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S13-Words-for-the-Future-no.../nltk-pos-tagger.ipynb

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adding 3 nltk notebooks
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{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# NLTK - Part of Speech"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 2,
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"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"import nltk\n",
"import random"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 3,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"To complicate things even further, computer science has its own understanding of “operational semantics” in programming languages, for example in the construction of a programming language interpreter or compiler.\n",
"\n"
]
}
],
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"source": [
"lines = open('txt/language.txt').readlines()\n",
"sentence = random.choice(lines)\n",
"print(sentence)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Tokens"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 4,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"['To', 'complicate', 'things', 'even', 'further', ',', 'computer', 'science', 'has', 'its', 'own', 'understanding', 'of', '“', 'operational', 'semantics', '”', 'in', 'programming', 'languages', ',', 'for', 'example', 'in', 'the', 'construction', 'of', 'a', 'programming', 'language', 'interpreter', 'or', 'compiler', '.']\n"
]
}
],
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"source": [
"tokens = nltk.word_tokenize(sentence)\n",
"print(tokens)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Part of Speech \"tags\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 5,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[('To', 'TO'), ('complicate', 'VB'), ('things', 'NNS'), ('even', 'RB'), ('further', 'RB'), (',', ','), ('computer', 'NN'), ('science', 'NN'), ('has', 'VBZ'), ('its', 'PRP$'), ('own', 'JJ'), ('understanding', 'NN'), ('of', 'IN'), ('“', 'NNP'), ('operational', 'JJ'), ('semantics', 'NNS'), ('”', 'VBP'), ('in', 'IN'), ('programming', 'NN'), ('languages', 'NNS'), (',', ','), ('for', 'IN'), ('example', 'NN'), ('in', 'IN'), ('the', 'DT'), ('construction', 'NN'), ('of', 'IN'), ('a', 'DT'), ('programming', 'JJ'), ('language', 'NN'), ('interpreter', 'NN'), ('or', 'CC'), ('compiler', 'NN'), ('.', '.')]\n"
]
}
],
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"source": [
"tagged = nltk.pos_tag(tokens)\n",
"print(tagged)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Now, you could select for example all the type of **verbs**:"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 6,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"['complicate', 'has', '”']\n"
]
}
],
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"source": [
"selection = []\n",
"\n",
"for word, tag in tagged:\n",
" if 'VB' in tag:\n",
" selection.append(word)\n",
"\n",
"print(selection)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### Where do these tags come from?"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"> An off-the-shelf tagger is available for English. It uses the Penn Treebank tagset.\n",
"\n",
"From: http://www.nltk.org/api/nltk.tag.html#module-nltk.tag"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"> NLTK provides documentation for each tag, which can be queried using the tag, e.g. nltk.help.upenn_tagset('RB').\n",
"\n",
"From: http://www.nltk.org/book_1ed/ch05.html"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"PRP: pronoun, personal\n",
" hers herself him himself hisself it itself me myself one oneself ours\n",
" ourselves ownself self she thee theirs them themselves they thou thy us\n"
]
}
],
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"source": [
"nltk.help.upenn_tagset('PRP')"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"------------"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"An alphabetical list of part-of-speech tags used in the Penn Treebank Project ([link](https://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/penn_treebank_pos.html)):\n",
"\n",
"<table cellspacing=\"2\" cellpadding=\"2\" border=\"0\">\n",
" <tbody><tr bgcolor=\"#DFDFFF\" align=\"none\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> \n",
" <div align=\"left\">Number</div>\n",
" </td>\n",
" <td> \n",
" <div align=\"left\">Tag</div>\n",
" </td>\n",
" <td> \n",
" <div align=\"left\">Description</div>\n",
" </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 1. </td>\n",
