{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "France today is one of the most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. It plays an influential global role as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, NATO, the G-8, the G-20, the EU, and other multilateral organizations. France rejoined NATO's integrated military command structure in 2009, reversing DE GAULLE's 1966 decision to withdraw French forces from NATO. Since 1958, it has constructed a hybrid presidential-parliamentary governing system resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier, more purely parliamentary administrations. In recent decades, its reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of Europe, including the introduction of a common currency, the euro, in January 1999. In the early 21st century, five French overseas entities - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion - became French regions and were made part of France proper."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "metropolitan France": {
        "text": "Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain"
      },
      "French Guiana": {
        "text": "Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Brazil and Suriname"
      },
      "Guadeloupe": {
        "text": "Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Puerto Rico"
      },
      "Martinique": {
        "text": "Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago"
      },
      "Mayotte": {
        "text": "Southern Indian Ocean, island in the Mozambique Channel, about halfway between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique"
      },
      "Reunion": {
        "text": "Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar"
      }
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "metropolitan France": {
        "text": "46 00 N, 2 00 E"
      },
      "French Guiana": {
        "text": "4 00 N, 53 00 W"
      },
      "Guadeloupe": {
        "text": "16 15 N, 61 35 W"
      },
      "Martinique": {
        "text": "14 40 N, 61 00 W"
      },
      "Mayotte": {
        "text": "12 50 S, 45 10 E"
      },
      "Reunion": {
        "text": "21 06 S, 55 36 E"
      }
    },
    "Map references": {
      "metropolitan France": {
        "text": "Europe"
      },
      "French Guiana": {
        "text": "South America"
      },
      "Guadeloupe": {
        "text": "Central America and the Caribbean"
      },
      "Martinique": {
        "text": "Central America and the Caribbean"
      },
      "Mayotte": {
        "text": "Africa"
      },
      "Reunion": {
        "text": "World"
      }
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "643,801 sq km; 551,500 sq km (metropolitan France)"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "640,427 sq km; 549,970 sq km (metropolitan France)"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "3,374 sq km; 1,530 sq km (metropolitan France)"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "the first numbers include the overseas regions of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "slightly more than four times the size of Georgia; slightly less than the size of Texas"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "metropolitan France - total": {
        "text": "2,751 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "Brazil 649 km, Suriname 556 km"
      },
      "French Guiana - total": {
        "text": "1,205 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "total": {
        "text": "4,853 km"
      },
      "metropolitan France": {
        "text": "3,427 km"
      }
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "contiguous zone": {
        "text": "24 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "200 nm (does not apply to the Mediterranean Sea)"
      },
      "continental shelf": {
        "text": "200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "metropolitan France": {
        "text": "generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral"
      },
      "French Guiana": {
        "text": "tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation"
      },
      "Guadeloupe and Martinique": {
        "text": "subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average"
      },
      "Mayotte": {
        "text": "tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)"
      },
      "Reunion": {
        "text": "tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)"
      }
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "metropolitan France": {
        "text": "mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east"
      },
      "French Guiana": {
        "text": "low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains"
      },
      "Guadeloupe": {
        "text": "Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains; Grande-Terre is low limestone formation; most of the seven other islands are volcanic in origin"
      },
      "Martinique": {
        "text": "mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano"
      },
      "Mayotte": {
        "text": "generally undulating, with deep ravines and ancient volcanic peaks"
      },
      "Reunion": {
        "text": "mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast"
      }
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "375 m"
      },
      "elevation extremes": {
        "text": "lowest point: Rhone River delta -2 m ++ highest point: Mont Blanc 4,807 m"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "to assess the possible effects of climate change on the ice and snow cap of Mont Blanc, its surface and peak have been extensively measured in recent years; these new peak measurements have exceeded the traditional height of 4,807 m and have varied between 4,808 m and 4,811 m; the actual rock summit is 4,792 m and is 40 m away from the ice-covered summit"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "metropolitan France": {
        "text": "coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, timber, arable land, fish"
