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bootje 5 years ago
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sandbox/colonial_list.py
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from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
#example of colonial glossary
dict_verb_coloniality = {
'grant':
{'meaning': 'to give or allow someone something, usually in an officialway',
'value': 90},
'modify': {'meaning': 'to change something, usually to improve it or make it more acceptable',
'value':},
'reproduce': {'meaning': ' to produce a copy of something',
'value': 80},
'display': {'meaning': 'to arrange something or a collection of things so that it can be seen by the public',
'value': 80},
'provide': {'meaning': ' to give someone something that they need',
'value': 60},
'use': {'meaning': ' building to a particular purpose',
'value': 50},
}
dict_noun_coloniality = {
'service':
{'meaning': 'private organization that is responsible for a particular type of activity, or for providing a particular thing that people need',
'value': 80},
'services':
{'meaning': 'private organization that is responsible for a particular type of activity, or for providing a particular thing that people need',
'value': 80},
'agreement': {'meaning': 'the situation in which people have the same opinion',
'value': 90 },
}
# example
"You<span class="value_90 grant">grant<div class="grant_definition">to give or allow someone something, usually in an officialway</div></span>" FaceApp a nonexclusive, royalty-free, worldwide, fully paid license to use, reproduce, modify, adapt, create derivative works from, distribute, perform and display your User Content during the term of this Agreement solely to provide you with the Services."
template_a = Template(
<p>
{% for word in text %}
{% if word in colon_dict.keys() %}
<span class="value_{{colon_dict[{{word}}]['value']}} {{word|lower}}">{{word}}
<div class="{{word|lower}}_definition">{{colon_dict[{{word}}]['definition']}}</div></span>
{% else %}
{{word}}
{% endfor %}
</p>
)
template_a.render(text=source_text_list,
colon_dict = dict_word_coloniality)
value_90 {}
grant {}
$('.grant').do

97
sandbox/converting_list.py
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post_tag = [
[('You', 'PRP'), ('hereby', 'VBP'), ('grant', 'JJ'), ('to', 'TO'),
('FaceApp', 'VB'), ('a', 'DT'), ('fully', 'RB'), ('paid', 'VBN'), (',', ','),
('royalty-free', 'JJ'), (',', ','), ('perpetual', 'JJ'), (',', ','),
('irrevocable', 'JJ'), (',', ','), ('worldwide', 'JJ'), (',', ','),
('non-exclusive', 'JJ'), (',', ','), ('and', 'CC'), ('fully', 'RB'),
('sublicensable', 'JJ'), ('right', 'NN'), ('and', 'CC'), ('license', 'NN'),
('to', 'TO'), ('use', 'VB'), (',', ','), ('reproduce', 'VB'), (',', ','),
('perform', 'VB'), (',', ','), ('display', 'NN'), (',', ','),
('distribute', 'NN'), (',', ','), ('adapt', 'NN'), (',', ','),
('modify', 'VB'), (',', ','), ('re-format', 'JJ'), (',', ','),
('create', 'JJ'), ('derivative', 'JJ'), ('works', 'NNS'), ('of', 'IN'),
(',', ','), ('and', 'CC'), ('otherwise', 'RB'), ('commercially', 'RB'),
('or', 'CC'), ('non-commercially', 'RB'), ('exploit', 'NNS'), ('in', 'IN'),
('any', 'DT'), ('manner', 'NN'), (',', ','), ('any', 'DT'), ('and', 'CC'),
('all', 'DT'), ('Feedback', 'NNP'), (',', ','), ('and', 'CC'), ('to', 'TO'),
('sublicense', 'VB'), ('the', 'DT'), ('foregoing', 'NN'), ('rights', 'NNS'),
(',', ','), ('in', 'IN'), ('connection', 'NN'), ('with', 'IN'), ('the', 'DT'),
('operation', 'NN'), ('and', 'CC'), ('maintenance', 'NN'), ('of', 'IN'),
('the', 'DT'), ('Services', 'NNPS'), ('and/or', 'NN'), ('FaceApp', 'NNP'),
('’', 'NNP'), ('s', 'NN'), ('business', 'NN'), ('.', '.')]
