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3418 lines
111 KiB
Python
3418 lines
111 KiB
Python
#
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# The Python Imaging Library.
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# $Id$
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#
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# the Image class wrapper
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#
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# partial release history:
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# 1995-09-09 fl Created
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# 1996-03-11 fl PIL release 0.0 (proof of concept)
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# 1996-04-30 fl PIL release 0.1b1
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# 1999-07-28 fl PIL release 1.0 final
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# 2000-06-07 fl PIL release 1.1
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# 2000-10-20 fl PIL release 1.1.1
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# 2001-05-07 fl PIL release 1.1.2
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# 2002-03-15 fl PIL release 1.1.3
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# 2003-05-10 fl PIL release 1.1.4
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# 2005-03-28 fl PIL release 1.1.5
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# 2006-12-02 fl PIL release 1.1.6
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# 2009-11-15 fl PIL release 1.1.7
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#
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# Copyright (c) 1997-2009 by Secret Labs AB. All rights reserved.
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# Copyright (c) 1995-2009 by Fredrik Lundh.
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#
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# See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.
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#
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import atexit
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import builtins
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import io
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import logging
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import math
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import numbers
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import os
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import struct
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import sys
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import tempfile
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import warnings
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from collections.abc import Callable, MutableMapping
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from pathlib import Path
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# VERSION was removed in Pillow 6.0.0.
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# PILLOW_VERSION is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
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# Use __version__ instead.
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from . import (
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ImageMode,
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TiffTags,
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UnidentifiedImageError,
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__version__,
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_plugins,
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_raise_version_warning,
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)
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from ._binary import i8, i32le
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from ._util import deferred_error, isPath
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if sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
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def __getattr__(name):
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if name == "PILLOW_VERSION":
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_raise_version_warning()
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return __version__
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raise AttributeError("module '{}' has no attribute '{}'".format(__name__, name))
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else:
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from . import PILLOW_VERSION
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# Silence warning
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assert PILLOW_VERSION
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logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
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class DecompressionBombWarning(RuntimeWarning):
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pass
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class DecompressionBombError(Exception):
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pass
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# Limit to around a quarter gigabyte for a 24 bit (3 bpp) image
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MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS = int(1024 * 1024 * 1024 // 4 // 3)
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try:
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# If the _imaging C module is not present, Pillow will not load.
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# Note that other modules should not refer to _imaging directly;
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# import Image and use the Image.core variable instead.
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# Also note that Image.core is not a publicly documented interface,
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# and should be considered private and subject to change.
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from . import _imaging as core
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if __version__ != getattr(core, "PILLOW_VERSION", None):
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raise ImportError(
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"The _imaging extension was built for another version of Pillow or PIL:\n"
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"Core version: %s\n"
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"Pillow version: %s" % (getattr(core, "PILLOW_VERSION", None), __version__)
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)
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except ImportError as v:
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core = deferred_error(ImportError("The _imaging C module is not installed."))
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# Explanations for ways that we know we might have an import error
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if str(v).startswith("Module use of python"):
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# The _imaging C module is present, but not compiled for
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# the right version (windows only). Print a warning, if
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# possible.
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warnings.warn(
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"The _imaging extension was built for another version of Python.",
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RuntimeWarning,
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)
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elif str(v).startswith("The _imaging extension"):
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warnings.warn(str(v), RuntimeWarning)
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# Fail here anyway. Don't let people run with a mostly broken Pillow.
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# see docs/porting.rst
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raise
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# works everywhere, win for pypy, not cpython
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USE_CFFI_ACCESS = hasattr(sys, "pypy_version_info")
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try:
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import cffi
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except ImportError:
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cffi = None
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def isImageType(t):
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"""
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Checks if an object is an image object.
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.. warning::
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This function is for internal use only.
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:param t: object to check if it's an image
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:returns: True if the object is an image
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"""
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return hasattr(t, "im")
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#
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# Constants
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NONE = 0
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# transpose
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FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT = 0
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FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM = 1
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ROTATE_90 = 2
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ROTATE_180 = 3
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ROTATE_270 = 4
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TRANSPOSE = 5
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TRANSVERSE = 6
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# transforms (also defined in Imaging.h)
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AFFINE = 0
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EXTENT = 1
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PERSPECTIVE = 2
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QUAD = 3
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MESH = 4
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# resampling filters (also defined in Imaging.h)
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NEAREST = NONE = 0
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BOX = 4
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BILINEAR = LINEAR = 2
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HAMMING = 5
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BICUBIC = CUBIC = 3
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LANCZOS = ANTIALIAS = 1
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_filters_support = {BOX: 0.5, BILINEAR: 1.0, HAMMING: 1.0, BICUBIC: 2.0, LANCZOS: 3.0}
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# dithers
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NEAREST = NONE = 0
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ORDERED = 1 # Not yet implemented
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RASTERIZE = 2 # Not yet implemented
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FLOYDSTEINBERG = 3 # default
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# palettes/quantizers
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WEB = 0
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ADAPTIVE = 1
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MEDIANCUT = 0
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MAXCOVERAGE = 1
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FASTOCTREE = 2
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LIBIMAGEQUANT = 3
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# categories
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NORMAL = 0
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SEQUENCE = 1
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CONTAINER = 2
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if hasattr(core, "DEFAULT_STRATEGY"):
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DEFAULT_STRATEGY = core.DEFAULT_STRATEGY
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FILTERED = core.FILTERED
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HUFFMAN_ONLY = core.HUFFMAN_ONLY
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RLE = core.RLE
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FIXED = core.FIXED
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# --------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Registries
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ID = []
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OPEN = {}
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MIME = {}
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SAVE = {}
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SAVE_ALL = {}
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EXTENSION = {}
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DECODERS = {}
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ENCODERS = {}
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# --------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Modes supported by this version
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_MODEINFO = {
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# NOTE: this table will be removed in future versions. use
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# getmode* functions or ImageMode descriptors instead.
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# official modes
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"1": ("L", "L", ("1",)),
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"L": ("L", "L", ("L",)),
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"I": ("L", "I", ("I",)),
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"F": ("L", "F", ("F",)),
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"P": ("P", "L", ("P",)),
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"RGB": ("RGB", "L", ("R", "G", "B")),
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"RGBX": ("RGB", "L", ("R", "G", "B", "X")),
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"RGBA": ("RGB", "L", ("R", "G", "B", "A")),
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"CMYK": ("RGB", "L", ("C", "M", "Y", "K")),
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"YCbCr": ("RGB", "L", ("Y", "Cb", "Cr")),
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"LAB": ("RGB", "L", ("L", "A", "B")),
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"HSV": ("RGB", "L", ("H", "S", "V")),
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# Experimental modes include I;16, I;16L, I;16B, RGBa, BGR;15, and
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# BGR;24. Use these modes only if you know exactly what you're
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# doing...
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}
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if sys.byteorder == "little":
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_ENDIAN = "<"
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else:
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_ENDIAN = ">"
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_MODE_CONV = {
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# official modes
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"1": ("|b1", None), # Bits need to be extended to bytes
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"L": ("|u1", None),
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"LA": ("|u1", 2),
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"I": (_ENDIAN + "i4", None),
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"F": (_ENDIAN + "f4", None),
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"P": ("|u1", None),
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"RGB": ("|u1", 3),
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"RGBX": ("|u1", 4),
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"RGBA": ("|u1", 4),
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"CMYK": ("|u1", 4),
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"YCbCr": ("|u1", 3),
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"LAB": ("|u1", 3), # UNDONE - unsigned |u1i1i1
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"HSV": ("|u1", 3),
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# I;16 == I;16L, and I;32 == I;32L
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"I;16": ("<u2", None),
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"I;16B": (">u2", None),
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"I;16L": ("<u2", None),
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"I;16S": ("<i2", None),
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"I;16BS": (">i2", None),
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"I;16LS": ("<i2", None),
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"I;32": ("<u4", None),
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"I;32B": (">u4", None),
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"I;32L": ("<u4", None),
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"I;32S": ("<i4", None),
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"I;32BS": (">i4", None),
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"I;32LS": ("<i4", None),
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}
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|
|
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def _conv_type_shape(im):
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typ, extra = _MODE_CONV[im.mode]
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if extra is None:
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return (im.size[1], im.size[0]), typ
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else:
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return (im.size[1], im.size[0], extra), typ
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|
|
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MODES = sorted(_MODEINFO)
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# raw modes that may be memory mapped. NOTE: if you change this, you
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# may have to modify the stride calculation in map.c too!
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_MAPMODES = ("L", "P", "RGBX", "RGBA", "CMYK", "I;16", "I;16L", "I;16B")
|
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|
|
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def getmodebase(mode):
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"""
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Gets the "base" mode for given mode. This function returns "L" for
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images that contain grayscale data, and "RGB" for images that
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contain color data.
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:param mode: Input mode.
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:returns: "L" or "RGB".
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:exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode.
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"""
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return ImageMode.getmode(mode).basemode
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|
|
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def getmodetype(mode):
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"""
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Gets the storage type mode. Given a mode, this function returns a
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single-layer mode suitable for storing individual bands.
|
|
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:param mode: Input mode.
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:returns: "L", "I", or "F".
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:exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode.
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"""
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return ImageMode.getmode(mode).basetype
|
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|
|
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def getmodebandnames(mode):
|
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"""
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|
Gets a list of individual band names. Given a mode, this function returns
|
|
a tuple containing the names of individual bands (use
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:py:method:`~PIL.Image.getmodetype` to get the mode used to store each
|
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individual band.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: Input mode.
|
|
:returns: A tuple containing band names. The length of the tuple
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gives the number of bands in an image of the given mode.
|
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:exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode.
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"""
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return ImageMode.getmode(mode).bands
|
|
|
|
|
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def getmodebands(mode):
|
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"""
|
|
Gets the number of individual bands for this mode.
|
|
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|
:param mode: Input mode.
|
|
:returns: The number of bands in this mode.
|
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:exception KeyError: If the input mode was not a standard mode.
|
|
"""
|
|
return len(ImageMode.getmode(mode).bands)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
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|
# Helpers
|
|
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|
_initialized = 0
|
|
|
|
|
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def preinit():
|
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"""Explicitly load standard file format drivers."""
|
|
|
|
global _initialized
|
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if _initialized >= 1:
|
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return
|
|
|
|
try:
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from . import BmpImagePlugin
|
|
|
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assert BmpImagePlugin
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except ImportError:
|
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pass
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try:
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from . import GifImagePlugin
|
|
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assert GifImagePlugin
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except ImportError:
|
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pass
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try:
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from . import JpegImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
assert JpegImagePlugin
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except ImportError:
|
|
pass
|
|
try:
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from . import PpmImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
assert PpmImagePlugin
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|
except ImportError:
|
|
pass
|
|
try:
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from . import PngImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
assert PngImagePlugin
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|
except ImportError:
|
|
pass
|
|
# try:
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|
# import TiffImagePlugin
|
|
# assert TiffImagePlugin
|
|
# except ImportError:
|
|
# pass
|
|
|
|
_initialized = 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
def init():
|
|
"""
|
|
Explicitly initializes the Python Imaging Library. This function
|
|
loads all available file format drivers.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
global _initialized
|
|
if _initialized >= 2:
|
|
return 0
|
|
|
|
for plugin in _plugins:
|
|
try:
|
|
logger.debug("Importing %s", plugin)
|
|
__import__("PIL.%s" % plugin, globals(), locals(), [])
|
|
except ImportError as e:
|
|
logger.debug("Image: failed to import %s: %s", plugin, e)
|
|
|
|
if OPEN or SAVE:
|
|
_initialized = 2
|
|
return 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Codec factories (used by tobytes/frombytes and ImageFile.load)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _getdecoder(mode, decoder_name, args, extra=()):
|
|
|
|
# tweak arguments
|
|
if args is None:
|
|
args = ()
|
|
elif not isinstance(args, tuple):
|
|
args = (args,)
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
decoder = DECODERS[decoder_name]
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
pass
|
|
else:
|
|
return decoder(mode, *args + extra)
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
# get decoder
|
|
decoder = getattr(core, decoder_name + "_decoder")
|
|
except AttributeError:
|
|
raise OSError("decoder %s not available" % decoder_name)
|
|
return decoder(mode, *args + extra)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _getencoder(mode, encoder_name, args, extra=()):
|
|
|
|
# tweak arguments
|
|
if args is None:
|
|
args = ()
|
|
elif not isinstance(args, tuple):
|
|
args = (args,)
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
encoder = ENCODERS[encoder_name]
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
pass
|
|
else:
|
|
return encoder(mode, *args + extra)
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
# get encoder
|
|
encoder = getattr(core, encoder_name + "_encoder")
|
|
except AttributeError:
|
|
raise OSError("encoder %s not available" % encoder_name)
|
|
return encoder(mode, *args + extra)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Simple expression analyzer
|
|
|
|
|
|
def coerce_e(value):
|
|
return value if isinstance(value, _E) else _E(value)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class _E:
|
|
def __init__(self, data):
|
|
self.data = data
|
|
|
|
def __add__(self, other):
|
|
return _E((self.data, "__add__", coerce_e(other).data))
|
|
|
|
def __mul__(self, other):
|
|
return _E((self.data, "__mul__", coerce_e(other).data))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _getscaleoffset(expr):
|
|
stub = ["stub"]
|
|
data = expr(_E(stub)).data
|
|
try:
|
|
(a, b, c) = data # simplified syntax
|
|
if a is stub and b == "__mul__" and isinstance(c, numbers.Number):
|
|
return c, 0.0
|
|
if a is stub and b == "__add__" and isinstance(c, numbers.Number):
|
|
return 1.0, c
|
|
except TypeError:
|
|
pass
|
|
try:
|
|
((a, b, c), d, e) = data # full syntax
|
|
if (
|
|
a is stub
|
|
and b == "__mul__"
|
|
and isinstance(c, numbers.Number)
|
|
and d == "__add__"
|
|
and isinstance(e, numbers.Number)
|
|
):
|
|
return c, e
|
|
except TypeError:
|
|
pass
|
|
raise ValueError("illegal expression")
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Implementation wrapper
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Image:
|
|
"""
|
|
This class represents an image object. To create
|
|
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` objects, use the appropriate factory
|
|
functions. There's hardly ever any reason to call the Image constructor
|
|
directly.
