{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "Pitcairn Island was discovered in 1767 by the British and settled in 1790 by the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian companions. Pitcairn was the first Pacific island to become a British colony (in 1838) and today remains the last vestige of that empire in the South Pacific. Outmigration, primarily to New Zealand, has thinned the population from a peak of 233 in 1937 to less than 50 today."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about midway between Peru and New Zealand"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "25 04 S, 130 06 W"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Oceania"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "47 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "47 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "about three-tenths the size of Washington, DC"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "text": "0 km"
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "51 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "3 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "elevation extremes": {
        "text": "lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m ++ highest point: Big Ridge 347 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish",
      "note": {
        "text": "manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have been discovered offshore"
      }
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "0% ++ arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; permanent pasture 0%"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "74.5%"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "25.5% (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "0 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "typhoons (especially November to March)"
    },
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "deforestation (only a small portion of the original forest remains because of burning and clearing for settlement)"
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "Britain's most isolated dependency; only the larger island of Pitcairn is inhabited but it has no port or natural harbor; supplies must be transported by rowed longboat from larger ships stationed offshore"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "54 (July 2016 est.)"
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Pitcairn Islander(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Pitcairn Islander"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian wives"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "English (official), Pitkern (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect)"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Seventh-Day Adventist 100%"
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0% (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "0% of total population (2012)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "NA"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "NA"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Pitcairn Islands"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "named after Midshipman Robert PITCAIRN who first sighted the island in 1767"
      }
    },
    "Dependency status": {
      "text": "overseas territory of the UK"
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "parliamentary democracy (Island Council); overseas territory of the UK"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Adamstown"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "25 04 S, 130 05 W"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC-9 (4 hours behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "none (overseas territory of the UK)"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "none (overseas territory of the UK)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926); Discovery Day, 2 July (1767)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "text": "several previous; latest drafted 10 February 2010, presented 17 February 2010, effective 4 March 2010 (2016)"
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "local island by-laws"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "text": "see United Kingdom"
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal with three years residency"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by UK High Commissioner to New Zealand and Governor (nonresident) of the Pitcairn Islands Jonathan SINCLAIR (since August 2014); Commissioner (nonresident) Leslie JAQUES (since September 2003) serves as liaison between the governor and the Island Council"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Mayor and Chairman of the Island Council Shawn CHRISTIAN (since 13 November 2013)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "none"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; governor and commissioner appointed by the monarch; island mayor directly elected by majority popular vote for a 3-year term; election last held on 12 November 2013 (next to be held not later than December 2016)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Shawn CHRISTIAN elected mayor and chairman of the Island Council; Island Council vote count in third round - Shawn CHRISTIAN 20, Simon YOUNG 19"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral Island Council (10 seats; 4 members directly elected by proportional representation vote, 1 nominated by the elected Council members, 2 appointed by the governor, and 3 ex-officio members - the governor, deputy governor, and commissioner; elected members serve 1-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 13 November 2013 (next to be held not later than December 2015)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote - NA; seats - 5 independent"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest resident court(s)": {
        "text": "Pitcairn Court of Appeal (consists of the court president, 2 judges, and the Supreme Court chief justice (ex-officio member); Pitcairn Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice and 2 judges); note - appeals beyond the Pitcairn Court of Appeal are referred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "all judges of both courts appointed by the governor of the Pitcairn Islands on the instructions of the Queen of England through the Secretary of State; all judges appointed until retirement, normally at age 75"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Magistrate's Court"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "none"
    },
    "Political pressure groups and leaders": {
      "text": "none"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "SPC, UPU"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "text": "none (overseas territory of the UK)"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "text": "none (overseas territory of the UK)"
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the green, yellow, and blue of the shield represents the island rising from the ocean; the green field features a yellow anchor surmounted by a bible (both the anchor and the bible were items found on the HMS Bounty); sitting on the crest is a Pitcairn Island wheelbarrow from which springs a slip of miro (a local plant)"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"We From Pitcairn Island\""
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "unknown/Frederick M. LEHMAN"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "serves as a local anthem; as a territory of the UK, \"God Save the Queen\" is official (see United Kingdom)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economy - overview": {
      "text": "The inhabitants of this tiny isolated economy exist on fishing, subsistence farming, handicrafts, and postage stamps. The fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships."
    },
    "GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "text": "$NA"
    },
    "Agriculture - products": {
      "text": "honey; wide variety of fruits and vegetables; goats, chickens; fish"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "postage stamps, handicrafts, beekeeping, honey"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "15 (2004)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "note": {
        "text": "no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence farming and fishing"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$746,000"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$1.028 million (FY04/05)"
      }
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "1 April - 31 March"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "text": "$NA"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "fruits, vegetables, curios, postage stamps"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "text": "$NA"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "text": "New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - ++ 1.441 (2016 est.) ++ 1.4279 (2015 est.) ++ 1.2039 (2014 est.) ++ 1.2039 (2013 est.) ++ 1.23 (2012 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephone system": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "satellite-based phone services"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "local phone service with international connections via Internet"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 872; satellite earth station - 1 (Inmarsat)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "satellite TV from Fiji-based Sky Pacific offering a wide range of international channels"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".pn"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "54"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "100% (July 2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Communications - note": {
      "text": "satellite-based local phone service and broadband Internet connections available in all homes"
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Adamstown (on Bounty Bay)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "defense is the responsibility of the UK"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "none"
    }
  }
}