      },
      "French Guiana": {
        "text": "gold deposits, petroleum, kaolin, niobium, tantalum, clay"
      }
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "52.7% ++ arable land 33.4%; permanent crops 1.8%; permanent pasture 17.5%"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "29.2%"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "18.1% (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "total": {
        "text": "26,420 sq km 26,950 sq km"
      },
      "metropolitan France": {
        "text": "26,000 sq km (2012)"
      }
    },
    "Population - distribution": {
      "text": "much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "metropolitan France": {
        "text": "flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires in south near the Mediterranean"
      },
      "overseas departments": {
        "text": "hurricanes (cyclones); flooding; volcanic activity (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion)"
      }
    },
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "some forest damage from acid rain; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, agricultural runoff"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "largest West European nation; most major French rivers - the Meuse, Seine, Loire, Charente, Dordogne, and Garonne - flow northward or westward into the Atlantic Ocean, only the Rhone flows southward into the Mediterranean Sea"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "66,836,154",
      "note": {
        "text": "the above figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233 (July 2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "French"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque minorities",
      "overseas departments": {
        "text": "black, white, mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian"
      }
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "French (official) 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)",
      "overseas departments": {
        "text": "French, Creole patois, Mahorian (a Swahili dialect)"
      }
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Christian (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic) 63-66%, Muslim 7-9%, Buddhist 0.5-0.75%, Jewish 0.5-0.75%, other 0.5-1.0%, none 23-28%",
      "note": {
        "text": "France maintains a tradition of secularism and has not officially collected data on religious affiliation since the 1872 national census, which complicates assessments of France's religious composition; an 1872 law prohibiting state authorities from collecting data on individuals' ethnicity or religious beliefs was reaffirmed by a 1978 law emphasizing the prohibition of the collection or exploitation of personal data revealing an individual's race, ethnicity, or political, philosophical, or religious opinions; a 1905 law codified France's separation of church and state (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "18.59% (male 6,354,241/female 6,070,971)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "11.8% (male 4,035,407/female 3,853,153)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "38.04% (male 12,799,923/female 12,625,781)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "12.44% (male 4,011,853/female 4,303,261)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "19.12% (male 5,510,337/female 7,271,227) (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Dependency ratios": {
      "total dependency ratio": {
        "text": "60.3%"
      },
      "youth dependency ratio": {
        "text": "29.6%"
      },
      "elderly dependency ratio": {
        "text": "30.6%"
      },
      "potential support ratio": {
        "text": "3.3% (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "41.2 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "39.5 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "42.9 years (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.41% (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "12.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "9.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "much of the population is concentrated in the north and southeast; although there are many urban agglomerations throughout the country, Paris is by far the largest city, with Lyon ranked a distant second"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "79.5% of total population (2015)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.84% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "PARIS (capital) 10.843 million; Lyon 1.609 million; Marseille-Aix-en-Provence 1.605 million; Lille 1.027 million; Nice-Cannes 967,000; Toulouse 938,000 (2015)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.05 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "1.01 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.93 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.75 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.96 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Mother's mean age at first birth": {
      "text": "28.1 (2010 est.)"
    },
    "Maternal mortality rate": {
      "text": "8 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "3.3 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "3.6 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "2.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "81.8 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "78.7 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "85.1 years (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "2.07 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Contraceptive prevalence rate": {
      "text": "76.4%",
      "note": {
        "text": "percent of women aged 20-49 (2008)"
      }
    },
    "Health expenditures": {