|
|
|
|
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open`
|
|
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`
|
|
* :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
format = None
|
|
format_description = None
|
|
_close_exclusive_fp_after_loading = True
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self):
|
|
# FIXME: take "new" parameters / other image?
|
|
# FIXME: turn mode and size into delegating properties?
|
|
self.im = None
|
|
self.mode = ""
|
|
self._size = (0, 0)
|
|
self.palette = None
|
|
self.info = {}
|
|
self.category = NORMAL
|
|
self.readonly = 0
|
|
self.pyaccess = None
|
|
self._exif = None
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def width(self):
|
|
return self.size[0]
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def height(self):
|
|
return self.size[1]
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def size(self):
|
|
return self._size
|
|
|
|
def _new(self, im):
|
|
new = Image()
|
|
new.im = im
|
|
new.mode = im.mode
|
|
new._size = im.size
|
|
if im.mode in ("P", "PA"):
|
|
if self.palette:
|
|
new.palette = self.palette.copy()
|
|
else:
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
new.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
|
|
new.info = self.info.copy()
|
|
return new
|
|
|
|
# Context manager support
|
|
def __enter__(self):
|
|
return self
|
|
|
|
def __exit__(self, *args):
|
|
if hasattr(self, "fp") and getattr(self, "_exclusive_fp", False):
|
|
if hasattr(self, "_close__fp"):
|
|
self._close__fp()
|
|
if self.fp:
|
|
self.fp.close()
|
|
self.fp = None
|
|
|
|
def close(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Closes the file pointer, if possible.
|
|
|
|
This operation will destroy the image core and release its memory.
|
|
The image data will be unusable afterward.
|
|
|
|
This function is only required to close images that have not
|
|
had their file read and closed by the
|
|
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method. See
|
|
:ref:`file-handling` for more information.
|
|
"""
|
|
try:
|
|
if hasattr(self, "_close__fp"):
|
|
self._close__fp()
|
|
self.fp.close()
|
|
self.fp = None
|
|
except Exception as msg:
|
|
logger.debug("Error closing: %s", msg)
|
|
|
|
if getattr(self, "map", None):
|
|
self.map = None
|
|
|
|
# Instead of simply setting to None, we're setting up a
|
|
# deferred error that will better explain that the core image
|
|
# object is gone.
|
|
self.im = deferred_error(ValueError("Operation on closed image"))
|
|
|
|
def _copy(self):
|
|
self.load()
|
|
self.im = self.im.copy()
|
|
self.pyaccess = None
|
|
self.readonly = 0
|
|
|
|
def _ensure_mutable(self):
|
|
if self.readonly:
|
|
self._copy()
|
|
else:
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
def _dump(self, file=None, format=None, **options):
|
|
suffix = ""
|
|
if format:
|
|
suffix = "." + format
|
|
|
|
if not file:
|
|
f, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix)
|
|
os.close(f)
|
|
else:
|
|
filename = file
|
|
if not filename.endswith(suffix):
|
|
filename = filename + suffix
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if not format or format == "PPM":
|
|
self.im.save_ppm(filename)
|
|
else:
|
|
self.save(filename, format, **options)
|
|
|
|
return filename
|
|
|
|
def __eq__(self, other):
|
|
return (
|
|
self.__class__ is other.__class__
|
|
and self.mode == other.mode
|
|
and self.size == other.size
|
|
and self.info == other.info
|
|
and self.category == other.category
|
|
and self.readonly == other.readonly
|
|
and self.getpalette() == other.getpalette()
|
|
and self.tobytes() == other.tobytes()
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
def __repr__(self):
|
|
return "<%s.%s image mode=%s size=%dx%d at 0x%X>" % (
|
|
self.__class__.__module__,
|
|
self.__class__.__name__,
|
|
self.mode,
|
|
self.size[0],
|
|
self.size[1],
|
|
id(self),
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
def _repr_png_(self):
|
|
""" iPython display hook support
|
|
|
|
:returns: png version of the image as bytes
|
|
"""
|
|
b = io.BytesIO()
|
|
self.save(b, "PNG")
|
|
return b.getvalue()
|
|
|
|
@property
|
|
def __array_interface__(self):
|
|
# numpy array interface support
|
|
new = {}
|
|
shape, typestr = _conv_type_shape(self)
|
|
new["shape"] = shape
|
|
new["typestr"] = typestr
|
|
new["version"] = 3
|
|
if self.mode == "1":
|
|
# Binary images need to be extended from bits to bytes
|
|
# See: https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/350
|
|
new["data"] = self.tobytes("raw", "L")
|
|
else:
|
|
new["data"] = self.tobytes()
|
|
return new
|
|
|
|
def __getstate__(self):
|
|
return [self.info, self.mode, self.size, self.getpalette(), self.tobytes()]
|
|
|
|
def __setstate__(self, state):
|
|
Image.__init__(self)
|
|
self.tile = []
|
|
info, mode, size, palette, data = state
|
|
self.info = info
|
|
self.mode = mode
|
|
self._size = size
|
|
self.im = core.new(mode, size)
|
|
if mode in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA") and palette:
|
|
self.putpalette(palette)
|
|
self.frombytes(data)
|
|
|
|
def tobytes(self, encoder_name="raw", *args):
|
|
"""
|
|
Return image as a bytes object.
|
|
|
|
.. warning::
|
|
|
|
This method returns the raw image data from the internal
|
|
storage. For compressed image data (e.g. PNG, JPEG) use
|
|
:meth:`~.save`, with a BytesIO parameter for in-memory
|
|
data.
|
|
|
|
:param encoder_name: What encoder to use. The default is to
|
|
use the standard "raw" encoder.
|
|
:param args: Extra arguments to the encoder.
|
|
:rtype: A bytes object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
|
|
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
|
|
args = args[0]
|
|
|
|
if encoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
|
|
args = self.mode
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
# unpack data
|
|
e = _getencoder(self.mode, encoder_name, args)
|
|
e.setimage(self.im)
|
|
|
|
bufsize = max(65536, self.size[0] * 4) # see RawEncode.c
|
|
|
|
data = []
|
|
while True:
|
|
l, s, d = e.encode(bufsize)
|
|
data.append(d)
|
|
if s:
|
|
break
|
|
if s < 0:
|
|
raise RuntimeError("encoder error %d in tobytes" % s)
|
|
|
|
return b"".join(data)
|
|
|
|
def tostring(self, *args, **kw):
|
|
raise NotImplementedError(
|
|
"tostring() has been removed. Please call tobytes() instead."
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
def tobitmap(self, name="image"):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns the image converted to an X11 bitmap.
|
|
|
|
.. note:: This method only works for mode "1" images.
|
|
|
|
:param name: The name prefix to use for the bitmap variables.
|
|
:returns: A string containing an X11 bitmap.
|
|
:raises ValueError: If the mode is not "1"
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if self.mode != "1":
|
|
raise ValueError("not a bitmap")
|
|
data = self.tobytes("xbm")
|
|
return b"".join(
|
|
[
|
|
("#define %s_width %d\n" % (name, self.size[0])).encode("ascii"),
|
|
("#define %s_height %d\n" % (name, self.size[1])).encode("ascii"),
|
|
("static char %s_bits[] = {\n" % name).encode("ascii"),
|
|
data,
|
|
b"};",
|
|
]
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
def frombytes(self, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
|
|
"""
|
|
Loads this image with pixel data from a bytes object.
|
|
|
|
This method is similar to the :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes` function,
|
|
but loads data into this image instead of creating a new image object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
|
|
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
|
|
args = args[0]
|
|
|
|
# default format
|
|
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
|
|
args = self.mode
|
|
|
|
# unpack data
|
|
d = _getdecoder(self.mode, decoder_name, args)
|
|
d.setimage(self.im)
|
|
s = d.decode(data)
|
|
|
|
if s[0] >= 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("not enough image data")
|
|
if s[1] != 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("cannot decode image data")
|
|
|
|
def fromstring(self, *args, **kw):
|
|
raise NotImplementedError(
|
|
"fromstring() has been removed. Please call frombytes() instead."
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
def load(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Allocates storage for the image and loads the pixel data. In
|
|
normal cases, you don't need to call this method, since the
|
|
Image class automatically loads an opened image when it is
|
|
accessed for the first time.
|
|
|
|
If the file associated with the image was opened by Pillow, then this
|
|
method will close it. The exception to this is if the image has
|
|
multiple frames, in which case the file will be left open for seek
|
|
operations. See :ref:`file-handling` for more information.
|
|
|
|
:returns: An image access object.
|
|
:rtype: :ref:`PixelAccess` or :py:class:`PIL.PyAccess`
|
|
"""
|
|
if self.im and self.palette and self.palette.dirty:
|
|
# realize palette
|
|
self.im.putpalette(*self.palette.getdata())
|
|
self.palette.dirty = 0
|
|
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
|
|
self.palette.rawmode = None
|
|
if "transparency" in self.info:
|
|
if isinstance(self.info["transparency"], int):
|
|
self.im.putpalettealpha(self.info["transparency"], 0)
|
|
else:
|
|
self.im.putpalettealphas(self.info["transparency"])
|
|
self.palette.mode = "RGBA"
|
|
|
|
if self.im:
|
|
if cffi and USE_CFFI_ACCESS:
|
|
if self.pyaccess:
|
|
return self.pyaccess
|
|
from . import PyAccess
|
|
|
|
self.pyaccess = PyAccess.new(self, self.readonly)
|
|
if self.pyaccess:
|
|
return self.pyaccess
|
|
return self.im.pixel_access(self.readonly)
|
|
|
|
def verify(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Verifies the contents of a file. For data read from a file, this
|
|
method attempts to determine if the file is broken, without
|
|
actually decoding the image data. If this method finds any
|
|
problems, it raises suitable exceptions. If you need to load
|
|
the image after using this method, you must reopen the image
|
|
file.
|
|
"""
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
def convert(self, mode=None, matrix=None, dither=None, palette=WEB, colors=256):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a converted copy of this image. For the "P" mode, this
|
|
method translates pixels through the palette. If mode is
|
|
omitted, a mode is chosen so that all information in the image
|
|
and the palette can be represented without a palette.
|
|
|
|
The current version supports all possible conversions between
|
|
"L", "RGB" and "CMYK." The **matrix** argument only supports "L"
|
|
and "RGB".
|
|
|
|
When translating a color image to greyscale (mode "L"),
|
|
the library uses the ITU-R 601-2 luma transform::
|
|
|
|
L = R * 299/1000 + G * 587/1000 + B * 114/1000
|
|
|
|
The default method of converting a greyscale ("L") or "RGB"
|
|
image into a bilevel (mode "1") image uses Floyd-Steinberg
|
|
dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. If
|
|
dither is NONE, all values larger than 128 are set to 255 (white),
|
|
all other values to 0 (black). To use other thresholds, use the
|
|
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.point` method.
|
|
|
|
When converting from "RGBA" to "P" without a **matrix** argument,
|
|
this passes the operation to :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.quantize`,
|
|
and **dither** and **palette** are ignored.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: The requested mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
|
|
:param matrix: An optional conversion matrix. If given, this
|
|
should be 4- or 12-tuple containing floating point values.
|
|
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
|
|
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
|
|
Available methods are NONE or FLOYDSTEINBERG (default).
|
|
Note that this is not used when **matrix** is supplied.
|
|
:param palette: Palette to use when converting from mode "RGB"
|
|
to "P". Available palettes are WEB or ADAPTIVE.
|
|
:param colors: Number of colors to use for the ADAPTIVE palette.
|
|
Defaults to 256.