]
# * list = whole text []
# * [ [] ] sublist = paragraph
# * [ [ (word, classification), (word, classification) ] ]
# to what structure do you to have this in?
'''
dict_class_ = { 'NN': ['s', ',maintenance', ...],
'NNP': [..., ,]
dict_word_class {'maintenance': 'NN',
####
# colonial glossary
######
dict_word_coloniality = {'maintenance': 50,
'business': 85, }
dict_word_coloniality = {'maintenance':
{'meaning': 'the colonial meaning of maintance',
'value': 50},
'business': {'meaning': ,
'value':},
}
Here is an an example source_text: "This business had maintenance"
dict_word_coloniality.get('This') => None
dict_word_coloniality.get('business') => {'meaning': 'the colonial meaning
of business',
'value': 50},
"This <span class="value_85 business">business <div class="business_definition"> the colonial meaning of maintance</div></span>" had
maintenance"
template_a = Template(
<p>
{% for word in text %}
{% if word in colon_dict.keys() %}
<span class="value_{{colon_dict[{{word}}]['value']}} {{word|lower}}">{{
word}}<div
class="{{word|lower}}_definition">{{colon_dict[{{word}}][
'definition']}}</div></span>
{% else %}
{{word}}
{% endfor %}
</p>
)
template_a.render(text=source_text_list,
colon_dict = dict_word_coloniality)
value_85 {}
business {}
$('.business').do
idea: gathering all the words that are 50
# jinja with lists
{% for word in text %}
<span>{{word}} <span>
{% end for }
# jinja with dictionaries # ouput only keys
{ % for key, value in colon_dict.iteritems() %}
{% endfor %}
'''

50
website/estonia.html
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@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
<head>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.5.0.min.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="estonia.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="legend.css">
<script src="highlight.js"></script>
<meta charset="utf-8">
@ -22,6 +23,15 @@
<div class="t_info-Original Source"><div class="info_t_title" ><b>Original Source</b></div><div class="t_info_content"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Russian-Estonian)">link</a></div></div><br>
<div class="t_info-Description"><div class="info_t_title" ><b>Description</b></div><div class="t_info_content">The Tartu Peace Treaty or Treaty of Tartu is a peace treaty between Estonia and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic signed on 2 February 1920, ending the Estonian War of Independence.</div></div><br>
</div></div>
<div class="legend">
<li><span class="legendverb"></span> verb</li>
<li><span class="legendnoun"></span> noun</li>
<li><span class="legendadjective"></span> adjective</li>
<li><span class="legendadverb"></span> adverb</li>
<li><span class="legendhide"></span> stopwords</li>
</div>
<div class="t_paragraph">
<p>
<span class="NN article">Article</span>
@ -2193,26 +2203,26 @@
</p>
</div>
<div class="t_top_words"><div class="t_top_words_title"><b>Frequent words</b></div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;order&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;superintend&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;carrying&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;military&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;guarantees&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;conceded&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;contracting&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;parties&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;mixed&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;commission&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;established&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;whose&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;composition&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;rights&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;obligations&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;shall&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;determined&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;instructions&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;annxed&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;present&nbsp;(1) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;contracting&nbsp;(20) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;parties&nbsp;(16) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;territory&nbsp;(11) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;military&nbsp;(11) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;russia&nbsp;(10) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;material&nbsp;(9) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;state&nbsp;(8) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;war&nbsp;(8) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;between&nbsp;(8) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;persons&nbsp;(8) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;village&nbsp;(7) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;nationality&nbsp;(7) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;states&nbsp;(7) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;forces&nbsp;(7) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;present&nbsp;(6) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;treaty&nbsp;(6) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;frontier&nbsp;(6) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;line&nbsp;(6) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;lake&nbsp;(6) </div>
<div class="t_chosen_words" >&nbsp;first&nbsp;(6) </div>
</div></div></div>
</div></div>
</body></html>

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website/estonia.py
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@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ print('''<!DOCTYPE>
<head>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.5.0.min.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="estonia.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="legend.css">
<script src="highlight.js"></script>
<meta charset="utf-8">
@ -43,18 +44,31 @@ print(t_image)
#t_info box
print('<div class ="t_info">')
t_infotext = [('Name of Treaty', 'Peace Treaty of Tartu'), ('Country of Origin', 'Russia'), ('Signed', 'February 2, 1920'), ('Location', 'Tartu, Estonia'), ('Word Counts', '2,104'), ('Type', 'bilateral peace treaty'), ('Original Source', '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Russian-Estonian)">link</a>'), ('Description', 'The Tartu Peace Treaty or Treaty of Tartu is a peace treaty between Estonia and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic signed on 2 February 1920, ending the Estonian War of Independence.')]