      "text": "11.5% of GDP (2014)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "3.19 physicians/1,000 population (2013)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "6.4 beds/1,000 population (2011)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 100% of population ++ rural: 100% of population ++ total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 0% of population ++ rural: 0% of population ++ total: 0% of population (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 98.6% of population ++ rural: 98.9% of population ++ total: 98.7% of population"
      },
      "unimproved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 1.4% of population ++ rural: 1.1% of population ++ total: 1.3% of population (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "1,500 (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Obesity - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "25.7% (2014)"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "5.5% of GDP (2013)"
    },
    "School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)": {
      "total": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "16 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "17 years (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment, youth ages 15-24": {
      "total": {
        "text": "23.2%"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "24.1%"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "22.1% (2014 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "French Republic"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "France"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Republique francaise"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "France"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "name derives from the Latin \"Francia\" meaning \"Land of the Franks\"; the Franks were a group of Germanic tribes located along the middle and lower Rhine River in the 3rd century A.D. who merged with Gallic-Roman populations in succeeding centuries and to whom they passed on their name"
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "semi-presidential republic"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Paris"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "48 52 N, 2 20 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "applies to metropolitan France only, not to its overseas departments, collectivities, or territories"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "18 regions (regions, singular - region); Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, Bourgogne-Franche-Comte (Burgundy-Free County), Bretagne (Brittany), Centre-Val de Loire (Center-Loire Valley), Corse (Corsica), Grand Est (Grand East), Guadeloupe, Guyane (French Guiana), Hauts-de-France (Upper France), Ile-de-France, Martinique, Mayotte, Normandie (Normandy), Nouvelle-Aquitaine (New Aquitaine), Occitanie (Occitania), Pays de la Loire (Lands of the Loire), Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Reunion",
      "note": {
        "text": "France is divided into 13 metropolitan regions (including the \"territorial collectivity\" of Corse or Corsica) and 5 overseas regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Reunion) and is subdivided into 96 metropolitan departments and 5 overseas departments (which are the same as the overseas regions)"
      }
    },
    "Dependent areas": {
      "text": "Clipperton Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, New Caledonia, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna",
      "note": {
        "text": "the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledonia has been considered a \"sui generis\" collectivity of France since 1998, a unique status falling between that of an independent country and a French overseas department"
      }
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "no official date of independence: 486 (Frankish tribes unified under Merovingian kingship); 10 August 843 (Western Francia established from the division of the Carolingian Empire); 14 July 1789 (French monarchy overthrown); 22 September 1792 (First French Republic founded); 4 October 1958 (Fifth French Republic established)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "Fete de la Federation, 14 July (1790); note - although often incorrectly referred to as Bastille Day, the celebration actually commemorates the holiday held on the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille (on 14 July 1789) and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy; other names for the holiday are Fete Nationale (National Holiday) and quatorze juillet (14th of July)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "many previous; latest effective 4 October 1958"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by the president of the republic (upon recommendation of the prime minister and Parliament) or by members of Parliament; proposals submitted by Parliament members require passage by both houses followed by approval in a referendum; passage of proposals submitted by the government can bypass a referendum if submitted by the president to Parliament and passed by at least three-fifths majority vote by Parliament’s National Assembly; amended many times, last in 2008 (2016)"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law; review of administrative but not legislative acts"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "at least one parent must be a citizen of France"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "yes"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "5 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "President Francois HOLLANDE (since 15 May 2012)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Prime Minister Bernard CAZENEUVE (since 6 December 2016)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Ministers appointed by the president at the suggestion of the prime minister"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 April and 6 May 2012 (next to be held in the spring of 2017); prime minister appointed by the president"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Francois HOLLANDE elected president; percent of vote in first round - Francois HOLLANDE (PS) 28.6%, Nicolas SARKOZY (UMP) 27.2%, Marine LE PEN (FN) 17.9%, Jean-Luc MELENCHON (PG) 11.1%, Francois BAYROU (moDem) 9.1%, other 6.1%; percent of vote in second round - HOLLANDE 51.6%, SARKOZY 48.4%"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (348 seats - 328 for metropolitan France and overseas departments and regions of Guadeloupe, Martinque, French Guiana, Reunion, and Mayotte, 2 for New Caledonia, 2 for French Polynesia, 1 for Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, 1 for Saint-Barthelemy, 1 for Saint-Martin, 1 for Wallis and Futuna, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members indirectly elected by departmental electoral colleges using absolute majority vote in two rounds if needed for departments with 1-3 members and proportional representation vote in departments with 4 or more members; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats - 556 for metropolitan France, 10 for overseas departments, and 11 for citizens abroad; members directly elected by absolute majority vote in two rounds if needed to serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "Senate - last held on 28 September 2014 (next to be held in September 2017); National Assembly - last held on 10 and 17 June 2012 (next to be held in June 2017)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UMP 187, PS 152, other 9; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - PS 48.5%, UMP 33.6%, miscellaneous left wing parties 3.8%, Greens 3.0%, miscellaneous right wing parties 2.6%, NC 2.1%, PRG 2.1%, FDG 1.7%, other 2.6%; seats by party - PS 280, UMP 194, miscellaneous left wing parties 22, Greens 17, miscellaneous right wing parties 15, NC 12, PRG 12, FDG 10, other 15"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation (consists of the court president, 6 divisional presiding judges, 120 trial judges, and 70 deputy judges organized into 6 divisions - 3 civil, 1 commercial, 1 labor, and 1 criminal); Constitutional Council (consists of 9 members)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Court of Cassation judges appointed by the president of the republic from nominations from the High Council of the Judiciary, presided by the Court of Cassation and 15 appointed members; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Council members appointed - 3 by the president of the republic and 3 each by the National Assembly and Senate presidents; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms with one third of the membership renewed every 3 years"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "appellate courts or Cour d'Appel; regional courts or Tribunal de Grande Instance; first instance courts or Tribunal d'instance"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Europe Ecology - The Greens or EELV [David CORMAND] ++ French Communist Party or PCF [Pierre LAURENT] ++ Left Front Coalition or FDG [Jean-Luc MELENCHON] ++ Left Party or PG [Jean-Luc MELENCHON and Martine BILLARD] ++ Left Radical Party or PRG [Sylvia PINEL] (previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG) ++ Movement for France or MPF [Philippe DE VILLIERS] ++ National Front or FN [Marine LE PEN] ++ New Anticapitalist Party or NPA [collective leadership; main spokesperson Christine POUPIN] ++ New Center or NC [Herve MORIN] ++ Radical Party [Jean-Louis BORLOO] ++ Rally for France or RPF [Igor KUREK] ++ Republican and Citizen Movement or MRC [Jean-Luc LAURENT] ++ Socialist Party or PS [Jean-Christophe CAMBADELIS] ++ The Republicans (formerly Union for a Popular Movement or UMP) [Francois FILLON] ++ Union des Democrates et Independants or UDI [Jean-Christohe LAGARDE] and Democratic Movement or MoDem [Francois BAYROU] (previously Union for French Democracy or UDF); together known as UDI-Modem ++ United Republic or RS [Dominique DE VILLEPIN] ++ Worker's Struggle (Lutte Ouvriere) or LO [collective leadership; spokespersons Nathalie ARTHAUD and Arlette LAQUILLER]"
    },
    "Political pressure groups and leaders": {
      "text": "Confederation francaise de l'encadrement - Confederation generale des cadres (French Confederation of Management - General Confederation of Executives) or CFE-CGC [Francois HOMMERIL, president] (independent white-collar union with 140,000 members) ++ Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail (French Democratic Confederation of Labor) or CFDT [Laurent BERGER, secretary general] (left-leaning labor union with approximately 875,000 members) ++ Confederation francaise des travailleurs chretiens (French Confederation of Christian Workers) or CFTC [Philippe LOUIS, president] (independent labor union founded by Catholic workers that claims 142,000 members) ++ Confederation generale du travail (General Confederation of Labor) or CGT [Philippe MARTINEZ, secretary general] (historically communist labor union with approximately 710,000 members) ++ Confederation generale du travail - Force ouvriere (General Confederation of Labor - Worker's Force) or FO [Jean-Claude MAILLY, secretary general] (independent labor union with an estimated 300,000 members) ++ Mouvement des entreprises de France or MEDEF [Pierre GATTAZ, president] (employers' union with claimed 750,000 companies as members) ++ ",
      "French Guiana": {
        "text": " ++ conservationists; gold mining pressure groups; hunting pressure groups ++ "
      },
      "Guadeloupe": {
        "text": " ++ Christian Movement for the Liberation of Guadeloupe or KLPG ++ General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers or CGT-G ++ General Union of Guadeloupe Workers or UGTG ++ Movement for an Independent Guadeloupe or MPGI ++ The Socialist Renewal Movement ++ "
      },
      "Martinique": {
        "text": " ++ Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance or ARC ++ Central Union for Martinique Workers or CSTM ++ Frantz Fanon Circle ++ League of Workers and Peasants ++ Proletarian Action Group or GAP ++ "
      },
      "Reunion": {
        "text": " ++ NA"
      }