" <td>CC </td>\n",
" <td>Coordinating conjunction </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 2. </td>\n",
" <td>CD </td>\n",
" <td>Cardinal number </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 3. </td>\n",
" <td>DT </td>\n",
" <td>Determiner </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 4. </td>\n",
" <td>EX </td>\n",
" <td>Existential <i>there<i> </i></i></td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 5. </td>\n",
" <td>FW </td>\n",
" <td>Foreign word </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 6. </td>\n",
" <td>IN </td>\n",
" <td>Preposition or subordinating conjunction </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 7. </td>\n",
" <td>JJ </td>\n",
" <td>Adjective </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 8. </td>\n",
" <td>JJR </td>\n",
" <td>Adjective, comparative </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 9. </td>\n",
" <td>JJS </td>\n",
" <td>Adjective, superlative </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 10. </td>\n",
" <td>LS </td>\n",
" <td>List item marker </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 11. </td>\n",
" <td>MD </td>\n",
" <td>Modal </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 12. </td>\n",
" <td>NN </td>\n",
" <td>Noun, singular or mass </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 13. </td>\n",
" <td>NNS </td>\n",
" <td>Noun, plural </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 14. </td>\n",
" <td>NNP </td>\n",
" <td>Proper noun, singular </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 15. </td>\n",
" <td>NNPS </td>\n",
" <td>Proper noun, plural </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 16. </td>\n",
" <td>PDT </td>\n",
" <td>Predeterminer </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 17. </td>\n",
" <td>POS </td>\n",
" <td>Possessive ending </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 18. </td>\n",
" <td>PRP </td>\n",
" <td>Personal pronoun </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 19. </td>\n",
" <td>PRP\\$ </td>\n",
" <td>Possessive pronoun </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 20. </td>\n",
" <td>RB </td>\n",
" <td>Adverb </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 21. </td>\n",
" <td>RBR </td>\n",
" <td>Adverb, comparative </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 22. </td>\n",
" <td>RBS </td>\n",
" <td>Adverb, superlative </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 23. </td>\n",
" <td>RP </td>\n",
" <td>Particle </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 24. </td>\n",
" <td>SYM </td>\n",
" <td>Symbol </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 25. </td>\n",
" <td>TO </td>\n",
" <td><i>to</i> </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 26. </td>\n",
" <td>UH </td>\n",
" <td>Interjection </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 27. </td>\n",
" <td>VB </td>\n",
" <td>Verb, base form </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 28. </td>\n",
" <td>VBD </td>\n",
" <td>Verb, past tense </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 29. </td>\n",
" <td>VBG </td>\n",
" <td>Verb, gerund or present participle </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 30. </td>\n",
" <td>VBN </td>\n",
" <td>Verb, past participle </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 31. </td>\n",
" <td>VBP </td>\n",
" <td>Verb, non-3rd person singular present </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 32. </td>\n",
" <td>VBZ </td>\n",
" <td>Verb, 3rd person singular present </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 33. </td>\n",
" <td>WDT </td>\n",
" <td>Wh-determiner </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 34. </td>\n",
" <td>WP </td>\n",
" <td>Wh-pronoun </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 35. </td>\n",
" <td>WP$ </td>\n",
" <td>Possessive wh-pronoun </td>\n",
" </tr>\n",
" <tr bgcolor=\"#FFFFCA\"> \n",
" <td align=\"none\"> 36. </td>\n",
" <td>WRB </td>\n",
" <td>Wh-adverb \n",
"</td></tr></tbody></table>"
]
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},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Applying to an entire text"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 8,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"language = open('txt/language.txt').read()\n",
"tokens = nltk.word_tokenize(language)\n",
"tagged = nltk.pos_tag(tokens)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 9,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"[('Language', 'NN'),\n",