t_infotext = [('Name of Treaty', 'Peace Treaty of Tartu'), ('Country of Origin', 'Russia'), ('Signed', 'February 2, 1920'), ('Location', 'Tartu, Estonia'), ('Word Counts', '2,104'), ('Type', 'bilateral peace treaty'), ('Original Source', '<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Russian-Estonian)" target="_blank">link</a>'), ('Description', 'The Tartu Peace Treaty or Treaty of Tartu is a peace treaty between Estonia and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic signed on 2 February 1920, ending the Estonian War of Independence.')]
for t_title, t_info in t_infotext:
print('<div class="t_info-{0}"><div class="info_t_title" ><b>{0}</b></div><div class="t_info_content">{1}</div></div><br>'.format(t_title, t_info))
print('</div></div>')
print('''
<div class="legend">
<li><span class="legendverb"></span> verb</li>
<li><span class="legendnoun"></span> noun</li>
<li><span class="legendadjective"></span> adjective</li>
<li><span class="legendadverb"></span> adverb</li>
<li><span class="legendhide"></span> stopwords</li>
</div>
''')
#Treaty text
print('<div class="t_paragraph">')
t_tokenized_all = []
for t_paragraph in russia_text_list:
t_tokenized = word_tokenize(t_paragraph)
t_tokenized_all += t_tokenized # add to the tokenized_all
t_tagged = pos_tag(t_tokenized)
print('<p>')
for t_word, t_pos in t_tagged:
@ -67,7 +81,7 @@ print('</div>')
#treaty colonial top words list
print('<div class="t_top_words"><div class="t_top_words_title"><b>Frequent words</b></div>')
t_tokens_without_stopwords = nltk.FreqDist(words.lower() for words in t_tokenized if words.lower() not in t_all_stopwords)
t_tokens_without_stopwords = nltk.FreqDist(words.lower() for words in t_tokenized_all if words.lower() not in t_custom_stopwords)
t_frequency_word = FreqDist(t_tokens_without_stopwords)
t_top_words = t_tokens_without_stopwords.most_common(20)

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website/estoniaoriginal.html
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website/faceapp.css
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@font-face {
font-family: "Belgika";
src: url("http://bohyewoo.com/webfonts/belgika/belgika-40th-webfont.eot");
@ -164,7 +162,6 @@
.verb {
background-color: yellow;
# color: yellow;
}
.VB:hover, .VBZ:hover, .VBN:hover, .VVD:hover {
@ -183,11 +180,38 @@
}
.adverb {
background-color: lightgreen;
# color: lightgreen;
background-color: purple;
color: white;
}
.RB:hover, .RBR:hover, .JJR:hover, .RBS:hover {
.RB:hover {
background-color: purple;
color: white;
}
.RBR:hover, .JJR:hover, .RBS:hover {
background-color: lightgreen;
}
.possesivepronoun {
background-color: red;
color: white;
}
.presentparticiple {
background-color: brown;
color: white;
}
.JJS:hover {
background-color: salmon;
color: white;
}
.Adjectivesuperlative {
background-color: salmon;
color: white;
}

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website/faceapp.html
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website/faceapp.py
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@ -37,10 +37,7 @@ print('''<!DOCTYPE>
<head>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.5.0.min.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="faceapp.css">
<<<<<<< HEAD
=======
<link rel="stylesheet" href="legend.css">
>>>>>>> 6ee205254e8d1a95ada02cc7d5f0ac0fc0d3d046
<script src="highlight.js"></script>
<meta charset="utf-8">
@ -51,16 +48,6 @@ print('''<!DOCTYPE>
<body>''')
# $('div.t_chosen_words_{0}').mouseover(function(){
# $(this).find('.t_chosen_words_{0}').text('i + 'is here').css('color', 'red');
# })
# .mouseout(function() {
# $( this ).find( ".t_chosen_words" ).text( " " ).css('color', 'black');
# });
#wrapper
print('<div class ="tos_wrapper"><div class="intro">')
@ -73,7 +60,7 @@ print(FaceApp_image)
#info box
print('<div class ="info">')
infotext = [('Name of Service', 'FaceApp'), ('Country of Origin', 'Russia'), ('Initial release', 'December 31, 2016'), ('Type', 'Image editing'), ('Word Counts', '5,392'), ('Original Source', '<a href="https://www.faceapp.com/terms-en.html">link</a>'), ('Description', 'FaceApp is a mobile application for iOS and Android developed by Russian company Wireless Lab. The app generates highly realistic transformations of human faces in photographs by using neural networks based on artificial intelligence. The app can transform a face to make it smile, look younger, look older, or change gender.')]