|
|
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if not mode and self.mode == "P":
|
|
# determine default mode
|
|
if self.palette:
|
|
mode = self.palette.mode
|
|
else:
|
|
mode = "RGB"
|
|
if not mode or (mode == self.mode and not matrix):
|
|
return self.copy()
|
|
|
|
has_transparency = self.info.get("transparency") is not None
|
|
if matrix:
|
|
# matrix conversion
|
|
if mode not in ("L", "RGB"):
|
|
raise ValueError("illegal conversion")
|
|
im = self.im.convert_matrix(mode, matrix)
|
|
new = self._new(im)
|
|
if has_transparency and self.im.bands == 3:
|
|
transparency = new.info["transparency"]
|
|
|
|
def convert_transparency(m, v):
|
|
v = m[0] * v[0] + m[1] * v[1] + m[2] * v[2] + m[3] * 0.5
|
|
return max(0, min(255, int(v)))
|
|
|
|
if mode == "L":
|
|
transparency = convert_transparency(matrix, transparency)
|
|
elif len(mode) == 3:
|
|
transparency = tuple(
|
|
[
|
|
convert_transparency(
|
|
matrix[i * 4 : i * 4 + 4], transparency
|
|
)
|
|
for i in range(0, len(transparency))
|
|
]
|
|
)
|
|
new.info["transparency"] = transparency
|
|
return new
|
|
|
|
if mode == "P" and self.mode == "RGBA":
|
|
return self.quantize(colors)
|
|
|
|
trns = None
|
|
delete_trns = False
|
|
# transparency handling
|
|
if has_transparency:
|
|
if self.mode in ("1", "L", "I", "RGB") and mode == "RGBA":
|
|
# Use transparent conversion to promote from transparent
|
|
# color to an alpha channel.
|
|
new_im = self._new(
|
|
self.im.convert_transparent(mode, self.info["transparency"])
|
|
)
|
|
del new_im.info["transparency"]
|
|
return new_im
|
|
elif self.mode in ("L", "RGB", "P") and mode in ("L", "RGB", "P"):
|
|
t = self.info["transparency"]
|
|
if isinstance(t, bytes):
|
|
# Dragons. This can't be represented by a single color
|
|
warnings.warn(
|
|
"Palette images with Transparency expressed in bytes should be "
|
|
"converted to RGBA images"
|
|
)
|
|
delete_trns = True
|
|
else:
|
|
# get the new transparency color.
|
|
# use existing conversions
|
|
trns_im = Image()._new(core.new(self.mode, (1, 1)))
|
|
if self.mode == "P":
|
|
trns_im.putpalette(self.palette)
|
|
if isinstance(t, tuple):
|
|
try:
|
|
t = trns_im.palette.getcolor(t)
|
|
except Exception:
|
|
raise ValueError(
|
|
"Couldn't allocate a palette color for transparency"
|
|
)
|
|
trns_im.putpixel((0, 0), t)
|
|
|
|
if mode in ("L", "RGB"):
|
|
trns_im = trns_im.convert(mode)
|
|
else:
|
|
# can't just retrieve the palette number, got to do it
|
|
# after quantization.
|
|
trns_im = trns_im.convert("RGB")
|
|
trns = trns_im.getpixel((0, 0))
|
|
|
|
elif self.mode == "P" and mode == "RGBA":
|
|
t = self.info["transparency"]
|
|
delete_trns = True
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(t, bytes):
|
|
self.im.putpalettealphas(t)
|
|
elif isinstance(t, int):
|
|
self.im.putpalettealpha(t, 0)
|
|
else:
|
|
raise ValueError("Transparency for P mode should be bytes or int")
|
|
|
|
if mode == "P" and palette == ADAPTIVE:
|
|
im = self.im.quantize(colors)
|
|
new = self._new(im)
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
new.palette = ImagePalette.raw("RGB", new.im.getpalette("RGB"))
|
|
if delete_trns:
|
|
# This could possibly happen if we requantize to fewer colors.
|
|
# The transparency would be totally off in that case.
|
|
del new.info["transparency"]
|
|
if trns is not None:
|
|
try:
|
|
new.info["transparency"] = new.palette.getcolor(trns)
|
|
except Exception:
|
|
# if we can't make a transparent color, don't leave the old
|
|
# transparency hanging around to mess us up.
|
|
del new.info["transparency"]
|
|
warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency")
|
|
return new
|
|
|
|
# colorspace conversion
|
|
if dither is None:
|
|
dither = FLOYDSTEINBERG
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
im = self.im.convert(mode, dither)
|
|
except ValueError:
|
|
try:
|
|
# normalize source image and try again
|
|
im = self.im.convert(getmodebase(self.mode))
|
|
im = im.convert(mode, dither)
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
raise ValueError("illegal conversion")
|
|
|
|
new_im = self._new(im)
|
|
if delete_trns:
|
|
# crash fail if we leave a bytes transparency in an rgb/l mode.
|
|
del new_im.info["transparency"]
|
|
if trns is not None:
|
|
if new_im.mode == "P":
|
|
try:
|
|
new_im.info["transparency"] = new_im.palette.getcolor(trns)
|
|
except Exception:
|
|
del new_im.info["transparency"]
|
|
warnings.warn("Couldn't allocate palette entry for transparency")
|
|
else:
|
|
new_im.info["transparency"] = trns
|
|
return new_im
|
|
|
|
def quantize(self, colors=256, method=None, kmeans=0, palette=None, dither=1):
|
|
"""
|
|
Convert the image to 'P' mode with the specified number
|
|
of colors.
|
|
|
|
:param colors: The desired number of colors, <= 256
|
|
:param method: 0 = median cut
|
|
1 = maximum coverage
|
|
2 = fast octree
|
|
3 = libimagequant
|
|
:param kmeans: Integer
|
|
:param palette: Quantize to the palette of given
|
|
:py:class:`PIL.Image.Image`.
|
|
:param dither: Dithering method, used when converting from
|
|
mode "RGB" to "P" or from "RGB" or "L" to "1".
|
|
Available methods are NONE or FLOYDSTEINBERG (default).
|
|
Default: 1 (legacy setting)
|
|
:returns: A new image
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if method is None:
|
|
# defaults:
|
|
method = 0
|
|
if self.mode == "RGBA":
|
|
method = 2
|
|
|
|
if self.mode == "RGBA" and method not in (2, 3):
|
|
# Caller specified an invalid mode.
|
|
raise ValueError(
|
|
"Fast Octree (method == 2) and libimagequant (method == 3) "
|
|
"are the only valid methods for quantizing RGBA images"
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
if palette:
|
|
# use palette from reference image
|
|
palette.load()
|
|
if palette.mode != "P":
|
|
raise ValueError("bad mode for palette image")
|
|
if self.mode != "RGB" and self.mode != "L":
|
|
raise ValueError(
|
|
"only RGB or L mode images can be quantized to a palette"
|
|
)
|
|
im = self.im.convert("P", dither, palette.im)
|
|
return self._new(im)
|
|
|
|
im = self._new(self.im.quantize(colors, method, kmeans))
|
|
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
mode = im.im.getpalettemode()
|
|
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(mode, im.im.getpalette(mode, mode))
|
|
|
|
return im
|
|
|
|
def copy(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Copies this image. Use this method if you wish to paste things
|
|
into an image, but still retain the original.
|
|
|
|
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
self.load()
|
|
return self._new(self.im.copy())
|
|
|
|
__copy__ = copy
|
|
|
|
def crop(self, box=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a rectangular region from this image. The box is a
|
|
4-tuple defining the left, upper, right, and lower pixel
|
|
coordinate. See :ref:`coordinate-system`.
|
|
|
|
Note: Prior to Pillow 3.4.0, this was a lazy operation.
|
|
|
|
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
|
|
:rtype: :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if box is None:
|
|
return self.copy()
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
return self._new(self._crop(self.im, box))
|
|
|
|
def _crop(self, im, box):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a rectangular region from the core image object im.
|
|
|
|
This is equivalent to calling im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1)), but
|
|
includes additional sanity checks.
|
|
|
|
:param im: a core image object
|
|
:param box: The crop rectangle, as a (left, upper, right, lower)-tuple.
|
|
:returns: A core image object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
x0, y0, x1, y1 = map(int, map(round, box))
|
|
|
|
absolute_values = (abs(x1 - x0), abs(y1 - y0))
|
|
|
|
_decompression_bomb_check(absolute_values)
|
|
|
|
return im.crop((x0, y0, x1, y1))
|
|
|
|
def draft(self, mode, size):
|
|
"""
|
|
Configures the image file loader so it returns a version of the
|
|
image that as closely as possible matches the given mode and
|
|
size. For example, you can use this method to convert a color
|
|
JPEG to greyscale while loading it.
|
|
|
|
If any changes are made, returns a tuple with the chosen ``mode`` and
|
|
``box`` with coordinates of the original image within the altered one.
|
|
|
|
Note that this method modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object
|
|
in place. If the image has already been loaded, this method has no
|
|
effect.
|
|
|
|
Note: This method is not implemented for most images. It is
|
|
currently implemented only for JPEG and MPO images.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: The requested mode.
|
|
:param size: The requested size.
|
|
"""
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
def _expand(self, xmargin, ymargin=None):
|
|
if ymargin is None:
|
|
ymargin = xmargin
|
|
self.load()
|
|
return self._new(self.im.expand(xmargin, ymargin, 0))
|
|
|
|
def filter(self, filter):
|
|
"""
|
|
Filters this image using the given filter. For a list of
|
|
available filters, see the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageFilter` module.
|
|
|
|
:param filter: Filter kernel.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object. """
|
|
|
|
from . import ImageFilter
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(filter, Callable):
|
|
filter = filter()
|
|
if not hasattr(filter, "filter"):
|
|
raise TypeError(
|
|
"filter argument should be ImageFilter.Filter instance or class"
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
multiband = isinstance(filter, ImageFilter.MultibandFilter)
|
|
if self.im.bands == 1 or multiband:
|
|
return self._new(filter.filter(self.im))
|
|
|
|
ims = []
|
|
for c in range(self.im.bands):
|
|
ims.append(self._new(filter.filter(self.im.getband(c))))
|
|
return merge(self.mode, ims)
|
|
|
|
def getbands(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a tuple containing the name of each band in this image.
|
|
For example, **getbands** on an RGB image returns ("R", "G", "B").
|
|
|
|
:returns: A tuple containing band names.
|
|
:rtype: tuple
|
|
"""
|
|
return ImageMode.getmode(self.mode).bands
|
|
|
|
def getbbox(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Calculates the bounding box of the non-zero regions in the
|
|
image.
|
|
|
|
:returns: The bounding box is returned as a 4-tuple defining the
|
|
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate. See
|
|
:ref:`coordinate-system`. If the image is completely empty, this
|
|
method returns None.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
return self.im.getbbox()
|
|
|
|
def getcolors(self, maxcolors=256):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a list of colors used in this image.
|
|
|
|
:param maxcolors: Maximum number of colors. If this number is
|
|
exceeded, this method returns None. The default limit is
|
|
256 colors.
|
|
:returns: An unsorted list of (count, pixel) values.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if self.mode in ("1", "L", "P"):
|
|
h = self.im.histogram()
|
|
out = []
|
|
for i in range(256):
|
|
if h[i]:
|
|
out.append((h[i], i))
|
|
if len(out) > maxcolors:
|
|
return None
|
|
return out
|
|
return self.im.getcolors(maxcolors)
|
|
|
|
def getdata(self, band=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns the contents of this image as a sequence object
|
|
containing pixel values. The sequence object is flattened, so
|
|
that values for line one follow directly after the values of
|
|
line zero, and so on.
|
|
|
|
Note that the sequence object returned by this method is an
|
|
internal PIL data type, which only supports certain sequence
|
|
operations. To convert it to an ordinary sequence (e.g. for
|
|
printing), use **list(im.getdata())**.
|
|
|
|
:param band: What band to return. The default is to return
|
|
all bands. To return a single band, pass in the index
|
|
value (e.g. 0 to get the "R" band from an "RGB" image).
|
|
:returns: A sequence-like object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if band is not None:
|
|
return self.im.getband(band)
|
|
return self.im # could be abused
|
|
|
|
def getextrema(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Gets the the minimum and maximum pixel values for each band in
|
|
the image.
|
|
|
|
:returns: For a single-band image, a 2-tuple containing the
|
|
minimum and maximum pixel value. For a multi-band image,
|
|
a tuple containing one 2-tuple for each band.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if self.im.bands > 1:
|
|
extrema = []
|
|
for i in range(self.im.bands):
|
|
extrema.append(self.im.getband(i).getextrema())
|
|
return tuple(extrema)
|
|
return self.im.getextrema()
|
|
|
|
def getexif(self):
|
|
if self._exif is None:
|
|
self._exif = Exif()
|
|
self._exif.load(self.info.get("exif"))
|
|
return self._exif
|
|
|
|
def getim(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a capsule that points to the internal image memory.
|
|
|
|
:returns: A capsule object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
return self.im.ptr
|
|
|
|
def getpalette(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns the image palette as a list.
|
|
|
|
:returns: A list of color values [r, g, b, ...], or None if the
|
|
image has no palette.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
try:
|
|
return list(self.im.getpalette())
|
|
except ValueError:
|
|
return None # no palette
|
|
|
|
def getpixel(self, xy):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns the pixel value at a given position.
|
|
|
|
:param xy: The coordinate, given as (x, y). See
|
|
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
|
|
:returns: The pixel value. If the image is a multi-layer image,
|
|
this method returns a tuple.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if self.pyaccess:
|
|
return self.pyaccess.getpixel(xy)
|
|
return self.im.getpixel(xy)
|
|
|
|
def getprojection(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Get projection to x and y axes
|
|
|
|
:returns: Two sequences, indicating where there are non-zero
|
|
pixels along the X-axis and the Y-axis, respectively.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
x, y = self.im.getprojection()
|
|
return [i8(c) for c in x], [i8(c) for c in y]
|
|
|
|
def histogram(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a histogram for the image. The histogram is returned as
|
|
a list of pixel counts, one for each pixel value in the source
|
|
image. If the image has more than one band, the histograms for
|
|
all bands are concatenated (for example, the histogram for an
|
|
"RGB" image contains 768 values).
|
|
|
|
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L") image
|
|
by this method.
|
|
|
|
If a mask is provided, the method returns a histogram for those
|
|
parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero. The mask
|
|
image must have the same size as the image, and be either a
|
|
bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
|
|
|
|
:param mask: An optional mask.
|
|
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
|
|
:returns: A list containing pixel counts.
|
|
"""
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if mask:
|
|
mask.load()
|
|
return self.im.histogram((0, 0), mask.im)
|
|
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
|
|
if extrema is None:
|
|
extrema = self.getextrema()
|
|
return self.im.histogram(extrema)
|
|
return self.im.histogram()
|
|
|
|
def entropy(self, mask=None, extrema=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Calculates and returns the entropy for the image.
|
|
|
|
A bilevel image (mode "1") is treated as a greyscale ("L")
|
|
image by this method.
|
|
|
|
If a mask is provided, the method employs the histogram for
|
|
those parts of the image where the mask image is non-zero.
|
|
The mask image must have the same size as the image, and be
|
|
either a bi-level image (mode "1") or a greyscale image ("L").
|
|
|
|
:param mask: An optional mask.
|
|
:param extrema: An optional tuple of manually-specified extrema.
|
|
:returns: A float value representing the image entropy
|
|
"""
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if mask:
|
|
mask.load()
|
|
return self.im.entropy((0, 0), mask.im)
|
|
if self.mode in ("I", "F"):
|
|
if extrema is None:
|
|
extrema = self.getextrema()
|
|
return self.im.entropy(extrema)
|
|
return self.im.entropy()
|
|
|
|
def offset(self, xoffset, yoffset=None):
|
|
raise NotImplementedError(
|
|
"offset() has been removed. Please call ImageChops.offset() instead."