" ('Florian', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('Cramer', 'NNP'),\n",
" ('Software', 'NNP'),\n",
" ('and', 'CC'),\n",
" ('language', 'NN'),\n",
" ('are', 'VBP'),\n",
" ('intrinsically', 'RB'),\n",
" ('related', 'VBN'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('since', 'IN'),\n",
" ('software', 'NN'),\n",
" ('may', 'MD'),\n",
" ('process', 'VB'),\n",
" ('language', 'NN'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('and', 'CC'),\n",
" ('is', 'VBZ'),\n",
" ('constructed', 'VBN'),\n",
" ('in', 'IN'),\n",
" ('language', 'NN'),\n",
" ('.', '.'),\n",
" ('Yet', 'CC'),\n",
" ('language', 'NN'),\n",
" ('means', 'VBZ'),\n",
" ('different', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('things', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('in', 'IN'),\n",
" ('the', 'DT'),\n",
" ('context', 'NN'),\n",
" ('of', 'IN'),\n",
" ('computing', 'VBG'),\n",
" (':', ':'),\n",
" ('formal', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('languages', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('in', 'IN'),\n",
" ('which', 'WDT'),\n",
" ('algorithms', 'EX'),\n",
" ('are', 'VBP'),\n",
" ('expressed', 'VBN'),\n",
" ('and', 'CC'),\n",
" ('software', 'NN'),\n",
" ('is', 'VBZ'),\n",
" ('implemented', 'VBN'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('and', 'CC'),\n",
" ('in', 'IN'),\n",
" ('so-called', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('“', 'NNP'),\n",
" ('natural', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('”', 'NNP'),\n",
" ('spoken', 'NN'),\n",
" ('languages', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('.', '.'),\n",
" ('There', 'EX'),\n",
" ('are', 'VBP'),\n",
" ('at', 'IN'),\n",
" ('least', 'JJS'),\n",
" ('two', 'CD'),\n",
" ('layers', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('of', 'IN'),\n",
" ('formal', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('language', 'NN'),\n",
" ('in', 'IN'),\n",
" ('software', 'NN'),\n",
" (':', ':'),\n",
" ('programming', 'NN'),\n",
" ('language', 'NN'),\n",
" ('in', 'IN'),\n",
" ('which', 'WDT'),\n",
" ('the', 'DT'),\n",
" ('software', 'NN'),\n",
" ('is', 'VBZ'),\n",
" ('written', 'VBN'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('and', 'CC'),\n",
" ('the', 'DT'),\n",
" ('language', 'NN'),\n",
" ('implemented', 'VBD'),\n",
" ('within', 'IN'),\n",
" ('the', 'DT'),\n",
" ('software', 'NN'),\n",
" ('as', 'IN'),\n",
" ('its', 'PRP$'),\n",
" ('symbolic', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('controls', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('.', '.'),\n",
" ('In', 'IN'),\n",
" ('the', 'DT'),\n",
" ('case', 'NN'),\n",
" ('of', 'IN'),\n",
" ('compilers', 'NNS'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('shells', 'NNS'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('and', 'CC'),\n",
" ('macro', 'NN'),\n",
" ('languages', 'NNS'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('for', 'IN'),\n",
" ('example', 'NN'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('these', 'DT'),\n",
" ('layers', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('can', 'MD'),\n",
" ('overlap', 'VB'),\n",
" ('.', '.'),\n",
" ('“', 'VB'),\n",
" ('Natural', 'NNP'),\n",
" ('”', 'NNP'),\n",
" ('language', 'NN'),\n",
" ('is', 'VBZ'),\n",
" ('what', 'WP'),\n",
" ('can', 'MD'),\n",
" ('be', 'VB'),\n",
" ('processed', 'VBN'),\n",
" ('as', 'IN'),\n",
" ('data', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('by', 'IN'),\n",
" ('software', 'NN'),\n",
" (';', ':'),\n",
" ('since', 'IN'),\n",
" ('this', 'DT'),\n",
" ('processing', 'NN'),\n",
" ('is', 'VBZ'),\n",
" ('formal', 'JJ'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('however', 'RB'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('it', 'PRP'),\n",
" ('is', 'VBZ'),\n",
" ('restricted', 'VBN'),\n",
" ('to', 'TO'),\n",
" ('syntactical', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('operations', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('.', '.'),\n",
" ('While', 'IN'),\n",
" ('differentiation', 'NN'),\n",
" ('of', 'IN'),\n",
" ('computer', 'NN'),\n",
" ('programming', 'VBG'),\n",
" ('languages', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('as', 'IN'),\n",
" ('“', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('artificial', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('languages', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('”', 'VBP'),\n",
" ('from', 'IN'),\n",
" ('languages', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('like', 'VBP'),\n",