infotext = [('Name of Service', 'FaceApp'), ('Country of Origin', 'Russia'), ('Initial release', 'December 31, 2016'), ('Type', 'Image editing'), ('Word Counts', '5,392'), ('Original Source', '<a href="https://www.faceapp.com/terms-en.html" target="_blank">link</a>'), ('Description', 'FaceApp is a mobile application for iOS and Android developed by Russian company Wireless Lab. The app generates highly realistic transformations of human faces in photographs by using neural networks based on artificial intelligence. The app can transform a face to make it smile, look younger, look older, or change gender.')]
for title, info in infotext:
print('<div class="info_{0}" ><div class="info_title" ><b>{0}</b></div><div class="info_content">{1}</div></div><br>'.format(title, info))
@ -99,7 +86,7 @@ for paragraph in faceapp_text_list:
tagged = pos_tag(tokenized)
print('<p>')
for word, pos in tagged:
print('<span class="{0} {1} eachwords">{2}</span>'.format(pos.replace('.', 'dot').replace(',', 'comma').replace('(', 'marks').replace(')', 'marks').replace(':', 'marks').replace(';', 'marks'), word.replace('.', 'dot').replace(',', 'comma').replace('(', 'marks').replace(')', 'marks').replace(':', 'marks').replace(';', 'marks').lower(), word))
print('<span class="{0} {1} eachwords">{2}</span>'.format(pos.replace('PRP$', 'PRPS').replace('.', 'dot').replace(',', 'comma').replace('(', 'marks').replace(')', 'marks').replace(':', 'marks').replace(';', 'marks'), word.replace('’', 'apostrophe').replace('.', 'dot').replace(',', 'comma').replace('(', 'marks').replace(')', 'marks').replace(':', 'marks').replace(';', 'marks').lower(), word))
print('</p>')
print('</div>')
@ -108,7 +95,7 @@ print('</div>')
#tos top words list
print('<div class="top_words"><div class="top_words_title" ><b>Frequent words</b></div>')
tokens_without_stopwords = nltk.FreqDist(words.lower() for words in tokenized_all if words.lower() not in tos_all_stopwords)
tokens_without_stopwords = nltk.FreqDist(words.lower() for words in tokenized_all if words.lower() not in tos_custom_stopwords)
frequency_word = FreqDist(tokens_without_stopwords)
top_words = tokens_without_stopwords.most_common(30)

48
website/highlight.js
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@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
$(document).ready(function() {
/* frequent words */
$('.chosen_words').click( function(){
var word = $(this).text();
alert(word);
@ -13,20 +15,33 @@ $(document).ready(function() {
/* legend */
$(document).ready(function(){
$(".legendverb").mouseover(function(){
$(".legendverb").css("background-color", "yellow");
});
$(".legendverb").mouseout(function(){
$(".legendverb").css("background-color", "white");
});
});
$('.legendverb').click(
function() {
$('.VB, .VBZ, .VBN, .VVD').toggleClass('verb');
$('.legendverb').css('background-color','white');
$(this).css('background-color','yellow');
$(".legendverb").click(
$('.VB, .VBZ, .VBN, .VVD, .legendverb').css('background-color', isButtonBlue ? 'red' : 'blue');
isButtonBlue = !isButtonBlue;
});
/* pos highlight*/
$('.TO, .DT, .IN, .WDT, .WP, .MD, .PRP, .CC, .marks, .comma, .dot').click(
$('.TO, .DT, .IN, .WDT, .WP, .MD, .PRP, .CC, .VBP, .WRB, .marks, .comma, .dot').click(
function() {
$('.TO, .DT, .IN, .WDT, .WP, .MD, .PRP, .CC, .marks, .comma, .dot').toggleClass('hide');
$('.TO, .DT, .IN, .WDT, .WP, .MD, .PRP, .CC, .VBP, .WRB, .marks, .comma, .dot').toggleClass('hide');
});
$('.JJ').click(
@ -34,6 +49,23 @@ $(document).ready(function() {
$('.JJ').toggleClass('adjective');
});
$('.PRPS').click(
function() {
$('.PRPS').toggleClass('possesivepronoun');
});
$('.VBG').click(
function() {
$('.VBG').toggleClass('presentparticiple');
});
$('.JJS').click(
function() {
$('.JJS').toggleClass('Adjectivesuperlative');
});
$('.NN, .NNS').click(
function() {
$('.NN, .NNS').toggleClass('noun');
@ -68,6 +100,8 @@ $(document).ready(function() {
/* Image cick to make bigger */
$('.image').click(
function() {
$(this).toggleClass('img_clicked');

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website/index2.html
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320
website/index4.html
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@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
We also share information about your use of our site with our advertising and analytics partners. Read more about any of the purposes or vendors that we use, and exercise choices, by clicking 'Accept'. You can change your mind and revisit and change your choices at any time. <br><br>
