2011)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "text": "6.6% (2016 est.) ++ 6.8% (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "14.9% (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.1%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "22.6% (2009)"
      }
    },
    "Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
      "text": "30.6 (2013 est.) ++ 24.7 (2009)"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$57.32 billion"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$60.08 billion (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "49% of GDP (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-2.4% of GDP",
      "note": {
        "text": "Hungary has been under the EU Excessive Deficit Procedure since it joined the EU in 2004; in March 2012 the EU elevated its Excessive Deficit Procedure against Hungary and proposed freezing 30% of the country's Cohesion Funds because 2011 deficit reductio (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "text": "75.1% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 75.3% of GDP (2015 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities o"
      }
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "text": "0.1% (2016 est.) ++ -0.1% (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Central bank discount rate": {
      "text": "1.35% (22 July 2015) ++ 2.1% (23 July 2014)"
    },
    "Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
      "text": "2.3% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 2.9% (31 December 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of narrow money": {
      "text": "$48.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $46.14 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of broad money": {
      "text": "$68.87 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $66.91 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of domestic credit": {
      "text": "$68.82 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $69.85 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Market value of publicly traded shares": {
      "text": "$17.69 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $14.51 billion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $19.8 billion (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "text": "$5.72 billion (2016 est.) ++ $5.291 billion (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "text": "$91.78 billion (2016 est.) ++ $89.44 billion (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "machinery and equipment 53.5%, other manufactures 31.2%, food products 8.7%, raw materials 3.4%, fuels and electricity 3.9% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 28%, Romania 5.4%, Slovakia 5.1%, Austria 5%, Italy 4.8%, France 4.7%, UK 4%, Czech Republic 4% (2015)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "text": "$86.61 billion (2016 est.) ++ $84.7 billion (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "machinery and equipment 45.4%, other manufactures 34.3%, fuels and electricity 12.6%, food products 5.3%, raw materials 2.5% (2012)"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 25.8%, China 6.7%, Austria 6.6%, Poland 5.5%, Slovakia 5.3%, France 5%, Czech Republic 4.8%, Netherlands 4.6%, Italy 4.5% (2015)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "text": "$31.62 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $33.13 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "text": "$131.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $127.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
      "text": "$240.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $236.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
      "text": "$168.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $165.8 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "text": "forints (HUF) per US dollar - ++ 287.7 (2016 est.) ++ 279.33 (2015 est.) ++ 279.33 (2014 est.) ++ 232.6 (2013 est.) ++ 225.1 (2012 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity - production": {
      "text": "28 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - consumption": {
      "text": "21.55 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - exports": {
      "text": "5.378 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - imports": {
      "text": "18.15 billion kWh (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
      "text": "9.289 million kW (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
      "text": "22% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
      "text": "61% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
      "text": "0.6% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
      "text": "6.8% of total installed capacity (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - production": {
      "text": "12,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - exports": {
      "text": "1,740 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - imports": {
      "text": "134,700 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - proved reserves": {
      "text": "27.19 million bbl (1 January 2016 es)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "159,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
      "text": "154,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "47,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "52,310 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - production": {
      "text": "1.505 billion cu m (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - consumption": {
      "text": "8.46 billion cu m (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - exports": {
      "text": "226.6 million cu m (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - imports": {
      "text": "8.167 billion cu m (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - proved reserves": {
      "text": "8.268 billion cu m (1 January 2016 es)"
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
      "text": "47 million Mt (2013 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "3,094,228"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "31 (July 2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total": {
        "text": "11.786 million"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "119 (July 2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephone system": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "modern telephone system is digital and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "competition among mobile-cellular service providers has led to a sharp increase in the use of mobile-cellular phones since 2000 and a decrease in the number of fixed-line connections"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture termin (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "mixed system of state-supported public service broadcast media and private broadcasters; the 5 publicly owned TV channels and the 2 main privately owned TV stations are the major national broadcasters; a large number of special interest channels; highly d (2016)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".hu"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "7.209 million"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "72.8% (July 2015 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "75"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "20,042,185"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "0 mt-km (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "HA (2016)"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "41 (2013)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "20"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "6"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "6"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "5"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "1 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "21"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "2"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "8"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "11 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "3 (2013)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "gas 19,028 km; oil 1,007 km; refined products 842 km (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "8,049 km"
      },
      "broad gauge": {
        "text": "36 km 1.524-m gauge"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "7,794 km 1.435-m gauge (2,889 km electrified)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "219 km 0.760-m gauge (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "203,601 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "77,087 km (includes 1,582 km of expressways)"
      },
      "unpaved": {
        "text": "126,514 km (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "text": "1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2011)"
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "river port(s)": {
        "text": "Baja, Csepel (Budapest), Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Mohacs (Danube)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military branches": {
      "text": "Hungarian Defense Forces: Land Forces, Hungarian Air Force (Magyar Legiero, ML) (2011)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; 6-month service obligation (2012)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "text": "0.8% of GDP (2015) ++ 0.83% of GDP (2012) ++ 0.99% of GDP (2011) ++ 0.83% of GDP (2010)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "5,950 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "132 (2015)"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "410,338 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (2015 - November 2016)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "text": "transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to organized crime and drug trafficking are improving but remain vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy"
    }
  }
}