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, FZ, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNSC (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Gerard ARAUD (since 18 September 2014)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 944-6000"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[1] (202) 944-6166"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Washington DC"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Jane D. HARTLEY (since 5 November 2014); note - also accredited to Monaco"
      },
      "embassy": {
        "text": "2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris Cedex 08"
      },
      "mailing address": {
        "text": "PSC 116, APO AE 09777"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "[33] (1) 43-12-22-22"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "[33] (1) 42 66 97 83"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "Marseille, Strasbourg"
      }
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as the \"Le drapeau tricolore\" (French Tricolor), the origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution when the \"ancient French color\" of white was combined with the blue and red colors of the Parisian militia; the official flag for all French dependent areas",
      "note": {
        "text": "the design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands"
      }
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "Gallic rooster, fleur-de-lis, Marianne (female personification); national colors: blue, white, red"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"La Marseillaise\" (The Song of Marseille)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Claude-Joseph ROUGET de Lisle"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "adopted 1795, restored 1870; originally known as \"Chant de Guerre pour l'Armee du Rhin\" (War Song for the Army of the Rhine), the National Guard of Marseille made the song famous by singing it while marching into Paris in 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economy - overview": {
      "text": "The French economy is diversified across all sectors. The government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and Thales. However, the government maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. With more than 84 million foreign tourists per year, France is the most visited country in the world and maintains the third largest income in the world from tourism. France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that mitigate economic inequality. ++  ++ France's real GDP increased by 1.1% in 2015. The unemployment rate (including overseas territories) increased from 7.8% in 2008 to 9.9% in the fourth quarter of 2014. Youth unemployment in metropolitan France decreased from a high of 25.4% in the fourth quarter of 2012 to 24.3% in the fourth quarter of 2014. ++  ++ Lower-than-expected growth and high spending have strained France's public finances. The budget deficit rose sharply from 3.3% of GDP in 2008 to 7.5% of GDP in 2009 before improving to 4% of GDP in 2014 and 2015, while France's public debt rose from 68% of GDP to more than 98% in 2015, and may hit 100% in 2016. ++  ++ Elected on a conventionally leftist platform, President Francois HOLLANDE surprised and angered many supporters with a January 2014 speech announcing a sharp change in his economic policy, recasting himself as a liberalizing reformer. The government's budget for 2014 shifted the balance of fiscal consolidation from taxes to a total of $24 billion in spending cuts. In December 2014, HOLLANDE announced additional reforms, including a plan to extend commercial business hours, liberalize professional services, and sell off $6.2-12.4 billion in state owned assets. France’s tax burden remains well above the EU average and income tax cuts over the past decade are being partly reversed, particularly for higher earners. The top rate of income tax is 41%. The government is allowing a 75% payroll tax on salaries over $1.24 million to lapse."
    },
    "GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "text": "$2.737 trillion (2016 est.) ++ $2.701 trillion (2015 est.) ++ $2.667 trillion (2014 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
      }
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$2.488 trillion (2015 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - real growth rate": {
      "text": "1.3% (2016 est.) ++ 1.3% (2015 est.) ++ 0.6% (2014 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
      "text": "$42,400 (2016 est.) ++ $42,000 (2015 est.) ++ $41,700 (2014 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "data are in 2016 dollars"
      }
    },
    "Gross national saving": {
      "text": "21.9% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 22.2% of GDP (2015 est.) ++ 21.4% of GDP (2014 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by end use": {
      "household consumption": {
        "text": "54.8%"
      },
      "government consumption": {
        "text": "23.8%"
      },
      "investment in fixed capital": {
        "text": "21.8%"
      },
      "investment in inventories": {
        "text": "0.7%"
      },
      "exports of goods and services": {
        "text": "29.9%"
      },
      "imports of goods and services": {
        "text": "-31% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "1.7%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "19.4%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "78.8% (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Agriculture - products": {
      "text": "wheat, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; beef, dairy products; fish"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics; textiles, food processing; tourism"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "1% (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "30.48 million (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "3%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "21.3%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "75.7% (2013 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "text": "9.7% (2016 est.) ++ 10.1% (2015 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "includes overseas territories"