By choosing “Agree” below, you agree that this website uses cookies, similar tracking and storage technologies, and information about the device you use to access our sites to enhance your viewing, user experience, personalize content. Click “Agree” to consent to these uses. Once you confirm your privacy choices here, you can make changes at any time by visiting your Privacy dashboard.
By choosing &#8220;Agree&#8221; below, you agree that this website uses cookies, similar tracking and storage technologies, and information about the device you use to access our sites to enhance your viewing, user experience, personalize content. Click &#8220;Agree&#8221; to consent to these uses. Once you confirm your privacy choices here, you can make changes at any time by visiting your Privacy dashboard.
<br><br><br><br>
<a href='' class='popupclose'>Agree</a><br><br>
@ -114,116 +114,319 @@
<h2><a name="definitions"></a>Definitions</h2>
<p>For the purposes of these Terms of service:</p>
<p>For the purposes of these Terms of service:</p><br>
<ul>
<li><a name="hyryc"></a><strong>HAVE YOU READ YOUR CONTRACT?</strong> is a modern-digital-colonial <a class="text" href="#textpublishingarchive">text publishing archive</a>, a series of word analysis that reveals the modern-colonial contexts/words in <a class="text" href="#tos">'Terms of Service (ToS)'</a>. ToS is a modern working/slavery contract in <a class="text" href="#digitalcolonialsociety">digital colonial society</a>, where big companies are dominating the power structures via ToS to deceive users. The project introduces the resemblance of <a class="text" href="#colonialtreaties">colonial treaties</a> in historical colonialism to the digital society by mapping out the whole architecture of language used in ToS comparing with historical colonial treaties.</li><br>
<li><a name="hyryc"></a><strong>HAVE YOU READ YOUR CONTRACT?</strong> is a <a class="text" href="#textpublishingarchive">digital text archiving tool</a> that offers a comparative reading application in the modern-colonial contexts of <a class="text" href="#tos">'Terms of Service (ToS)'</a>. It allows users making unreadable legal documents readable by offering two types of objective texts such as Terms of Services and historical colonial treaties to experience how regulatory terms in neutral documents play in colonialism. This project opens up a discussion to suggest making the resemblance of <a class="text" href="#colonialtreaties">colonial treaties</a> in historical colonialism to the digital society by mapping out the whole architecture of language used in ToS compared with historical colonial treaties.</li>
<li><a name="textpublishingarchive"></a><strong>DIGITAL TEXT PUBLISHING ARCHIVE</strong> means a digital (repository) infrastructure of text material that I desire to keep for a long-term preservation. It is evident that not much of digital material will survive<a id="reference-number" href="#1" class="text">[1]<span class="text-hover">(Zelkowitz, 2003): Advances in Computers: Information Repositories edited by Marvin Zelkowitz</span></a>. Archiving is important in digital age as a preservation tool because of perpetual changes in digital platform. This platform archives collections of related informations about my project including news articles, videos, books, tweets ... to proffer knowledges I gleaned from the web. The archive will contain different analyzations on the modern-colonial words and contexts. </li><br>
<br><br>
<li><a name="analysis"></a><strong>WORD ANALYSIS</strong> is very important because of <a class="text" href="#obfuscation">obfuscation of language</a> in ToS. Usually ToS are made with polite and generic language to deceive users. By using these general terms, those big tech companies try to wash their hands of responsibility and disclaim their liability to back up themselves. Similarly to the language of ToS, the terminology in treaties are phrased in an equivocally circuitous manner that it's indirect. Therefore, vernaculars used in English ToS, which has similarities to <a class="text" href="#colonialtreaties">colonial treaties</a> will be discovered by analyzing the words that were used during this period.</li><br>