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
def paste(self, im, box=None, mask=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Pastes another image into this image. The box argument is either
|
|
a 2-tuple giving the upper left corner, a 4-tuple defining the
|
|
left, upper, right, and lower pixel coordinate, or None (same as
|
|
(0, 0)). See :ref:`coordinate-system`. If a 4-tuple is given, the size
|
|
of the pasted image must match the size of the region.
|
|
|
|
If the modes don't match, the pasted image is converted to the mode of
|
|
this image (see the :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.convert` method for
|
|
details).
|
|
|
|
Instead of an image, the source can be a integer or tuple
|
|
containing pixel values. The method then fills the region
|
|
with the given color. When creating RGB images, you can
|
|
also use color strings as supported by the ImageColor module.
|
|
|
|
If a mask is given, this method updates only the regions
|
|
indicated by the mask. You can use either "1", "L" or "RGBA"
|
|
images (in the latter case, the alpha band is used as mask).
|
|
Where the mask is 255, the given image is copied as is. Where
|
|
the mask is 0, the current value is preserved. Intermediate
|
|
values will mix the two images together, including their alpha
|
|
channels if they have them.
|
|
|
|
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.alpha_composite` if you want to
|
|
combine images with respect to their alpha channels.
|
|
|
|
:param im: Source image or pixel value (integer or tuple).
|
|
:param box: An optional 4-tuple giving the region to paste into.
|
|
If a 2-tuple is used instead, it's treated as the upper left
|
|
corner. If omitted or None, the source is pasted into the
|
|
upper left corner.
|
|
|
|
If an image is given as the second argument and there is no
|
|
third, the box defaults to (0, 0), and the second argument
|
|
is interpreted as a mask image.
|
|
:param mask: An optional mask image.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if isImageType(box) and mask is None:
|
|
# abbreviated paste(im, mask) syntax
|
|
mask = box
|
|
box = None
|
|
|
|
if box is None:
|
|
box = (0, 0)
|
|
|
|
if len(box) == 2:
|
|
# upper left corner given; get size from image or mask
|
|
if isImageType(im):
|
|
size = im.size
|
|
elif isImageType(mask):
|
|
size = mask.size
|
|
else:
|
|
# FIXME: use self.size here?
|
|
raise ValueError("cannot determine region size; use 4-item box")
|
|
box += (box[0] + size[0], box[1] + size[1])
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(im, str):
|
|
from . import ImageColor
|
|
|
|
im = ImageColor.getcolor(im, self.mode)
|
|
|
|
elif isImageType(im):
|
|
im.load()
|
|
if self.mode != im.mode:
|
|
if self.mode != "RGB" or im.mode not in ("RGBA", "RGBa"):
|
|
# should use an adapter for this!
|
|
im = im.convert(self.mode)
|
|
im = im.im
|
|
|
|
self._ensure_mutable()
|
|
|
|
if mask:
|
|
mask.load()
|
|
self.im.paste(im, box, mask.im)
|
|
else:
|
|
self.im.paste(im, box)
|
|
|
|
def alpha_composite(self, im, dest=(0, 0), source=(0, 0)):
|
|
""" 'In-place' analog of Image.alpha_composite. Composites an image
|
|
onto this image.
|
|
|
|
:param im: image to composite over this one
|
|
:param dest: Optional 2 tuple (left, top) specifying the upper
|
|
left corner in this (destination) image.
|
|
:param source: Optional 2 (left, top) tuple for the upper left
|
|
corner in the overlay source image, or 4 tuple (left, top, right,
|
|
bottom) for the bounds of the source rectangle
|
|
|
|
Performance Note: Not currently implemented in-place in the core layer.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if not isinstance(source, (list, tuple)):
|
|
raise ValueError("Source must be a tuple")
|
|
if not isinstance(dest, (list, tuple)):
|
|
raise ValueError("Destination must be a tuple")
|
|
if not len(source) in (2, 4):
|
|
raise ValueError("Source must be a 2 or 4-tuple")
|
|
if not len(dest) == 2:
|
|
raise ValueError("Destination must be a 2-tuple")
|
|
if min(source) < 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("Source must be non-negative")
|
|
if min(dest) < 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("Destination must be non-negative")
|
|
|
|
if len(source) == 2:
|
|
source = source + im.size
|
|
|
|
# over image, crop if it's not the whole thing.
|
|
if source == (0, 0) + im.size:
|
|
overlay = im
|
|
else:
|
|
overlay = im.crop(source)
|
|
|
|
# target for the paste
|
|
box = dest + (dest[0] + overlay.width, dest[1] + overlay.height)
|
|
|
|
# destination image. don't copy if we're using the whole image.
|
|
if box == (0, 0) + self.size:
|
|
background = self
|
|
else:
|
|
background = self.crop(box)
|
|
|
|
result = alpha_composite(background, overlay)
|
|
self.paste(result, box)
|
|
|
|
def point(self, lut, mode=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Maps this image through a lookup table or function.
|
|
|
|
:param lut: A lookup table, containing 256 (or 65536 if
|
|
self.mode=="I" and mode == "L") values per band in the
|
|
image. A function can be used instead, it should take a
|
|
single argument. The function is called once for each
|
|
possible pixel value, and the resulting table is applied to
|
|
all bands of the image.
|
|
:param mode: Output mode (default is same as input). In the
|
|
current version, this can only be used if the source image
|
|
has mode "L" or "P", and the output has mode "1" or the
|
|
source image mode is "I" and the output mode is "L".
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(lut, ImagePointHandler):
|
|
return lut.point(self)
|
|
|
|
if callable(lut):
|
|
# if it isn't a list, it should be a function
|
|
if self.mode in ("I", "I;16", "F"):
|
|
# check if the function can be used with point_transform
|
|
# UNDONE wiredfool -- I think this prevents us from ever doing
|
|
# a gamma function point transform on > 8bit images.
|
|
scale, offset = _getscaleoffset(lut)
|
|
return self._new(self.im.point_transform(scale, offset))
|
|
# for other modes, convert the function to a table
|
|
lut = [lut(i) for i in range(256)] * self.im.bands
|
|
|
|
if self.mode == "F":
|
|
# FIXME: _imaging returns a confusing error message for this case
|
|
raise ValueError("point operation not supported for this mode")
|
|
|
|
return self._new(self.im.point(lut, mode))
|
|
|
|
def putalpha(self, alpha):
|
|
"""
|
|
Adds or replaces the alpha layer in this image. If the image
|
|
does not have an alpha layer, it's converted to "LA" or "RGBA".
|
|
The new layer must be either "L" or "1".
|
|
|
|
:param alpha: The new alpha layer. This can either be an "L" or "1"
|
|
image having the same size as this image, or an integer or
|
|
other color value.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self._ensure_mutable()
|
|
|
|
if self.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
|
|
# attempt to promote self to a matching alpha mode
|
|
try:
|
|
mode = getmodebase(self.mode) + "A"
|
|
try:
|
|
self.im.setmode(mode)
|
|
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
|
|
# do things the hard way
|
|
im = self.im.convert(mode)
|
|
if im.mode not in ("LA", "PA", "RGBA"):
|
|
raise ValueError # sanity check
|
|
self.im = im
|
|
self.pyaccess = None
|
|
self.mode = self.im.mode
|
|
except (KeyError, ValueError):
|
|
raise ValueError("illegal image mode")
|
|
|
|
if self.mode in ("LA", "PA"):
|
|
band = 1
|
|
else:
|
|
band = 3
|
|
|
|
if isImageType(alpha):
|
|
# alpha layer
|
|
if alpha.mode not in ("1", "L"):
|
|
raise ValueError("illegal image mode")
|
|
alpha.load()
|
|
if alpha.mode == "1":
|
|
alpha = alpha.convert("L")
|
|
else:
|
|
# constant alpha
|
|
try:
|
|
self.im.fillband(band, alpha)
|
|
except (AttributeError, ValueError):
|
|
# do things the hard way
|
|
alpha = new("L", self.size, alpha)
|
|
else:
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
self.im.putband(alpha.im, band)
|
|
|
|
def putdata(self, data, scale=1.0, offset=0.0):
|
|
"""
|
|
Copies pixel data to this image. This method copies data from a
|
|
sequence object into the image, starting at the upper left
|
|
corner (0, 0), and continuing until either the image or the
|
|
sequence ends. The scale and offset values are used to adjust
|
|
the sequence values: **pixel = value*scale + offset**.
|
|
|
|
:param data: A sequence object.
|
|
:param scale: An optional scale value. The default is 1.0.
|
|
:param offset: An optional offset value. The default is 0.0.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self._ensure_mutable()
|
|
|
|
self.im.putdata(data, scale, offset)
|
|
|
|
def putpalette(self, data, rawmode="RGB"):
|
|
"""
|
|
Attaches a palette to this image. The image must be a "P",
|
|
"PA", "L" or "LA" image, and the palette sequence must contain
|
|
768 integer values, where each group of three values represent
|
|
the red, green, and blue values for the corresponding pixel
|
|
index. Instead of an integer sequence, you can use an 8-bit
|
|
string.
|
|
|
|
:param data: A palette sequence (either a list or a string).
|
|
:param rawmode: The raw mode of the palette.
|
|
"""
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
if self.mode not in ("L", "LA", "P", "PA"):
|
|
raise ValueError("illegal image mode")
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if isinstance(data, ImagePalette.ImagePalette):
|
|
palette = ImagePalette.raw(data.rawmode, data.palette)
|
|
else:
|
|
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
|
|
data = bytes(data)
|
|
palette = ImagePalette.raw(rawmode, data)
|
|
self.mode = "PA" if "A" in self.mode else "P"
|
|
self.palette = palette
|
|
self.palette.mode = "RGB"
|
|
self.load() # install new palette
|
|
|
|
def putpixel(self, xy, value):
|
|
"""
|
|
Modifies the pixel at the given position. The color is given as
|
|
a single numerical value for single-band images, and a tuple for
|
|
multi-band images. In addition to this, RGB and RGBA tuples are
|
|
accepted for P images.
|
|
|
|
Note that this method is relatively slow. For more extensive changes,
|
|
use :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste` or the :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
|
|
module instead.
|
|
|
|
See:
|
|
|
|
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.paste`
|
|
* :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.putdata`
|
|
* :py:mod:`~PIL.ImageDraw`
|
|
|
|
:param xy: The pixel coordinate, given as (x, y). See
|
|
:ref:`coordinate-system`.
|
|
:param value: The pixel value.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if self.readonly:
|
|
self._copy()
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if self.pyaccess:
|
|
return self.pyaccess.putpixel(xy, value)
|
|
|
|
if (
|
|
self.mode == "P"
|
|
and isinstance(value, (list, tuple))
|
|
and len(value) in [3, 4]
|
|
):
|
|
# RGB or RGBA value for a P image
|
|
value = self.palette.getcolor(value)
|
|
return self.im.putpixel(xy, value)
|
|
|
|
def remap_palette(self, dest_map, source_palette=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Rewrites the image to reorder the palette.
|
|
|
|
:param dest_map: A list of indexes into the original palette.
|
|
e.g. [1,0] would swap a two item palette, and list(range(256))
|
|
is the identity transform.
|
|
:param source_palette: Bytes or None.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
if self.mode not in ("L", "P"):
|
|
raise ValueError("illegal image mode")
|
|
|
|
if source_palette is None:
|
|
if self.mode == "P":
|
|
real_source_palette = self.im.getpalette("RGB")[:768]
|
|
else: # L-mode
|
|
real_source_palette = bytearray(i // 3 for i in range(768))
|
|
else:
|
|
real_source_palette = source_palette
|
|
|
|
palette_bytes = b""
|
|
new_positions = [0] * 256
|
|
|
|
# pick only the used colors from the palette
|
|
for i, oldPosition in enumerate(dest_map):
|
|
palette_bytes += real_source_palette[oldPosition * 3 : oldPosition * 3 + 3]
|
|
new_positions[oldPosition] = i
|
|
|
|
# replace the palette color id of all pixel with the new id
|
|
|
|
# Palette images are [0..255], mapped through a 1 or 3
|
|
# byte/color map. We need to remap the whole image
|
|
# from palette 1 to palette 2. New_positions is
|
|
# an array of indexes into palette 1. Palette 2 is
|
|
# palette 1 with any holes removed.
|
|
|
|
# We're going to leverage the convert mechanism to use the
|
|
# C code to remap the image from palette 1 to palette 2,
|
|
# by forcing the source image into 'L' mode and adding a
|
|
# mapping 'L' mode palette, then converting back to 'L'
|
|
# sans palette thus converting the image bytes, then
|
|
# assigning the optimized RGB palette.
|
|
|
|
# perf reference, 9500x4000 gif, w/~135 colors
|
|
# 14 sec prepatch, 1 sec postpatch with optimization forced.
|
|
|
|
mapping_palette = bytearray(new_positions)
|
|
|
|
m_im = self.copy()
|
|
m_im.mode = "P"
|
|
|
|
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(
|
|
"RGB", palette=mapping_palette * 3, size=768
|
|
)
|
|
# possibly set palette dirty, then
|
|
# m_im.putpalette(mapping_palette, 'L') # converts to 'P'
|
|
# or just force it.
|
|
# UNDONE -- this is part of the general issue with palettes
|
|
m_im.im.putpalette(*m_im.palette.getdata())
|
|
|
|
m_im = m_im.convert("L")
|
|
|
|
# Internally, we require 768 bytes for a palette.
|
|
new_palette_bytes = palette_bytes + (768 - len(palette_bytes)) * b"\x00"
|
|
m_im.putpalette(new_palette_bytes)
|
|
m_im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette(
|
|
"RGB", palette=palette_bytes, size=len(palette_bytes)
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
return m_im
|
|
|
|
def _get_safe_box(self, size, resample, box):
|
|
"""Expands the box so it includes adjacent pixels
|
|
that may be used by resampling with the given resampling filter.
