{
  "Introduction": {
    "Background": {
      "text": "The Genoese built a fortress on the site of present day Monaco in 1215. The current ruling GRIMALDI family first seized temporary control in 1297, and again in 1331, but was not able to permanently secure its holding until 1419. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since then, the principality's mild climate, splendid scenery, and gambling facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center."
    }
  },
  "Geography": {
    "Location": {
      "text": "Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy"
    },
    "Geographic coordinates": {
      "text": "43 44 N, 7 24 E"
    },
    "Map references": {
      "text": "Europe"
    },
    "Area": {
      "total": {
        "text": "2 sq km"
      },
      "land": {
        "text": "2 sq km"
      },
      "water": {
        "text": "0 sq km"
      }
    },
    "Area - comparative": {
      "text": "about three times the size of the National Mall in Washington, DC"
    },
    "Land boundaries": {
      "total": {
        "text": "6 km"
      },
      "border countries": {
        "text": "France 6 km"
      }
    },
    "Coastline": {
      "text": "4.1 km"
    },
    "Maritime claims": {
      "territorial sea": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      },
      "exclusive economic zone": {
        "text": "12 nm"
      }
    },
    "Climate": {
      "text": "Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers"
    },
    "Terrain": {
      "text": "hilly, rugged, rocky"
    },
    "Elevation": {
      "mean elevation": {
        "text": "NA"
      },
      "elevation extremes": {
        "text": "lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m ++ highest point: Mont Agel 140 m"
      }
    },
    "Natural resources": {
      "text": "none"
    },
    "Land use": {
      "agricultural land": {
        "text": "1% ++ arable land 0%; permanent crops 1%; permanent pasture 0%"
      },
      "forest": {
        "text": "0%"
      },
      "other": {
        "text": "99% (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Irrigated land": {
      "text": "0 sq km (2012)"
    },
    "Population - distribution": {
      "text": "the most densely populated country in the world; its entire population living on 2 square km"
    },
    "Natural hazards": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Environment - current issues": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Environment - international agreements": {
      "party to": {
        "text": "Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling"
      },
      "signed, but not ratified": {
        "text": "none of the selected agreements"
      }
    },
    "Geography - note": {
      "text": "second-smallest independent state in the world (after the Holy See); smallest country with a coastline; almost entirely urban"
    }
  },
  "People and Society": {
    "Population": {
      "text": "30,581 (July 2016 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "immigrants make up more than 55% of the total population, according to UN data (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Nationality": {
      "noun": {
        "text": "Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s)"
      },
      "adjective": {
        "text": "Monegasque or Monacan"
      }
    },
    "Ethnic groups": {
      "text": "French (official) 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%"
    },
    "Languages": {
      "text": "French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque"
    },
    "Religions": {
      "text": "Roman Catholic 90% (official), other 10%"
    },
    "Age structure": {
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "11.08% (male 1,744/female 1,644)"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "9.13% (male 1,439/female 1,352)"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "33.68% (male 5,162/female 5,137)"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "14.79% (male 2,253/female 2,270)"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "31.33% (male 4,269/female 5,311) (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Median age": {
      "total": {
        "text": "52.4 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "51.1 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "53.7 years (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Population growth rate": {
      "text": "0.18% (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Birth rate": {
      "text": "6.6 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Death rate": {
      "text": "9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Net migration rate": {
      "text": "4.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Population distribution": {
      "text": "the most densely populated country in the world; its entire population living on 2 square km"
    },
    "Urbanization": {
      "urban population": {
        "text": "100% of total population (2015)"
      },
      "rate of urbanization": {
        "text": "0.79% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Major urban areas - population": {
      "text": "MONACO (capital) 38,000 (2014)"
    },
    "Sex ratio": {
      "at birth": {
        "text": "1.04 male(s)/female"
      },
      "0-14 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "15-24 years": {
        "text": "1.06 male(s)/female"
      },
      "25-54 years": {
        "text": "1 male(s)/female"
      },
      "55-64 years": {
        "text": "0.99 male(s)/female"
      },
      "65 years and over": {
        "text": "0.81 male(s)/female"
      },
      "total population": {
        "text": "0.95 male(s)/female (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Infant mortality rate": {
      "total": {
        "text": "1.8 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "2.1 deaths/1,000 live births"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "1.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Life expectancy at birth": {
      "total population": {
        "text": "89.5 years"
      },
      "male": {
        "text": "85.6 years"
      },
      "female": {
        "text": "93.5 years (2016 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Total fertility rate": {
      "text": "1.53 children born/woman (2016 est.)"