<li><a name="digitalcolonialsociety"></a><strong>DIGITAL COLONIAL SOCIETY</strong>is a concept based on a <a class="text" href="#digitalsociety">digital society <span class="text-hover">that every aspect of lives is profoundly being affected by the domination of digital technology</span></a> where colonial heritages are omnipresent. As the Internet has become more prevalent in our lives, tech companies easily make use of users' online activities as monetizable commodities. This can be sold by <a class="text" href="#bigcorporations">big tech corporations <span class="text-hover">giving them direct power over political, economic and cultural domains of life</span></a>, users become digital workers of companies who use their <a class="text" href="#digitallabour">digital labour</a> freely to extract data through their online activities. This relationship between companies and users are inequitable, feels exploitative, and unfair. Interestingly, all of this shows similarities to the appropriating of human life, dispossessing natural resources, and dominating economics by indoctrinating and monopolizing manipulation in colonial times.
<li><a name="obfuscation"></a><strong>OBFUSCATION OF LANGUAGE</strong>: <a class="text" href="#tos">Terms of Service</a> tend to obfuscate its meaning of contexts by having a way too long texts, so that users don't read them and just click accept. Usually, ToS are written in impenetrable legalise, intentionally vague and generic language that designed to make it impossible to deceive users. During colonial times, obfuscation of language was happening in <a class="text" href="#colonialtreaties">colonial treaties</a> as well. </li><br>
<br><br>
<ul class="indent" style="padding-left: 30px;">
<a class="text">(+)<span class="text-hover-top">Although it is clear that the modes, intensities, scales, and contexts of today's digital colonialism are distinctive from the historical colonialism, the underlying power structures remain the same (Couldry, 2019)</span></a> Of course, this doesn't mean that the transformation of colonialism has done fully identical. Unlike a historical colony that was bounded mostly by geographical locations, a digital colony has no physical borders. There are no geographical locations, there are only IP addresses, domain names, and user's data. Therefore, digital colonialism expands by exploiting more layers of human life itself through the use of technology<a id="reference-number" href="#1" class="text">[1]<span class="text-hover">(Couldry, 2019)</span></a>.</li>
</ul>
<li><a name="colonialtreaties"></a><strong>COLONIAL TREATIES</strong> are known as agreements, pacts and major contracts made between countries during colonial times. It was a formally concluded agreement between a colonizer and a colony, these treaties are a binding formal agreement that establishes obligations between two or more subjects. Most of the time, colonial treaties were coercively made by a colonizer. It was very common that colonial treaties were slanted in favour of the colonizer, and pushed to sign it without knowing that sovreignty or jurisdiction will be infringed. One of the example would be, <a class="text">a treaty of Ganghwa Island<span class="text-hover-img"><img src="img/ganghwa.jpg" ></span></a> made between Japanese and Korean. They used a term called 'Unequal treaty' to refer that the treaty had generally regarded as an unequal treaty coerced by Japan. By doing so, the Empire of Japan had a full control over rullig Korean Empire <a id="reference-number" href="#2" class="text">[2]<span class="text-hover">(Duus, 1998):The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea. University of California Press</span></a>.</li><br>
<br><br>
<li><a name="digitalcolonialsociety"></a><strong>DIGITAL COLONIAL SOCIETY</strong>: It is a concept based on <a class="text" href="#digitalsociety">a digital society <span class="text-hover">that every aspect of lives is profoundly being affected by the domination of digital technology</span></a> where user's online behavior becomes monetisable commodity to be sold by <a class="text" href="#bigcorporations">big corporations<span class="text-hover">giving them direct power over political, economic and cultural domains of life</span></a>, and users don't properly get paid. This ingenious ways of extracting cheap labour from users show similar ways of exploitating natural/human resources in colonial times.