|
|
"""
|
|
filter_support = _filters_support[resample] - 0.5
|
|
scale_x = (box[2] - box[0]) / size[0]
|
|
scale_y = (box[3] - box[1]) / size[1]
|
|
support_x = filter_support * scale_x
|
|
support_y = filter_support * scale_y
|
|
|
|
return (
|
|
max(0, int(box[0] - support_x)),
|
|
max(0, int(box[1] - support_y)),
|
|
min(self.size[0], math.ceil(box[2] + support_x)),
|
|
min(self.size[1], math.ceil(box[3] + support_y)),
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
def resize(self, size, resample=BICUBIC, box=None, reducing_gap=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a resized copy of this image.
|
|
|
|
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
|
|
(width, height).
|
|
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
|
|
one of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`, :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BOX`,
|
|
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR`, :py:attr:`PIL.Image.HAMMING`,
|
|
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC` or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.LANCZOS`.
|
|
Default filter is :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC`.
|
|
If the image has mode "1" or "P", it is
|
|
always set to :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`.
|
|
See: :ref:`concept-filters`.
|
|
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of floats providing
|
|
the source image region to be scaled.
|
|
The values must be within (0, 0, width, height) rectangle.
|
|
If omitted or None, the entire source is used.
|
|
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
|
|
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
|
|
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce`.
|
|
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
|
|
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
|
|
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
|
|
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
|
|
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
|
|
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
|
|
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
|
|
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
|
|
The default value is None (no optimization).
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if resample not in (NEAREST, BILINEAR, BICUBIC, LANCZOS, BOX, HAMMING):
|
|
message = "Unknown resampling filter ({}).".format(resample)
|
|
|
|
filters = [
|
|
"{} ({})".format(filter[1], filter[0])
|
|
for filter in (
|
|
(NEAREST, "Image.NEAREST"),
|
|
(LANCZOS, "Image.LANCZOS"),
|
|
(BILINEAR, "Image.BILINEAR"),
|
|
(BICUBIC, "Image.BICUBIC"),
|
|
(BOX, "Image.BOX"),
|
|
(HAMMING, "Image.HAMMING"),
|
|
)
|
|
]
|
|
raise ValueError(
|
|
message + " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
if reducing_gap is not None and reducing_gap < 1.0:
|
|
raise ValueError("reducing_gap must be 1.0 or greater")
|
|
|
|
size = tuple(size)
|
|
|
|
if box is None:
|
|
box = (0, 0) + self.size
|
|
else:
|
|
box = tuple(box)
|
|
|
|
if self.size == size and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
|
|
return self.copy()
|
|
|
|
if self.mode in ("1", "P"):
|
|
resample = NEAREST
|
|
|
|
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"]:
|
|
im = self.convert(self.mode[:-1] + "a")
|
|
im = im.resize(size, resample, box)
|
|
return im.convert(self.mode)
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if reducing_gap is not None and resample != NEAREST:
|
|
factor_x = int((box[2] - box[0]) / size[0] / reducing_gap) or 1
|
|
factor_y = int((box[3] - box[1]) / size[1] / reducing_gap) or 1
|
|
if factor_x > 1 or factor_y > 1:
|
|
reduce_box = self._get_safe_box(size, resample, box)
|
|
factor = (factor_x, factor_y)
|
|
if callable(self.reduce):
|
|
self = self.reduce(factor, box=reduce_box)
|
|
else:
|
|
self = Image.reduce(self, factor, box=reduce_box)
|
|
box = (
|
|
(box[0] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
|
|
(box[1] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
|
|
(box[2] - reduce_box[0]) / factor_x,
|
|
(box[3] - reduce_box[1]) / factor_y,
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
return self._new(self.im.resize(size, resample, box))
|
|
|
|
def reduce(self, factor, box=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a copy of the image reduced by `factor` times.
|
|
If the size of the image is not dividable by the `factor`,
|
|
the resulting size will be rounded up.
|
|
|
|
:param factor: A greater than 0 integer or tuple of two integers
|
|
for width and height separately.
|
|
:param box: An optional 4-tuple of ints providing
|
|
the source image region to be reduced.
|
|
The values must be within (0, 0, width, height) rectangle.
|
|
If omitted or None, the entire source is used.
|
|
"""
|
|
if not isinstance(factor, (list, tuple)):
|
|
factor = (factor, factor)
|
|
|
|
if box is None:
|
|
box = (0, 0) + self.size
|
|
else:
|
|
box = tuple(box)
|
|
|
|
if factor == (1, 1) and box == (0, 0) + self.size:
|
|
return self.copy()
|
|
|
|
if self.mode in ["LA", "RGBA"]:
|
|
im = self.convert(self.mode[:-1] + "a")
|
|
im = im.reduce(factor, box)
|
|
return im.convert(self.mode)
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
return self._new(self.im.reduce(factor, box))
|
|
|
|
def rotate(
|
|
self,
|
|
angle,
|
|
resample=NEAREST,
|
|
expand=0,
|
|
center=None,
|
|
translate=None,
|
|
fillcolor=None,
|
|
):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a rotated copy of this image. This method returns a
|
|
copy of this image, rotated the given number of degrees counter
|
|
clockwise around its centre.
|
|
|
|
:param angle: In degrees counter clockwise.
|
|
:param resample: An optional resampling filter. This can be
|
|
one of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
|
|
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
|
|
environment), or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC`
|
|
(cubic spline interpolation in a 4x4 environment).
|
|
If omitted, or if the image has mode "1" or "P", it is
|
|
set to :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`. See :ref:`concept-filters`.
|
|
:param expand: Optional expansion flag. If true, expands the output
|
|
image to make it large enough to hold the entire rotated image.
|
|
If false or omitted, make the output image the same size as the
|
|
input image. Note that the expand flag assumes rotation around
|
|
the center and no translation.
|
|
:param center: Optional center of rotation (a 2-tuple). Origin is
|
|
the upper left corner. Default is the center of the image.
|
|
:param translate: An optional post-rotate translation (a 2-tuple).
|
|
:param fillcolor: An optional color for area outside the rotated image.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
angle = angle % 360.0
|
|
|
|
# Fast paths regardless of filter, as long as we're not
|
|
# translating or changing the center.
|
|
if not (center or translate):
|
|
if angle == 0:
|
|
return self.copy()
|
|
if angle == 180:
|
|
return self.transpose(ROTATE_180)
|
|
if angle == 90 and expand:
|
|
return self.transpose(ROTATE_90)
|
|
if angle == 270 and expand:
|
|
return self.transpose(ROTATE_270)
|
|
|
|
# Calculate the affine matrix. Note that this is the reverse
|
|
# transformation (from destination image to source) because we
|
|
# want to interpolate the (discrete) destination pixel from
|
|
# the local area around the (floating) source pixel.
|
|
|
|
# The matrix we actually want (note that it operates from the right):
|
|
# (1, 0, tx) (1, 0, cx) ( cos a, sin a, 0) (1, 0, -cx)
|
|
# (0, 1, ty) * (0, 1, cy) * (-sin a, cos a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy)
|
|
# (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
|
|
|
|
# The reverse matrix is thus:
|
|
# (1, 0, cx) ( cos -a, sin -a, 0) (1, 0, -cx) (1, 0, -tx)
|
|
# (0, 1, cy) * (-sin -a, cos -a, 0) * (0, 1, -cy) * (0, 1, -ty)
|
|
# (0, 0, 1) ( 0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1)
|
|
|
|
# In any case, the final translation may be updated at the end to
|
|
# compensate for the expand flag.
|
|
|
|
w, h = self.size
|
|
|
|
if translate is None:
|
|
post_trans = (0, 0)
|
|
else:
|
|
post_trans = translate
|
|
if center is None:
|
|
# FIXME These should be rounded to ints?
|
|
rotn_center = (w / 2.0, h / 2.0)
|
|
else:
|
|
rotn_center = center
|
|
|
|
angle = -math.radians(angle)
|
|
matrix = [
|
|
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
|
|
round(math.sin(angle), 15),
|
|
0.0,
|
|
round(-math.sin(angle), 15),
|
|
round(math.cos(angle), 15),
|
|
0.0,
|
|
]
|
|
|
|
def transform(x, y, matrix):
|
|
(a, b, c, d, e, f) = matrix
|
|
return a * x + b * y + c, d * x + e * y + f
|
|
|
|
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(
|
|
-rotn_center[0] - post_trans[0], -rotn_center[1] - post_trans[1], matrix
|
|
)
|
|
matrix[2] += rotn_center[0]
|
|
matrix[5] += rotn_center[1]
|
|
|
|
if expand:
|
|
# calculate output size
|
|
xx = []
|
|
yy = []
|
|
for x, y in ((0, 0), (w, 0), (w, h), (0, h)):
|
|
x, y = transform(x, y, matrix)
|
|
xx.append(x)
|
|
yy.append(y)
|
|
nw = math.ceil(max(xx)) - math.floor(min(xx))
|
|
nh = math.ceil(max(yy)) - math.floor(min(yy))
|
|
|
|
# We multiply a translation matrix from the right. Because of its
|
|
# special form, this is the same as taking the image of the
|
|
# translation vector as new translation vector.
|
|
matrix[2], matrix[5] = transform(-(nw - w) / 2.0, -(nh - h) / 2.0, matrix)
|
|
w, h = nw, nh
|
|
|
|
return self.transform((w, h), AFFINE, matrix, resample, fillcolor=fillcolor)
|
|
|
|
def save(self, fp, format=None, **params):
|
|
"""
|
|
Saves this image under the given filename. If no format is
|
|
specified, the format to use is determined from the filename
|
|
extension, if possible.
|
|
|
|
Keyword options can be used to provide additional instructions
|
|
to the writer. If a writer doesn't recognise an option, it is
|
|
silently ignored. The available options are described in the
|
|
:doc:`image format documentation
|
|
<../handbook/image-file-formats>` for each writer.
|
|
|
|
You can use a file object instead of a filename. In this case,
|
|
you must always specify the format. The file object must
|
|
implement the ``seek``, ``tell``, and ``write``
|
|
methods, and be opened in binary mode.
|
|
|
|
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or file object.
|
|
:param format: Optional format override. If omitted, the
|
|
format to use is determined from the filename extension.
|
|
If a file object was used instead of a filename, this
|
|
parameter should always be used.
|
|
:param params: Extra parameters to the image writer.
|
|
:returns: None
|
|
:exception ValueError: If the output format could not be determined
|
|
from the file name. Use the format option to solve this.
|
|
:exception IOError: If the file could not be written. The file
|
|
may have been created, and may contain partial data.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
filename = ""
|
|
open_fp = False
|
|
if isPath(fp):
|
|
filename = fp
|
|
open_fp = True
|
|
elif isinstance(fp, Path):
|
|
filename = str(fp)
|
|
open_fp = True
|
|
if not filename and hasattr(fp, "name") and isPath(fp.name):
|
|
# only set the name for metadata purposes
|
|
filename = fp.name
|
|
|
|
# may mutate self!
|
|
self._ensure_mutable()
|
|
|
|
save_all = params.pop("save_all", False)
|
|
self.encoderinfo = params
|
|
self.encoderconfig = ()
|
|
|
|
preinit()
|
|
|
|
ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower()
|
|
|
|
if not format:
|
|
if ext not in EXTENSION:
|
|
init()
|
|
try:
|
|
format = EXTENSION[ext]
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
raise ValueError("unknown file extension: {}".format(ext))
|
|
|
|
if format.upper() not in SAVE:
|
|
init()
|
|
if save_all:
|
|
save_handler = SAVE_ALL[format.upper()]
|
|
else:
|
|
save_handler = SAVE[format.upper()]
|
|
|
|
if open_fp:
|
|
if params.get("append", False):
|
|
# Open also for reading ("+"), because TIFF save_all
|
|
# writer needs to go back and edit the written data.
|
|
fp = builtins.open(filename, "r+b")
|
|
else:
|
|
fp = builtins.open(filename, "w+b")
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
save_handler(self, fp, filename)
|
|
finally:
|
|
# do what we can to clean up
|
|
if open_fp:
|
|
fp.close()
|
|
|
|
def seek(self, frame):
|
|
"""
|
|
Seeks to the given frame in this sequence file. If you seek
|
|
beyond the end of the sequence, the method raises an
|
|
**EOFError** exception. When a sequence file is opened, the
|
|
library automatically seeks to frame 0.
|
|
|
|
See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.tell`.
|
|
|
|
:param frame: Frame number, starting at 0.