      }
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "8.1% (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "3.6%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "25.4% (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Distribution of family income - Gini index": {
      "text": "30.1 (2013) ++ 30.5 (2012)"
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$1.288 trillion"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$1.369 trillion (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "51.8% of GDP (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-3.2% of GDP (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Public debt": {
      "text": "96.5% of GDP (2016 est.) ++ 96.2% of GDP (2015 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as int"
      }
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "text": "0.3% (2016 est.) ++ 0.1% (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Central bank discount rate": {
      "text": "0.05% (31 December 2014) ++ 0.25% (31 December 2013)",
      "note": {
        "text": "this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area"
      }
    },
    "Commercial bank prime lending rate": {
      "text": "2% (31 December 2016 est.) ++ 1.93% (31 December 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of narrow money": {
      "text": "$1.144 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.079 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of"
      }
    },
    "Stock of broad money": {
      "text": "$2.541 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.771 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of domestic credit": {
      "text": "$3.64 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $3.528 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Market value of publicly traded shares": {
      "text": "$2.088 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $2.086 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) ++ $2.301 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)"
    },
    "Current account balance": {
      "text": "-$11.52 billion (2016 est.) ++ -$4.832 billion (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "text": "$505.4 billion (2016 est.) ++ $510.5 billion (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Exports - commodities": {
      "text": "machinery and transportation equipment, aircraft, plastics, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages"
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 15.9%, Spain 7.3%, US 7.2%, Italy 7.1%, UK 7.1%, Belgium 6.8% (2015)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "text": "$525.4 billion (2016 est.) ++ $537.5 billion (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Imports - commodities": {
      "text": "machinery and equipment, vehicles, crude oil, aircraft, plastics, chemicals"
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Germany 19.5%, Belgium 10.7%, Italy 7.7%, Netherlands 7.5%, Spain 6.8%, US 5.5%, China 5.4%, UK 4.3% (2015)"
    },
    "Reserves of foreign exchange and gold": {
      "text": "$138.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.) ++ $143.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "text": "$5.36 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) ++ $5.25 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of direct foreign investment - at home": {
      "text": "$796.8 billion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $773.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad": {
      "text": "$1.339 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) ++ $1.316 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.7752 (2012 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Energy": {
    "Electricity - production": {
      "text": "534 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - consumption": {
      "text": "431 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - exports": {
      "text": "75 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - imports": {
      "text": "7.9 billion kWh (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - installed generating capacity": {
      "text": "129 million kW (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from fossil fuels": {
      "text": "20.3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from nuclear fuels": {
      "text": "48.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from hydroelectric plants": {
      "text": "14.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Electricity - from other renewable sources": {
      "text": "11.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - production": {
      "text": "16,670 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - exports": {
      "text": "21,960 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - imports": {
      "text": "1.174 million bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Crude oil - proved reserves": {
      "text": "84.08 million bbl (1 January 2016 es)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - production": {
      "text": "1.277 million bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - consumption": {
      "text": "1.691 million bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - exports": {
      "text": "444,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Refined petroleum products - imports": {
      "text": "866,500 bbl/day (2015 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - production": {
      "text": "17 million cu m (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - consumption": {
      "text": "36.72 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - exports": {
      "text": "7.077 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - imports": {
      "text": "45.13 billion cu m (2014 est.)"