<li><a name="digitallabour"></a><strong>Digital labour</strong> is a concept that has become a crucial foundation of discussions within the realm of the political economy of the Internet (Burston, Dyer-Witheford and Hearn 2010; Fuchs and Dyer-Witheford 2013; Scholz 2012). During the development of Internet, people started making use of the Internet as a profitable space by strategically taking data from user’s <a class="text">online activities<span class="text-hover-top">These online activities can be defined as digital labour, such as simply browsing the Internet, being active in social networking sites, microblogs or content sharing sites related to leisure activities</span></a>. In this way, users automatically contribute to the profitability of companies in the digital space through non-reciprocally made consent by users who unwittingly clicked <a class="text" href="#tos">Terms of Services</a>. </li>
<br><br>
<br><br>
<a class="text">(+)<span class="text-hover-top">Although it is clear that the modes, intensities, scales, and contexts of today's digital colonialism are distinctive from the historical colonialism, the underlying power structures remain the same (Couldry, 2019)</span></a> Of course, this doesn't mean that the transformation of colonialism has done fully identical. Unlike a historical colony that was bounded mostly by geographical locations, a digital colony has no physical borders. There are no geographical locations, there are only IP addresses, domain names, and user's data. Therefore, digital colonialism expands by exploiting more layers of human life itself through the use of technology (Couldry, 2019).
<li><a name="textpublishingarchive"></a><strong>DIGITAL TEXT PUBLISHING ARCHIVE</strong> means a digital (repository) infrastructure of text material that I desire to keep for a long-term preservation. It is evident that not much of digital material will survive<a id="reference-number" href="#3" class="text">[3]<span class="text-hover">(Zelkowitz, 2003): Advances in Computers: Information Repositories edited by Marvin Zelkowitz</span></a>. Archiving is important in digital age as a preservation tool because of perpetual changes in digital platform. This platform archives collections of related informations about my project including news articles, videos, books, tweets ... to proffer knowledges I gleaned from the web. The archive will contain different analyzations on the modern-colonial words and contexts. </li>
<br><br>
<li><a name="analysis"></a><strong>WORD ANALYSIS</strong> is very important because of the <a class="text" href="#obfuscation">obfuscation of language</a> in ToS. Usually ToS are made with polite and generic language to deceive users. By using these general terms, those big tech companies try to wash their hands of responsibility and disclaim their liability to back up themselves. Similarly to the language of ToS, the terminology in treaties are phrased in an equivocally circuitous manner that it's indirect.</li>
<br><br>
<li><strong>Resemblance of Terms of Service and colonial treaties</strong>: I insist that we are subject to be oblivious to these details in ToS agreements, although we all know of their existence. Everywhere on website you consistently have to click 'agree' or 'yes' to use the service provided from companies. Seeing ToS as modern working contract is urgent because it is apparent that companies are deliberately "hiring" users to let them join the forcefully produced labour farm.
<br><br>
<ul class="indent" style="padding-left: 30px;">
<strong>&lsqb;Terms of Services&#x5d;</strong>
<li>are written in a way that renders them functionally useless to most users with impenetrable legalese terms.</li>
<li>equivocate on the question of who you are selling the data or what they are sharing with.</li>
<li>obfuscate the meaning of the context.</li>
<li>are being as opaque as possible about their intentions.</li>
<li>are way too long that users don't read them and just click accept.</li>
<li>Mislead users on their true intentions.</li>
<li>' power is equvalent of the length of Terms of Service.</li>
<br>
<strong>&lsqb;Colonial Treaties&#x5d;</strong>
<li>are sometimes written in a way that renders them functionally useless.