|
|
:exception EOFError: If the call attempts to seek beyond the end
|
|
of the sequence.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
# overridden by file handlers
|
|
if frame != 0:
|
|
raise EOFError
|
|
|
|
def show(self, title=None, command=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Displays this image. This method is mainly intended for
|
|
debugging purposes.
|
|
|
|
The image is first saved to a temporary file. By default, it will be in
|
|
PNG format.
|
|
|
|
On Unix, the image is then opened using the **display**, **eog** or
|
|
**xv** utility, depending on which one can be found.
|
|
|
|
On macOS, the image is opened with the native Preview application.
|
|
|
|
On Windows, the image is opened with the standard PNG display utility.
|
|
|
|
:param title: Optional title to use for the image window,
|
|
where possible.
|
|
:param command: command used to show the image
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
_show(self, title=title, command=command)
|
|
|
|
def split(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Split this image into individual bands. This method returns a
|
|
tuple of individual image bands from an image. For example,
|
|
splitting an "RGB" image creates three new images each
|
|
containing a copy of one of the original bands (red, green,
|
|
blue).
|
|
|
|
If you need only one band, :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.getchannel`
|
|
method can be more convenient and faster.
|
|
|
|
:returns: A tuple containing bands.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
if self.im.bands == 1:
|
|
ims = [self.copy()]
|
|
else:
|
|
ims = map(self._new, self.im.split())
|
|
return tuple(ims)
|
|
|
|
def getchannel(self, channel):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns an image containing a single channel of the source image.
|
|
|
|
:param channel: What channel to return. Could be index
|
|
(0 for "R" channel of "RGB") or channel name
|
|
("A" for alpha channel of "RGBA").
|
|
:returns: An image in "L" mode.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 4.3.0
|
|
"""
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(channel, str):
|
|
try:
|
|
channel = self.getbands().index(channel)
|
|
except ValueError:
|
|
raise ValueError('The image has no channel "{}"'.format(channel))
|
|
|
|
return self._new(self.im.getband(channel))
|
|
|
|
def tell(self):
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns the current frame number. See :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.seek`.
|
|
|
|
:returns: Frame number, starting with 0.
|
|
"""
|
|
return 0
|
|
|
|
def thumbnail(self, size, resample=BICUBIC, reducing_gap=2.0):
|
|
"""
|
|
Make this image into a thumbnail. This method modifies the
|
|
image to contain a thumbnail version of itself, no larger than
|
|
the given size. This method calculates an appropriate thumbnail
|
|
size to preserve the aspect of the image, calls the
|
|
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` method to configure the file reader
|
|
(where applicable), and finally resizes the image.
|
|
|
|
Note that this function modifies the :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image`
|
|
object in place. If you need to use the full resolution image as well,
|
|
apply this method to a :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.copy` of the original
|
|
image.
|
|
|
|
:param size: Requested size.
|
|
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. This can be one
|
|
of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`, :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR`,
|
|
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC`, or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.LANCZOS`.
|
|
If omitted, it defaults to :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC`.
|
|
(was :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` prior to version 2.5.0).
|
|
:param reducing_gap: Apply optimization by resizing the image
|
|
in two steps. First, reducing the image by integer times
|
|
using :py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.reduce` or
|
|
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.draft` for JPEG images.
|
|
Second, resizing using regular resampling. The last step
|
|
changes size no less than by ``reducing_gap`` times.
|
|
``reducing_gap`` may be None (no first step is performed)
|
|
or should be greater than 1.0. The bigger ``reducing_gap``,
|
|
the closer the result to the fair resampling.
|
|
The smaller ``reducing_gap``, the faster resizing.
|
|
With ``reducing_gap`` greater or equal to 3.0, the result is
|
|
indistinguishable from fair resampling in most cases.
|
|
The default value is 2.0 (very close to fair resampling
|
|
while still being faster in many cases).
|
|
:returns: None
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
x, y = map(math.floor, size)
|
|
if x >= self.width and y >= self.height:
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
def round_aspect(number, key):
|
|
return max(min(math.floor(number), math.ceil(number), key=key), 1)
|
|
|
|
# preserve aspect ratio
|
|
aspect = self.width / self.height
|
|
if x / y >= aspect:
|
|
x = round_aspect(y * aspect, key=lambda n: abs(aspect - n / y))
|
|
else:
|
|
y = round_aspect(x / aspect, key=lambda n: abs(aspect - x / n))
|
|
size = (x, y)
|
|
|
|
box = None
|
|
if reducing_gap is not None:
|
|
res = self.draft(None, (size[0] * reducing_gap, size[1] * reducing_gap))
|
|
if res is not None:
|
|
box = res[1]
|
|
|
|
if self.size != size:
|
|
im = self.resize(size, resample, box=box, reducing_gap=reducing_gap)
|
|
|
|
self.im = im.im
|
|
self._size = size
|
|
self.mode = self.im.mode
|
|
|
|
self.readonly = 0
|
|
self.pyaccess = None
|
|
|
|
# FIXME: the different transform methods need further explanation
|
|
# instead of bloating the method docs, add a separate chapter.
|
|
def transform(
|
|
self, size, method, data=None, resample=NEAREST, fill=1, fillcolor=None
|
|
):
|
|
"""
|
|
Transforms this image. This method creates a new image with the
|
|
given size, and the same mode as the original, and copies data
|
|
to the new image using the given transform.
|
|
|
|
:param size: The output size.
|
|
:param method: The transformation method. This is one of
|
|
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.EXTENT` (cut out a rectangular subregion),
|
|
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.AFFINE` (affine transform),
|
|
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.PERSPECTIVE` (perspective transform),
|
|
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.QUAD` (map a quadrilateral to a rectangle), or
|
|
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.MESH` (map a number of source quadrilaterals
|
|
in one operation).
|
|
|
|
It may also be an :py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler`
|
|
object::
|
|
|
|
class Example(Image.ImageTransformHandler):
|
|
def transform(size, method, data, resample, fill=1):
|
|
# Return result
|
|
|
|
It may also be an object with a :py:meth:`~method.getdata` method
|
|
that returns a tuple supplying new **method** and **data** values::
|
|
|
|
class Example(object):
|
|
def getdata(self):
|
|
method = Image.EXTENT
|
|
data = (0, 0, 100, 100)
|
|
return method, data
|
|
:param data: Extra data to the transformation method.
|
|
:param resample: Optional resampling filter. It can be one of
|
|
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST` (use nearest neighbour),
|
|
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.BILINEAR` (linear interpolation in a 2x2
|
|
environment), or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.BICUBIC` (cubic spline
|
|
interpolation in a 4x4 environment). If omitted, or if the image
|
|
has mode "1" or "P", it is set to :py:attr:`PIL.Image.NEAREST`.
|
|
:param fill: If **method** is an
|
|
:py:class:`~PIL.Image.ImageTransformHandler` object, this is one of
|
|
the arguments passed to it. Otherwise, it is unused.
|
|
:param fillcolor: Optional fill color for the area outside the
|
|
transform in the output image.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if self.mode == "LA":
|
|
return (
|
|
self.convert("La")
|
|
.transform(size, method, data, resample, fill, fillcolor)
|
|
.convert("LA")
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
if self.mode == "RGBA":
|
|
return (
|
|
self.convert("RGBa")
|
|
.transform(size, method, data, resample, fill, fillcolor)
|
|
.convert("RGBA")
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(method, ImageTransformHandler):
|
|
return method.transform(size, self, resample=resample, fill=fill)
|
|
|
|
if hasattr(method, "getdata"):
|
|
# compatibility w. old-style transform objects
|
|
method, data = method.getdata()
|
|
|
|
if data is None:
|
|
raise ValueError("missing method data")
|
|
|
|
im = new(self.mode, size, fillcolor)
|
|
im.info = self.info.copy()
|
|
if method == MESH:
|
|
# list of quads
|
|
for box, quad in data:
|
|
im.__transformer(box, self, QUAD, quad, resample, fillcolor is None)
|
|
else:
|
|
im.__transformer(
|
|
(0, 0) + size, self, method, data, resample, fillcolor is None
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
return im
|
|
|
|
def __transformer(self, box, image, method, data, resample=NEAREST, fill=1):
|
|
w = box[2] - box[0]
|
|
h = box[3] - box[1]
|
|
|
|
if method == AFFINE:
|
|
data = data[0:6]
|
|
|
|
elif method == EXTENT:
|
|
# convert extent to an affine transform
|
|
x0, y0, x1, y1 = data
|
|
xs = (x1 - x0) / w
|
|
ys = (y1 - y0) / h
|
|
method = AFFINE
|
|
data = (xs, 0, x0, 0, ys, y0)
|
|
|
|
elif method == PERSPECTIVE:
|
|
data = data[0:8]
|
|
|
|
elif method == QUAD:
|
|
# quadrilateral warp. data specifies the four corners
|
|
# given as NW, SW, SE, and NE.
|
|
nw = data[0:2]
|
|
sw = data[2:4]
|
|
se = data[4:6]
|
|
ne = data[6:8]
|
|
x0, y0 = nw
|
|
As = 1.0 / w
|
|
At = 1.0 / h
|
|
data = (
|
|
x0,
|
|
(ne[0] - x0) * As,
|
|
(sw[0] - x0) * At,
|
|
(se[0] - sw[0] - ne[0] + x0) * As * At,
|
|
y0,
|
|
(ne[1] - y0) * As,
|
|
(sw[1] - y0) * At,
|
|
(se[1] - sw[1] - ne[1] + y0) * As * At,
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
raise ValueError("unknown transformation method")
|
|
|
|
if resample not in (NEAREST, BILINEAR, BICUBIC):
|
|
if resample in (BOX, HAMMING, LANCZOS):
|
|
message = {
|
|
BOX: "Image.BOX",
|
|
HAMMING: "Image.HAMMING",
|
|
LANCZOS: "Image.LANCZOS/Image.ANTIALIAS",
|
|
}[resample] + " ({}) cannot be used.".format(resample)
|
|
else:
|
|
message = "Unknown resampling filter ({}).".format(resample)
|
|
|
|
filters = [
|
|
"{} ({})".format(filter[1], filter[0])
|
|
for filter in (
|
|
(NEAREST, "Image.NEAREST"),
|
|
(BILINEAR, "Image.BILINEAR"),
|
|
(BICUBIC, "Image.BICUBIC"),
|
|
)
|
|
]
|
|
raise ValueError(
|
|
message + " Use " + ", ".join(filters[:-1]) + " or " + filters[-1]
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
image.load()
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
|
|
if image.mode in ("1", "P"):
|
|
resample = NEAREST
|
|
|
|
self.im.transform2(box, image.im, method, data, resample, fill)
|
|
|
|
def transpose(self, method):
|
|
"""
|
|
Transpose image (flip or rotate in 90 degree steps)
|
|
|
|
:param method: One of :py:attr:`PIL.Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT`,
|
|
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM`, :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ROTATE_90`,
|
|
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.ROTATE_180`, :py:attr:`PIL.Image.ROTATE_270`,
|
|
:py:attr:`PIL.Image.TRANSPOSE` or :py:attr:`PIL.Image.TRANSVERSE`.
|
|
:returns: Returns a flipped or rotated copy of this image.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
self.load()
|
|
return self._new(self.im.transpose(method))
|
|
|
|
def effect_spread(self, distance):
|
|
"""
|
|
Randomly spread pixels in an image.
|
|
|
|
:param distance: Distance to spread pixels.
|
|
"""
|
|
self.load()
|
|
return self._new(self.im.effect_spread(distance))
|
|
|
|
def toqimage(self):
|
|
"""Returns a QImage copy of this image"""
|
|
from . import ImageQt
|
|
|
|
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
|
|
raise ImportError("Qt bindings are not installed")
|
|
return ImageQt.toqimage(self)
|
|
|
|
def toqpixmap(self):
|
|
"""Returns a QPixmap copy of this image"""
|
|
from . import ImageQt
|
|
|
|
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
|
|
raise ImportError("Qt bindings are not installed")
|
|
return ImageQt.toqpixmap(self)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Abstract handlers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
class ImagePointHandler:
|
|
# used as a mixin by point transforms (for use with im.point)
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
|
|
class ImageTransformHandler:
|
|
# used as a mixin by geometry transforms (for use with im.transform)
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Factories
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
# Debugging
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _wedge():
|
|
"""Create greyscale wedge (for debugging only)"""
|
|
|
|
return Image()._new(core.wedge("L"))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _check_size(size):
|
|
"""
|
|
Common check to enforce type and sanity check on size tuples
|
|
|
|
:param size: Should be a 2 tuple of (width, height)
|
|
:returns: True, or raises a ValueError
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if not isinstance(size, (list, tuple)):
|
|
raise ValueError("Size must be a tuple")
|
|
if len(size) != 2:
|
|
raise ValueError("Size must be a tuple of length 2")
|
|
if size[0] < 0 or size[1] < 0:
|
|
raise ValueError("Width and height must be >= 0")
|
|
|
|
return True
|
|
|
|
|
|
def new(mode, size, color=0):
|
|
"""
|
|
Creates a new image with the given mode and size.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: The mode to use for the new image. See:
|
|
:ref:`concept-modes`.
|
|
:param size: A 2-tuple, containing (width, height) in pixels.
|
|
:param color: What color to use for the image. Default is black.
|
|
If given, this should be a single integer or floating point value
|
|
for single-band modes, and a tuple for multi-band modes (one value
|
|
per band). When creating RGB images, you can also use color
|
|
strings as supported by the ImageColor module. If the color is
|
|
None, the image is not initialised.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
_check_size(size)
|
|
|
|
if color is None:
|
|
# don't initialize
|
|
return Image()._new(core.new(mode, size))
|
|
|
|
if isinstance(color, str):
|
|
# css3-style specifier
|
|
|
|
from . import ImageColor
|
|
|
|
color = ImageColor.getcolor(color, mode)
|
|
|
|
im = Image()
|
|
if mode == "P" and isinstance(color, (list, tuple)) and len(color) in [3, 4]:
|
|
# RGB or RGBA value for a P image
|
|
from . import ImagePalette
|
|
|
|
im.palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
|
|
color = im.palette.getcolor(color)
|
|
return im._new(core.fill(mode, size, color))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def frombytes(mode, size, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
|
|
"""
|
|
Creates a copy of an image memory from pixel data in a buffer.
|
|
|
|
In its simplest form, this function takes three arguments
|
|
(mode, size, and unpacked pixel data).
|
|
|
|
You can also use any pixel decoder supported by PIL. For more
|
|
information on available decoders, see the section
|
|
:ref:`Writing Your Own File Decoder <file-decoders>`.
|
|
|
|
Note that this function decodes pixel data only, not entire images.
|
|
If you have an entire image in a string, wrap it in a
|
|
:py:class:`~io.BytesIO` object, and use :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open` to load
|
|
it.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: The image mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
|
|
:param size: The image size.
|
|
:param data: A byte buffer containing raw data for the given mode.
|
|
:param decoder_name: What decoder to use.
|
|
:param args: Additional parameters for the given decoder.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
_check_size(size)
|
|
|
|
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
|
|
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
|
|
args = args[0]
|
|
|
|
if decoder_name == "raw" and args == ():
|
|
args = mode
|
|
|
|
im = new(mode, size)
|
|
im.frombytes(data, decoder_name, args)
|
|
return im
|
|
|
|
|
|
def fromstring(*args, **kw):
|
|
raise NotImplementedError(
|
|
"fromstring() has been removed. Please call frombytes() instead."