    },
    "Natural gas - proved reserves": {
      "text": "8.75 billion cu m (1 January 2016 es)"
    },
    "Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy": {
      "text": "385.6 million Mt (2013 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "38.929 million"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "58 (July 2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total": {
        "text": "66.681 million"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "100 (July 2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephone system": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "highly developed"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "extensive cable and microwave radio relay; extensive use of fiber-optic cable; domestic satellite system"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 33; numerous submarine cables provide links throughout Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and US; satellite earth stations - more than 3 (2 Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsa"
      },
      "overseas departments": {
        "text": "country codes: French Guiana - 594; Guadeloupe - 590; Martinique - 596; Mayotte - 262; Reunion - 262 (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "a mix of both publicly operated and privately owned TV stations; state-owned France television stations operate 4 networks, one of which is a network of regional stations, and has part-interest in several thematic cable/satellite channels and internationa (2008)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": "metropolitan France - .fr; French Guiana - .gf; Guadeloupe - .gp; Martinique - .mq; Mayotte - .yt; Reunion - .re"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "56.367 million"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "84.7% (July 2015 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "National air transport system": {
      "number of registered air carriers": {
        "text": "30"
      },
      "inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers": {
        "text": "485"
      },
      "annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "65,039,503"
      },
      "annual freight traffic on registered air carriers": {
        "text": "4,098.31 million mt-km (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "F (2016)"
    },
    "Airports": {
      "text": "464 (2013)"
    },
    "Airports - with paved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "294"
      },
      "over 3,047 m": {
        "text": "14"
      },
      "2,438 to 3,047 m": {
        "text": "25"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "97"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "83"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "75 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Airports - with unpaved runways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "170"
      },
      "1,524 to 2,437 m": {
        "text": "1"
      },
      "914 to 1,523 m": {
        "text": "64"
      },
      "under 914 m": {
        "text": "105 (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2013)"
    },
    "Pipelines": {
      "text": "gas 15,322 km; oil 2,939 km; refined products 5,084 km (2013)"
    },
    "Railways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "29,640 km"
      },
      "standard gauge": {
        "text": "29,473 km 1.435-m gauge (15,561 km electrified)"
      },
      "narrow gauge": {
        "text": "167 km 1.000-m gauge (63 km electrified) (2014)"
      }
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1,028,446 km (metropolitan France)"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "1,028,446 km (includes 11,416 km of expressways)"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "not included are 5,100 km of roadways in overseas departments (2010)"
      }
    },
    "Waterways": {
      "metropolitan France": {
        "text": "8,501 km (1,621 km navigable by craft up to 3,000 metric tons) (2010)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "total": {
        "text": "162"
      },
      "by type": {
        "text": "bulk carrier 3, cargo 7, chemical tanker 34, container 27, liquefied gas 12, passenger 10, passenger/cargo 41, petroleum tanker 16, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 11"
      },
      "foreign-owned": {
        "text": "50 (Belgium 7, Bermuda 5, Denmark 11, French Polynesia 11, Germany 1, New Caledonia 3, Singapore 3, Sweden 4, Switzerland 5)"
      },
      "registered in other countries": {
        "text": "151 (Bahamas 15, Belgium 7, Bermuda 1, Canada 1, Cyprus 16, Egypt 1, Hong Kong 4, Indonesia 1, Ireland 2, Italy 2, Luxembourg 15, Malta 8, Marshall Islands 7, Mexico 1, Morocco 3, Netherlands 2, Norway 5, Panama 7, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2, Singapor (2010)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Brest, Calais, Dunkerque, Le Havre, Marseille, Nantes,"
      },
      "river port(s)": {
        "text": "Paris, Rouen (Seine); Strasbourg (Rhine); Bordeaux (Garronne)"
      },
      "container port(s)": {
        "text": "Le Havre (2,215,262)(2011)"
      },
      "cruise/ferry port(s)": {
        "text": "Calais, Cherbourg, Le Havre"
      },
      "LNG terminal(s) (import)": {
        "text": "Fos Cavaou, Fos Tonkin, Montoir de Bretagne"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military branches": {
      "text": "Army (Armee de Terre; includes Marines, Foreign Legion, Army Light Aviation), Navy (Marine Nationale), Air Force (Armee de l'Air (AdlA); includes Air Defense) (2011)"
    },
    "Military service age and obligation": {
      "text": "18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; no conscription; 1-year service obligation; women serve in noncombat posts (2013)"
    },
    "Military expenditures": {
      "text": "1.8% of GDP (2014) ++ 1.9% of GDP (2013) ++ 1.9% of GDP (2012)"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "Madagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia"
    },
    "Refugees and internally displaced persons": {
      "refugees (country of origin)": {
        "text": "24,220 (Sri Lanka); 14,195 (Russia); 14,182 (Democratic Republic of the Congo); 12,500 (Serbia and Kosovo); 11,824 (Cambodia); 10,652 (Turkey); 8,132 (Vietnam); 6,944 (Laos); 6,005 (Guinea); 5,179 (Syria); 5,006 (Mauritania) (2015)"
      },
      "stateless persons": {
        "text": "1,326 (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Illicit drugs": {
      "metropolitan France": {
        "text": "transshipment point for South American cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics"
      },
      "French Guiana": {
        "text": "small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption; minor transshipment point to Europe"
      },
      "Martinique": {
        "text": "transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for the US and Europe"
      }
    }
  }
}