    },
    "Health expenditures": {
      "text": "4.3% of GDP (2014)"
    },
    "Physicians density": {
      "text": "7.17 physicians/1,000 population (2012)"
    },
    "Hospital bed density": {
      "text": "13.8 beds/1,000 population (2012)"
    },
    "Drinking water source": {
      "improved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 100% of population ++ total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 0% of population ++ total: 0% of population (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Sanitation facility access": {
      "improved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 100% of population ++ rural: NA ++ total: 100% of population"
      },
      "unimproved": {
        "text": " ++ urban: 0% of population ++ rural: NA ++ total: 0% of population (2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "HIV/AIDS - deaths": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "Education expenditures": {
      "text": "1% of GDP (2014)"
    }
  },
  "Government": {
    "Country name": {
      "conventional long form": {
        "text": "Principality of Monaco"
      },
      "conventional short form": {
        "text": "Monaco"
      },
      "local long form": {
        "text": "Principaute de Monaco"
      },
      "local short form": {
        "text": "Monaco"
      },
      "etymology": {
        "text": "founded as a Greek colony in the 6th century B.C., the name derives from two Greek words \"monos\" (single, alone) and \"oikos\" (house) to convey the sense of a people \"living apart\" or in a \"single habitation\""
      }
    },
    "Government type": {
      "text": "constitutional monarchy"
    },
    "Capital": {
      "name": {
        "text": "Monaco"
      },
      "geographic coordinates": {
        "text": "43 44 N, 7 25 E"
      },
      "time difference": {
        "text": "UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)"
      },
      "daylight saving time": {
        "text": "+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October"
      }
    },
    "Administrative divisions": {
      "text": "none; there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 4 quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo; note - Moneghetti, a part of La Condamine, is sometimes called the 5th quarter of Monaco"
    },
    "Independence": {
      "text": "1419 (beginning of permanent rule by the House of GRIMALDI)"
    },
    "National holiday": {
      "text": "National Day (Saint Rainier's Day), 19 November (1857)"
    },
    "Constitution": {
      "history": {
        "text": "previous 1911 (suspended 1959); latest adopted 17 December 1962"
      },
      "amendments": {
        "text": "proposed by joint agreement of the chief of state (the prince) and the National Council; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of National Council members; amended 2002 (2016)"
      }
    },
    "Legal system": {
      "text": "civil law system influenced by French legal tradition"
    },
    "International law organization participation": {
      "text": "has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt"
    },
    "Citizenship": {
      "citizenship by birth": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "citizenship by descent only": {
        "text": "the father must be a citizen of Monaco; in the case of a child born out of wedlock, the mother must be a citizen and father unknown"
      },
      "dual citizenship recognized": {
        "text": "no"
      },
      "residency requirement for naturalization": {
        "text": "10 years"
      }
    },
    "Suffrage": {
      "text": "18 years of age; universal"
    },
    "Executive branch": {
      "chief of state": {
        "text": "Prince ALBERT II (since 6 April 2005)"
      },
      "head of government": {
        "text": "Minister of State Serge TELLE (since 1 February 2016)"
      },
      "cabinet": {
        "text": "Council of Government under the authority of the monarch"
      },
      "elections/appointments": {
        "text": "the monarchy is hereditary; minister of state appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national candidates presented by the French Government"
      }
    },
    "Legislative branch": {
      "description": {
        "text": "unicameral National Council or Conseil National (24 seats; 16 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 8 directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)"
      },
      "elections": {
        "text": "last held on 10 February 2013 (next to be held in February 2018)"
      },
      "election results": {
        "text": "percent of vote by party - Horizon Monaco 50.3%, Union Monegasque 39%, Renaissance 10.7%; seats by party - Horizon Monaco 20, Union Monegasque 3, Renaissance 1"
      }
    },
    "Judicial branch": {
      "highest court(s)": {