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def frombuffer(mode, size, data, decoder_name="raw", *args):
|
|
"""
|
|
Creates an image memory referencing pixel data in a byte buffer.
|
|
|
|
This function is similar to :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`, but uses data
|
|
in the byte buffer, where possible. This means that changes to the
|
|
original buffer object are reflected in this image). Not all modes can
|
|
share memory; supported modes include "L", "RGBX", "RGBA", and "CMYK".
|
|
|
|
Note that this function decodes pixel data only, not entire images.
|
|
If you have an entire image file in a string, wrap it in a
|
|
**BytesIO** object, and use :py:func:`~PIL.Image.open` to load it.
|
|
|
|
In the current version, the default parameters used for the "raw" decoder
|
|
differs from that used for :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombytes`. This is a
|
|
bug, and will probably be fixed in a future release. The current release
|
|
issues a warning if you do this; to disable the warning, you should provide
|
|
the full set of parameters. See below for details.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: The image mode. See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
|
|
:param size: The image size.
|
|
:param data: A bytes or other buffer object containing raw
|
|
data for the given mode.
|
|
:param decoder_name: What decoder to use.
|
|
:param args: Additional parameters for the given decoder. For the
|
|
default encoder ("raw"), it's recommended that you provide the
|
|
full set of parameters::
|
|
|
|
frombuffer(mode, size, data, "raw", mode, 0, 1)
|
|
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.1.4
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
_check_size(size)
|
|
|
|
# may pass tuple instead of argument list
|
|
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], tuple):
|
|
args = args[0]
|
|
|
|
if decoder_name == "raw":
|
|
if args == ():
|
|
args = mode, 0, 1
|
|
if args[0] in _MAPMODES:
|
|
im = new(mode, (1, 1))
|
|
im = im._new(core.map_buffer(data, size, decoder_name, 0, args))
|
|
im.readonly = 1
|
|
return im
|
|
|
|
return frombytes(mode, size, data, decoder_name, args)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def fromarray(obj, mode=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Creates an image memory from an object exporting the array interface
|
|
(using the buffer protocol).
|
|
|
|
If **obj** is not contiguous, then the tobytes method is called
|
|
and :py:func:`~PIL.Image.frombuffer` is used.
|
|
|
|
If you have an image in NumPy::
|
|
|
|
from PIL import Image
|
|
import numpy as np
|
|
im = Image.open('hopper.jpg')
|
|
a = np.asarray(im)
|
|
|
|
Then this can be used to convert it to a Pillow image::
|
|
|
|
im = Image.fromarray(a)
|
|
|
|
:param obj: Object with array interface
|
|
:param mode: Mode to use (will be determined from type if None)
|
|
See: :ref:`concept-modes`.
|
|
:returns: An image object.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.1.6
|
|
"""
|
|
arr = obj.__array_interface__
|
|
shape = arr["shape"]
|
|
ndim = len(shape)
|
|
strides = arr.get("strides", None)
|
|
if mode is None:
|
|
try:
|
|
typekey = (1, 1) + shape[2:], arr["typestr"]
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
raise TypeError("Cannot handle this data type")
|
|
try:
|
|
mode, rawmode = _fromarray_typemap[typekey]
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
raise TypeError("Cannot handle this data type: %s, %s" % typekey)
|
|
else:
|
|
rawmode = mode
|
|
if mode in ["1", "L", "I", "P", "F"]:
|
|
ndmax = 2
|
|
elif mode == "RGB":
|
|
ndmax = 3
|
|
else:
|
|
ndmax = 4
|
|
if ndim > ndmax:
|
|
raise ValueError("Too many dimensions: %d > %d." % (ndim, ndmax))
|
|
|
|
size = shape[1], shape[0]
|
|
if strides is not None:
|
|
if hasattr(obj, "tobytes"):
|
|
obj = obj.tobytes()
|
|
else:
|
|
obj = obj.tostring()
|
|
|
|
return frombuffer(mode, size, obj, "raw", rawmode, 0, 1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def fromqimage(im):
|
|
"""Creates an image instance from a QImage image"""
|
|
from . import ImageQt
|
|
|
|
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
|
|
raise ImportError("Qt bindings are not installed")
|
|
return ImageQt.fromqimage(im)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def fromqpixmap(im):
|
|
"""Creates an image instance from a QPixmap image"""
|
|
from . import ImageQt
|
|
|
|
if not ImageQt.qt_is_installed:
|
|
raise ImportError("Qt bindings are not installed")
|
|
return ImageQt.fromqpixmap(im)
|
|
|
|
|
|
_fromarray_typemap = {
|
|
# (shape, typestr) => mode, rawmode
|
|
# first two members of shape are set to one
|
|
((1, 1), "|b1"): ("1", "1;8"),
|
|
((1, 1), "|u1"): ("L", "L"),
|
|
((1, 1), "|i1"): ("I", "I;8"),
|
|
((1, 1), "<u2"): ("I", "I;16"),
|
|
((1, 1), ">u2"): ("I", "I;16B"),
|
|
((1, 1), "<i2"): ("I", "I;16S"),
|
|
((1, 1), ">i2"): ("I", "I;16BS"),
|
|
((1, 1), "<u4"): ("I", "I;32"),
|
|
((1, 1), ">u4"): ("I", "I;32B"),
|
|
((1, 1), "<i4"): ("I", "I;32S"),
|
|
((1, 1), ">i4"): ("I", "I;32BS"),
|
|
((1, 1), "<f4"): ("F", "F;32F"),
|
|
((1, 1), ">f4"): ("F", "F;32BF"),
|
|
((1, 1), "<f8"): ("F", "F;64F"),
|
|
((1, 1), ">f8"): ("F", "F;64BF"),
|
|
((1, 1, 2), "|u1"): ("LA", "LA"),
|
|
((1, 1, 3), "|u1"): ("RGB", "RGB"),
|
|
((1, 1, 4), "|u1"): ("RGBA", "RGBA"),
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
# shortcuts
|
|
_fromarray_typemap[((1, 1), _ENDIAN + "i4")] = ("I", "I")
|
|
_fromarray_typemap[((1, 1), _ENDIAN + "f4")] = ("F", "F")
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _decompression_bomb_check(size):
|
|
if MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS is None:
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
pixels = size[0] * size[1]
|
|
|
|
if pixels > 2 * MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS:
|
|
raise DecompressionBombError(
|
|
"Image size (%d pixels) exceeds limit of %d pixels, "
|
|
"could be decompression bomb DOS attack." % (pixels, 2 * MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS)
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
if pixels > MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS:
|
|
warnings.warn(
|
|
"Image size (%d pixels) exceeds limit of %d pixels, "
|
|
"could be decompression bomb DOS attack." % (pixels, MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS),
|
|
DecompressionBombWarning,
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def open(fp, mode="r"):
|
|
"""
|
|
Opens and identifies the given image file.
|
|
|
|
This is a lazy operation; this function identifies the file, but
|
|
the file remains open and the actual image data is not read from
|
|
the file until you try to process the data (or call the
|
|
:py:meth:`~PIL.Image.Image.load` method). See
|
|
:py:func:`~PIL.Image.new`. See :ref:`file-handling`.
|
|
|
|
:param fp: A filename (string), pathlib.Path object or a file object.
|
|
The file object must implement :py:meth:`~file.read`,
|
|
:py:meth:`~file.seek`, and :py:meth:`~file.tell` methods,
|
|
and be opened in binary mode.
|
|
:param mode: The mode. If given, this argument must be "r".
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
:exception FileNotFoundError: If the file cannot be found.
|
|
:exception PIL.UnidentifiedImageError: If the image cannot be opened and
|
|
identified.
|
|
:exception ValueError: If the ``mode`` is not "r", or if a ``StringIO``
|
|
instance is used for ``fp``.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if mode != "r":
|
|
raise ValueError("bad mode %r" % mode)
|
|
elif isinstance(fp, io.StringIO):
|
|
raise ValueError(
|
|
"StringIO cannot be used to open an image. "
|
|
"Binary data must be used instead."
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
exclusive_fp = False
|
|
filename = ""
|
|
if isinstance(fp, Path):
|
|
filename = str(fp.resolve())
|
|
elif isPath(fp):
|
|
filename = fp
|
|
|
|
if filename:
|
|
fp = builtins.open(filename, "rb")
|
|
exclusive_fp = True
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
fp.seek(0)
|
|
except (AttributeError, io.UnsupportedOperation):
|
|
fp = io.BytesIO(fp.read())
|
|
exclusive_fp = True
|
|
|
|
prefix = fp.read(16)
|
|
|
|
preinit()
|
|
|
|
accept_warnings = []
|
|
|
|
def _open_core(fp, filename, prefix):
|
|
for i in ID:
|
|
try:
|
|
factory, accept = OPEN[i]
|
|
result = not accept or accept(prefix)
|
|
if type(result) in [str, bytes]:
|
|
accept_warnings.append(result)
|
|
elif result:
|
|
fp.seek(0)
|
|
im = factory(fp, filename)
|
|
_decompression_bomb_check(im.size)
|
|
return im
|
|
except (SyntaxError, IndexError, TypeError, struct.error):
|
|
# Leave disabled by default, spams the logs with image
|
|
# opening failures that are entirely expected.
|
|
# logger.debug("", exc_info=True)
|
|
continue
|
|
except BaseException:
|
|
if exclusive_fp:
|
|
fp.close()
|
|
raise
|
|
return None
|
|
|
|
im = _open_core(fp, filename, prefix)
|
|
|
|
if im is None:
|
|
if init():
|
|
im = _open_core(fp, filename, prefix)
|
|
|
|
if im:
|
|
im._exclusive_fp = exclusive_fp
|
|
return im
|
|
|
|
if exclusive_fp:
|
|
fp.close()
|
|
for message in accept_warnings:
|
|
warnings.warn(message)
|
|
raise UnidentifiedImageError(
|
|
"cannot identify image file %r" % (filename if filename else fp)
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
#
|
|
# Image processing.
|
|
|
|
|
|
def alpha_composite(im1, im2):
|
|
"""
|
|
Alpha composite im2 over im1.
|
|
|
|
:param im1: The first image. Must have mode RGBA.
|
|
:param im2: The second image. Must have mode RGBA, and the same size as
|
|
the first image.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
im1.load()
|
|
im2.load()
|
|
return im1._new(core.alpha_composite(im1.im, im2.im))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def blend(im1, im2, alpha):
|
|
"""
|
|
Creates a new image by interpolating between two input images, using
|
|
a constant alpha.::
|
|
|
|
out = image1 * (1.0 - alpha) + image2 * alpha
|
|
|
|
:param im1: The first image.
|
|
:param im2: The second image. Must have the same mode and size as
|
|
the first image.
|
|
:param alpha: The interpolation alpha factor. If alpha is 0.0, a
|
|
copy of the first image is returned. If alpha is 1.0, a copy of
|
|
the second image is returned. There are no restrictions on the
|
|
alpha value. If necessary, the result is clipped to fit into
|
|
the allowed output range.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
im1.load()
|
|
im2.load()
|
|
return im1._new(core.blend(im1.im, im2.im, alpha))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def composite(image1, image2, mask):
|
|
"""
|
|
Create composite image by blending images using a transparency mask.
|
|
|
|
:param image1: The first image.
|
|
:param image2: The second image. Must have the same mode and
|
|
size as the first image.
|
|
:param mask: A mask image. This image can have mode
|
|
"1", "L", or "RGBA", and must have the same size as the
|
|
other two images.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
image = image2.copy()
|
|
image.paste(image1, None, mask)
|
|
return image
|
|
|
|
|
|
def eval(image, *args):
|
|
"""
|
|
Applies the function (which should take one argument) to each pixel
|
|
in the given image. If the image has more than one band, the same
|
|
function is applied to each band. Note that the function is
|
|
evaluated once for each possible pixel value, so you cannot use
|
|
random components or other generators.
|
|
|
|
:param image: The input image.
|
|
:param function: A function object, taking one integer argument.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
return image.point(args[0])
|
|
|
|
|
|
def merge(mode, bands):
|
|
"""
|
|
Merge a set of single band images into a new multiband image.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: The mode to use for the output image. See:
|
|
:ref:`concept-modes`.
|
|
:param bands: A sequence containing one single-band image for
|
|
each band in the output image. All bands must have the
|
|
same size.
|
|
:returns: An :py:class:`~PIL.Image.Image` object.