" ('English', 'NNP'),\n",
" ('as', 'IN'),\n",
" ('“', 'NNP'),\n",
" ('natural', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('languages', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('”', 'VBP'),\n",
" ('is', 'VBZ'),\n",
" ('conceptually', 'RB'),\n",
" ('important', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('and', 'CC'),\n",
" ('undisputed', 'JJ'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('it', 'PRP'),\n",
" ('remains', 'VBZ'),\n",
" ('problematic', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('in', 'IN'),\n",
" ('its', 'PRP$'),\n",
" ('pure', 'NN'),\n",
" ('terminology', 'NN'),\n",
" (':', ':'),\n",
" ('There', 'EX'),\n",
" ('is', 'VBZ'),\n",
" ('nothing', 'NN'),\n",
" ('“', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('natural', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('”', 'NN'),\n",
" ('about', 'IN'),\n",
" ('spoken', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('language', 'NN'),\n",
" (';', ':'),\n",
" ('it', 'PRP'),\n",
" ('is', 'VBZ'),\n",
" ('a', 'DT'),\n",
" ('cultural', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('construct', 'NN'),\n",
" ('and', 'CC'),\n",
" ('thus', 'RB'),\n",
" ('just', 'RB'),\n",
" ('as', 'IN'),\n",
" ('“', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('artificial', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('”', 'NN'),\n",
" ('as', 'IN'),\n",
" ('any', 'DT'),\n",
" ('formal', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('machine', 'NN'),\n",
" ('control', 'NN'),\n",
" ('language', 'NN'),\n",
" ('.', '.'),\n",
" ('To', 'TO'),\n",
" ('call', 'VB'),\n",
" ('programming', 'NN'),\n",
" ('languages', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('“', 'VBP'),\n",
" ('machine', 'NN'),\n",
" ('languages', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('”', 'VBP'),\n",
" ('doesn', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('’', 'NNP'),\n",
" ('t', 'NN'),\n",
" ('solve', 'VBP'),\n",
" ('the', 'DT'),\n",
" ('problem', 'NN'),\n",
" ('either', 'RB'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('as', 'IN'),\n",
" ('it', 'PRP'),\n",
" ('obscures', 'VBZ'),\n",
" ('that', 'IN'),\n",
" ('“', 'FW'),\n",
" ('machine', 'NN'),\n",
" ('languages', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('”', 'VBP'),\n",
" ('are', 'VBP'),\n",
" ('human', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('creations', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('.', '.'),\n",
" ('High-level', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('machine-independent', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('programming', 'NN'),\n",
" ('languages', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('such', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('as', 'IN'),\n",
" ('Fortran', 'NNP'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('C', 'NNP'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('Java', 'NNP'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('and', 'CC'),\n",
" ('Basic', 'NNP'),\n",
" ('are', 'VBP'),\n",
" ('not', 'RB'),\n",
" ('even', 'RB'),\n",
" ('direct', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('mappings', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('of', 'IN'),\n",
" ('machine', 'NN'),\n",
" ('logic', 'NN'),\n",
" ('.', '.'),\n",
" ('If', 'IN'),\n",
" ('programming', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('languages', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('are', 'VBP'),\n",
" ('human', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('languages', 'NNS'),\n",
" ('for', 'IN'),\n",
" ('machine', 'NN'),\n",
" ('control', 'NN'),\n",
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" ('significance', 'NN'),\n",
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" ('of', 'IN'),\n",
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" (',', ','),\n",
" ('Smalltalk', 'NNP'),\n",
" (',', ','),\n",
" ('Java', 'NNP'),\n",
" ('...', ':'),\n",
" (')', ')'),\n",
" ('and', 'CC'),\n",
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" ('.', '.'),\n",
" ('This', 'DT'),\n",
" ('ultimately', 'JJ'),\n",
" ('proves', 'VBZ'),\n",
" ('the', 'DT'),\n",
" ...]"
]
},
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"tagged"
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{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": null,
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": []
adding 3 nltk notebooks
4 years ago
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