        "text": "Supreme Court (consists of 5 permanent members and 2 substitutes)"
      },
      "judge selection and term of office": {
        "text": "Supreme Court members appointed by the monarch upon the proposals of the National Council, State Council, Crown Council, Court of Appeal, and Trial Court"
      },
      "subordinate courts": {
        "text": "Court of Appeal; Civil Court of First Instance"
      }
    },
    "Political parties and leaders": {
      "text": "Horizon Monaco [Laurent NOUVION] ++ Renaissance [SBM (public corporation)] ++ Union Monegasque [Jean-Francois ROBILLON]"
    },
    "Political pressure groups and leaders": {
      "text": "NA"
    },
    "International organization participation": {
      "text": "CD, CE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ITSO, ITU, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO"
    },
    "Diplomatic representation in the US": {
      "chief of mission": {
        "text": "Ambassador Maguy MACCARIO-DOYLE (since 3 December 2013)"
      },
      "chancery": {
        "text": "3400 International Drive NW, Suite 2K-100, Washington, DC 20008"
      },
      "telephone": {
        "text": "(202) 234-1530"
      },
      "FAX": {
        "text": "(202) 244-7656"
      },
      "consulate(s) general": {
        "text": "New York"
      }
    },
    "Diplomatic representation from the US": {
      "text": "the US does not have an embassy in Monaco; the US Ambassador to France is accredited to Monaco; the US Consul General in Marseille (France), under the authority of the US ambassador to France, handles diplomatic and consular matters concerning Monaco"
    },
    "Flag description": {
      "text": "two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors are those of the ruling House of Grimaldi and have been in use since 1339, making the flag one of the world's oldest national banners",
      "note": {
        "text": "similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red"
      }
    },
    "National symbol(s)": {
      "text": "red and white lozenges (diamond shapes); national colors: red, white"
    },
    "National anthem": {
      "name": {
        "text": "\"A Marcia de Muneghu\" (The March of Monaco)"
      },
      "lyrics/music": {
        "text": "Louis NOTARI/Charles ALBRECHT"
      },
      "note": {
        "text": "music adopted 1867, lyrics adopted 1931; although French is commonly spoken, only the Monegasque lyrics are official; the French version is known as \"Hymne Monegasque\" (Monegasque Anthem); the words are generally only sung on official occasions"
      }
    }
  },
  "Economy": {
    "Economy - overview": {
      "text": "Monaco, bordering France on the Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The principality also is a banking center and has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state retains monopolies in a number of sectors, including tobacco, the telephone network, and the postal service. Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas. ++  ++ The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. Monaco, however, is not a tax-free shelter; it charges nearly 20% value-added tax, collects stamp duties, and companies face a 33% tax on profits unless they can show that three-quarters of profits are generated within the principality. Monaco was formally removed from the OECD's \"grey list\" of uncooperative tax jurisdictions in late 2009, but continues to face international pressure to abandon its banking secrecy laws and help combat tax evasion. In October 2014, Monaco officially became the 84th jurisdiction participating in the OECD’s Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters, an effort to combat offshore tax avoidance and evasion. ++  ++ Monaco's reliance on tourism and banking for its economic growth has left it vulnerable to a downturn in France and other European economies which are the principality's main trade partners. In 2009, Monaco's GDP fell by 11.5% as the euro-zone crisis precipitated a sharp drop in tourism and retail activity and home sales. A modest recovery ensued in 2010 and intensified in 2013, with GDP growth of more than 9%, but Monaco's economic prospects remain uncertain, and tied to future euro-zone growth."
    },
    "GDP (purchasing power parity)": {
      "text": "$6.79 billion (2013 est.) ++ $6.213 billion (2012 est.) ++ $5.748 billion (2011 est.)",
      "note": {
        "text": "data are in 2012 US dollars"
      }
    },
    "GDP (official exchange rate)": {
      "text": "$6.063 billion (2013 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - real growth rate": {
      "text": "9.3% (2013 est.) ++ 1.2% (2012 est.) ++ 7% (2011 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - per capita (PPP)": {
      "text": "$78,700 (2013 est.) ++ $73,200 (2012 est.) ++ $72,600 (2011 est.)"