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
if getmodebands(mode) != len(bands) or "*" in mode:
|
|
raise ValueError("wrong number of bands")
|
|
for band in bands[1:]:
|
|
if band.mode != getmodetype(mode):
|
|
raise ValueError("mode mismatch")
|
|
if band.size != bands[0].size:
|
|
raise ValueError("size mismatch")
|
|
for band in bands:
|
|
band.load()
|
|
return bands[0]._new(core.merge(mode, *[b.im for b in bands]))
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Plugin registry
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_open(id, factory, accept=None):
|
|
"""
|
|
Register an image file plugin. This function should not be used
|
|
in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param id: An image format identifier.
|
|
:param factory: An image file factory method.
|
|
:param accept: An optional function that can be used to quickly
|
|
reject images having another format.
|
|
"""
|
|
id = id.upper()
|
|
ID.append(id)
|
|
OPEN[id] = factory, accept
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_mime(id, mimetype):
|
|
"""
|
|
Registers an image MIME type. This function should not be used
|
|
in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param id: An image format identifier.
|
|
:param mimetype: The image MIME type for this format.
|
|
"""
|
|
MIME[id.upper()] = mimetype
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_save(id, driver):
|
|
"""
|
|
Registers an image save function. This function should not be
|
|
used in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param id: An image format identifier.
|
|
:param driver: A function to save images in this format.
|
|
"""
|
|
SAVE[id.upper()] = driver
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_save_all(id, driver):
|
|
"""
|
|
Registers an image function to save all the frames
|
|
of a multiframe format. This function should not be
|
|
used in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param id: An image format identifier.
|
|
:param driver: A function to save images in this format.
|
|
"""
|
|
SAVE_ALL[id.upper()] = driver
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_extension(id, extension):
|
|
"""
|
|
Registers an image extension. This function should not be
|
|
used in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param id: An image format identifier.
|
|
:param extension: An extension used for this format.
|
|
"""
|
|
EXTENSION[extension.lower()] = id.upper()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_extensions(id, extensions):
|
|
"""
|
|
Registers image extensions. This function should not be
|
|
used in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param id: An image format identifier.
|
|
:param extensions: A list of extensions used for this format.
|
|
"""
|
|
for extension in extensions:
|
|
register_extension(id, extension)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def registered_extensions():
|
|
"""
|
|
Returns a dictionary containing all file extensions belonging
|
|
to registered plugins
|
|
"""
|
|
if not EXTENSION:
|
|
init()
|
|
return EXTENSION
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_decoder(name, decoder):
|
|
"""
|
|
Registers an image decoder. This function should not be
|
|
used in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param name: The name of the decoder
|
|
:param decoder: A callable(mode, args) that returns an
|
|
ImageFile.PyDecoder object
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 4.1.0
|
|
"""
|
|
DECODERS[name] = decoder
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_encoder(name, encoder):
|
|
"""
|
|
Registers an image encoder. This function should not be
|
|
used in application code.
|
|
|
|
:param name: The name of the encoder
|
|
:param encoder: A callable(mode, args) that returns an
|
|
ImageFile.PyEncoder object
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 4.1.0
|
|
"""
|
|
ENCODERS[name] = encoder
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Simple display support. User code may override this.
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _show(image, **options):
|
|
# override me, as necessary
|
|
_showxv(image, **options)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _showxv(image, title=None, **options):
|
|
from . import ImageShow
|
|
|
|
ImageShow.show(image, title, **options)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Effects
|
|
|
|
|
|
def effect_mandelbrot(size, extent, quality):
|
|
"""
|
|
Generate a Mandelbrot set covering the given extent.
|
|
|
|
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
|
|
(width, height).
|
|
:param extent: The extent to cover, as a 4-tuple:
|
|
(x0, y0, x1, y2).
|
|
:param quality: Quality.
|
|
"""
|
|
return Image()._new(core.effect_mandelbrot(size, extent, quality))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def effect_noise(size, sigma):
|
|
"""
|
|
Generate Gaussian noise centered around 128.
|
|
|
|
:param size: The requested size in pixels, as a 2-tuple:
|
|
(width, height).
|
|
:param sigma: Standard deviation of noise.
|
|
"""
|
|
return Image()._new(core.effect_noise(size, sigma))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def linear_gradient(mode):
|
|
"""
|
|
Generate 256x256 linear gradient from black to white, top to bottom.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: Input mode.
|
|
"""
|
|
return Image()._new(core.linear_gradient(mode))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def radial_gradient(mode):
|
|
"""
|
|
Generate 256x256 radial gradient from black to white, centre to edge.
|
|
|
|
:param mode: Input mode.
|
|
"""
|
|
return Image()._new(core.radial_gradient(mode))
|
|
|
|
|
|
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
# Resources
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _apply_env_variables(env=None):
|
|
if env is None:
|
|
env = os.environ
|
|
|
|
for var_name, setter in [
|
|
("PILLOW_ALIGNMENT", core.set_alignment),
|
|
("PILLOW_BLOCK_SIZE", core.set_block_size),
|
|
("PILLOW_BLOCKS_MAX", core.set_blocks_max),
|
|
]:
|
|
if var_name not in env:
|
|
continue
|
|
|
|
var = env[var_name].lower()
|
|
|
|
units = 1
|
|
for postfix, mul in [("k", 1024), ("m", 1024 * 1024)]:
|
|
if var.endswith(postfix):
|
|
units = mul
|
|
var = var[: -len(postfix)]
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
var = int(var) * units
|
|
except ValueError:
|
|
warnings.warn("{} is not int".format(var_name))
|
|
continue
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
setter(var)
|
|
except ValueError as e:
|
|
warnings.warn("{}: {}".format(var_name, e))
|
|
|
|
|
|
_apply_env_variables()
|
|
atexit.register(core.clear_cache)
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Exif(MutableMapping):
|
|
endian = "<"
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self):
|
|
self._data = {}
|
|
self._ifds = {}
|
|
self._info = None
|
|
self._loaded_exif = None
|
|
|
|
def _fixup(self, value):
|
|
try:
|
|
if len(value) == 1 and not isinstance(value, dict):
|
|
return value[0]
|
|
except Exception:
|
|
pass
|
|
return value
|
|
|
|
def _fixup_dict(self, src_dict):
|
|
# Helper function for _getexif()
|
|
# returns a dict with any single item tuples/lists as individual values
|
|
return {k: self._fixup(v) for k, v in src_dict.items()}
|
|
|
|
def _get_ifd_dict(self, tag):
|
|
try:
|
|
# an offset pointer to the location of the nested embedded IFD.
|
|
# It should be a long, but may be corrupted.
|
|
self.fp.seek(self[tag])
|
|
except (KeyError, TypeError):
|
|
pass
|
|
else:
|
|
from . import TiffImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1(self.head)
|
|
info.load(self.fp)
|
|
return self._fixup_dict(info)
|
|
|
|
def load(self, data):
|
|
# Extract EXIF information. This is highly experimental,
|
|
# and is likely to be replaced with something better in a future
|
|
# version.
|
|
|
|
# The EXIF record consists of a TIFF file embedded in a JPEG
|
|
# application marker (!).
|
|
if data == self._loaded_exif:
|
|
return
|
|
self._loaded_exif = data
|
|
self._data.clear()
|
|
self._ifds.clear()
|
|
self._info = None
|
|
if not data:
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
self.fp = io.BytesIO(data[6:])
|
|
self.head = self.fp.read(8)
|
|
# process dictionary
|
|
from . import TiffImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
self._info = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v1(self.head)
|
|
self.endian = self._info._endian
|
|
self.fp.seek(self._info.next)
|
|
self._info.load(self.fp)
|
|
|
|
# get EXIF extension
|
|
ifd = self._get_ifd_dict(0x8769)
|
|
if ifd:
|
|
self._data.update(ifd)
|
|
self._ifds[0x8769] = ifd
|
|
|
|
def tobytes(self, offset=0):
|
|
from . import TiffImagePlugin
|
|
|
|
if self.endian == "<":
|
|
head = b"II\x2A\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00"
|
|
else:
|
|
head = b"MM\x00\x2A\x00\x00\x00\x08"
|
|
ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2(ifh=head)
|
|
for tag, value in self.items():
|
|
ifd[tag] = value
|
|
return b"Exif\x00\x00" + head + ifd.tobytes(offset)
|
|
|
|
def get_ifd(self, tag):
|
|
if tag not in self._ifds and tag in self:
|
|
if tag in [0x8825, 0xA005]:
|
|
# gpsinfo, interop
|
|
self._ifds[tag] = self._get_ifd_dict(tag)
|
|
elif tag == 0x927C: # makernote
|
|
from .TiffImagePlugin import ImageFileDirectory_v2
|
|
|
|
if self[0x927C][:8] == b"FUJIFILM":
|
|
exif_data = self[0x927C]
|
|
ifd_offset = i32le(exif_data[8:12])
|
|
ifd_data = exif_data[ifd_offset:]
|
|
|
|
makernote = {}
|
|
for i in range(0, struct.unpack("<H", ifd_data[:2])[0]):
|
|
ifd_tag, typ, count, data = struct.unpack(
|
|
"<HHL4s", ifd_data[i * 12 + 2 : (i + 1) * 12 + 2]
|
|
)
|
|
try:
|
|
unit_size, handler = ImageFileDirectory_v2._load_dispatch[
|
|
typ
|
|
]
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
continue
|
|
size = count * unit_size
|
|
if size > 4:
|
|
(offset,) = struct.unpack("<L", data)
|
|
data = ifd_data[offset - 12 : offset + size - 12]
|
|
else:
|
|
data = data[:size]
|
|
|
|
if len(data) != size:
|
|
warnings.warn(
|
|
"Possibly corrupt EXIF MakerNote data. "
|
|
"Expecting to read %d bytes but only got %d."
|
|
" Skipping tag %s" % (size, len(data), ifd_tag)
|
|
)
|
|
continue
|
|
|
|
if not data:
|
|
continue
|
|
|
|
makernote[ifd_tag] = handler(
|
|
ImageFileDirectory_v2(), data, False
|
|
)
|
|
self._ifds[0x927C] = dict(self._fixup_dict(makernote))
|
|
elif self.get(0x010F) == "Nintendo":
|
|
ifd_data = self[0x927C]
|
|
|
|
makernote = {}
|
|
for i in range(0, struct.unpack(">H", ifd_data[:2])[0]):
|
|
ifd_tag, typ, count, data = struct.unpack(
|
|
">HHL4s", ifd_data[i * 12 + 2 : (i + 1) * 12 + 2]
|
|
)
|
|
if ifd_tag == 0x1101:
|
|
# CameraInfo
|
|
(offset,) = struct.unpack(">L", data)
|
|
self.fp.seek(offset)
|
|
|
|
camerainfo = {"ModelID": self.fp.read(4)}
|
|
|
|
self.fp.read(4)
|
|
# Seconds since 2000
|
|
camerainfo["TimeStamp"] = i32le(self.fp.read(12))
|
|
|
|
self.fp.read(4)
|
|
camerainfo["InternalSerialNumber"] = self.fp.read(4)
|
|
|
|
self.fp.read(12)
|
|
parallax = self.fp.read(4)
|
|
handler = ImageFileDirectory_v2._load_dispatch[
|
|
TiffTags.FLOAT
|
|
][1]
|
|
camerainfo["Parallax"] = handler(
|
|
ImageFileDirectory_v2(), parallax, False
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
self.fp.read(4)
|
|
camerainfo["Category"] = self.fp.read(2)
|
|
|
|
makernote = {0x1101: dict(self._fixup_dict(camerainfo))}
|
|
self._ifds[0x927C] = makernote
|
|
return self._ifds.get(tag, {})
|
|
|
|
def __str__(self):
|
|
if self._info is not None:
|
|
# Load all keys into self._data
|
|
for tag in self._info.keys():
|
|
self[tag]
|
|
|
|
return str(self._data)
|
|
|
|
def __len__(self):
|
|
keys = set(self._data)
|
|
if self._info is not None:
|
|
keys.update(self._info)
|
|
return len(keys)
|
|
|
|
def __getitem__(self, tag):
|
|
if self._info is not None and tag not in self._data and tag in self._info:
|
|
self._data[tag] = self._fixup(self._info[tag])
|
|
if tag == 0x8825:
|
|
self._data[tag] = self.get_ifd(tag)
|
|
del self._info[tag]
|
|
return self._data[tag]
|
|
|
|
def __contains__(self, tag):
|
|
return tag in self._data or (self._info is not None and tag in self._info)
|
|
|
|
def __setitem__(self, tag, value):
|
|
if self._info is not None and tag in self._info:
|
|
del self._info[tag]
|
|
self._data[tag] = value
|
|
|
|
def __delitem__(self, tag):
|
|
if self._info is not None and tag in self._info:
|
|
del self._info[tag]
|
|
del self._data[tag]
|
|
|
|
def __iter__(self):
|
|
keys = set(self._data)
|
|
if self._info is not None:
|
|
keys.update(self._info)
|
|
return iter(keys)
|