    },
    "GDP - composition, by sector of origin": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "0%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "14%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "86% (2013)"
      }
    },
    "Agriculture - products": {
      "text": "none"
    },
    "Industries": {
      "text": "banking, insurance, tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer products"
    },
    "Industrial production growth rate": {
      "text": "20% (2013)"
    },
    "Labor force": {
      "text": "52,000",
      "note": {
        "text": "includes all foreign workers (2014 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Labor force - by occupation": {
      "agriculture": {
        "text": "0%"
      },
      "industry": {
        "text": "16.1%"
      },
      "services": {
        "text": "83.9% (2012 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Unemployment rate": {
      "text": "2% (2012)"
    },
    "Population below poverty line": {
      "text": "NA%"
    },
    "Household income or consumption by percentage share": {
      "lowest 10%": {
        "text": "NA%"
      },
      "highest 10%": {
        "text": "NA%"
      }
    },
    "Budget": {
      "revenues": {
        "text": "$914.5 million"
      },
      "expenditures": {
        "text": "$973 million (2011 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Taxes and other revenues": {
      "text": "17.7% of GDP (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)": {
      "text": "-1.1% of GDP (2011 est.)"
    },
    "Fiscal year": {
      "text": "calendar year"
    },
    "Inflation rate (consumer prices)": {
      "text": "1.5% (2010)"
    },
    "Market value of publicly traded shares": {
      "text": "$NA"
    },
    "Exports": {
      "text": "$1.115 billion (2011) ++ $684.9 million (2010)",
      "note": {
        "text": "full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France"
      }
    },
    "Exports - partners": {
      "text": "Europe 73.2%, Africa 14.6%, America 5.2%, Asia 4.9% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Imports": {
      "text": "$1.162 billion (2011) ++ $850.2 million (2010)",
      "note": {
        "text": "full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France"
      }
    },
    "Imports - partners": {
      "text": "Europe 70.4%, Asia 20.8%, America 4.4%, Africa 4.1% (2013 est.)"
    },
    "Debt - external": {
      "text": "$NA"
    },
    "Exchange rates": {
      "text": "euros (EUR) per US dollar - ++ 0.9214 (2016 est.) ++ 0.885 (2015 est.) ++ 0.885 (2014 est.) ++ 0.7634 (2013 est.) ++ 0.78 (2012 est.)"
    }
  },
  "Communications": {
    "Telephones - fixed lines": {
      "total subscriptions": {
        "text": "49,085"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "130 (July 2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephones - mobile cellular": {
      "total": {
        "text": "34,000"
      },
      "subscriptions per 100 inhabitants": {
        "text": "90 (July 2015 est.)"
      }
    },
    "Telephone system": {
      "general assessment": {
        "text": "modern automatic telephone system; the country's sole fixed-line operator offers a full range of services to residential and business customers"
      },
      "domestic": {
        "text": "combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity exceeds 200 per 100 persons"
      },
      "international": {
        "text": "country code - 377; no satellite earth stations; connected by cable into the French communications system (2015)"
      }
    },
    "Broadcast media": {
      "text": "TV Monte-Carlo operates a TV network; cable TV available; Radio Monte-Carlo has extensive radio networks in France and Italy with French-language broadcasts to France beginning in the 1960s and Italian-language broadcasts to Italy beginning in the 1970s; (2012)"
    },
    "Internet country code": {
      "text": ".mc"
    },
    "Internet users": {
      "total": {
        "text": "35,000"
      },
      "percent of population": {
        "text": "93.4% (July 2015 est.)"
      }
    }
  },
  "Transportation": {
    "Civil aircraft registration country code prefix": {
      "text": "3A (2016)"
    },
    "Heliports": {
      "text": "1 (2012)"
    },
    "Roadways": {
      "total": {
        "text": "77 km"
      },
      "paved": {
        "text": "77 km (2010)"
      }
    },
    "Merchant marine": {
      "registered in other countries": {
        "text": "64 (Bahamas 8, Bermuda 2, Liberia 8, Malta 3, Marshall Islands 30, Panama 11, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2) (2010)"
      }
    },
    "Ports and terminals": {
      "major seaport(s)": {
        "text": "Monaco"
      }
    }
  },
  "Military and Security": {
    "Military branches": {
      "text": "no regular military forces; Directorate of Public Security (2012)"
    },
    "Military - note": {
      "text": "defense is the responsibility of France"
    }
  },
  "Transnational Issues": {
    "Disputes - international": {
      "text": "none"
    }
  }
}