<li>to most indigenous people with superior languages.</li>
<li>equivocate on how they will colonize the colony.</li>
<li>obfuscate the meaning of the context.</li>
<li>are being as opaque as possible about their intentions.</li>
<li>have unequal access to language in the side of the colonized.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<br><br>
<li><a name="tos"></a><strong>TERMS OF SERVICE (TOS)</strong> is also known as 'Terms of Use' or 'Terms and Conditions', commonly abbreviated as 'ToS' are the legal agreements between a service provider and a person who wants to use that service. This means that Terms of service forms the entire agreement between You and the Company regarding the use of the service. Terms of Services are way too long that users don't read them and just click accept. This Terms of service agreement has been created with the help of <a class="text" href="https://app.termsfeed.com/download/free?agreement_type=TC&token=4687b8bf6d64d334e89197146ee96509">Terms of service Generator</a>.</li>
<br><br>
<li><a name="colonialtreaties"></a><strong>COLONIAL TREATIES</strong> are known as agreements, pacts and major contracts made between countries during colonial times. It was a formally concluded agreement between a colonizer and a colony, these treaties are a binding formal agreement that establishes obligations between two or more subjects. Most of the time, colonial treaties were coercively made by a colonizer. It was very common that colonial treaties were slanted in favour of the colonizer, and pushed to sign it without knowing that sovreignty or jurisdiction will be infringed. One of the example would be, <a class="text">a treaty of Ganghwa Island<span class="text-hover-img"><img src="img/ganghwa.jpg" ></span></a> made between Japanese and Korean. They used a term called 'Unequal treaty' to refer that the treaty had generally regarded as an unequal treaty coerced by Japan. This gave extraterritorial rights to Japanese citizens in Korea, and forced the Korean government to open 3 ports to Japan.<a id="reference-number" href="#2" class="text">[2]<span class="text-hover">(Duus, 1998):The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea. University of California Press</span></a>.</li>
<br><br>
<li><a name="obfuscation"></a><strong>OBFUSCATION OF LANGUAGE</strong>: <a class="text" href="#tos">Terms of Service</a> tends to obfuscate its meaning of contexts by having a way too long texts, so that users don't read them and just click accept. Usually, ToS are written in impenetrable legalise, intentionally vague and generic language that designed to make it impossible to deceive users. During colonial times, obfuscation of language was happening in colonial treaties as well<a id="reference-number" href="#4" class="text">[4]<span class="text-hover">Article: Terms And Conditions Are The Biggest Lie Of Our Industry</span></a>.</li>
<br><br>
<li><strong>THE IDEA OF COLONIALISM</strong> seems to be an eternal loop that comes back throughout history. The colonial heritage is omnipresent in every part of our lives from education programs, languages, gender and sexuality, religion, fashion, food even in digital sphere too <a id="reference-number" href="#5" class="text" >[5]<span class="text-hover" href="https://diversions.constantvzw.org/wiki/index.php?title=Words">DiVersions / DiVersions / DiVersies </span></a>. Therefore, it is essential not to ignore that digital colonialism is applicable to every countries regardless of the history.</li>
<br><br>
<li><strong>Affiliate</strong> means an entity that controls, is controlled by or is under common control with a party, where "control" means ownership of 50% or more of the shares, equity interest or other securities entitled to vote for election of directors or other managing authority.</li>
<br>
<li><strong>THE IDEA OF COLONIALISM</strong> seems to be an eternal loop that comes back throughout history. It is essential not to ignore that digital colonialism is applicable to countries regardless of the history.</li><br>
<li><strong>Company</strong> (referred to as either "the Company", "We", "Us" or "Our" in this Agreement) refers to Have You Read Your Contract?.</li>
<br>
<li><a name="tos"></a><strong>TERMS OF SERVICE (TOS)</strong> is also known as terms of use and terms and conditions, commonly abbreviated as (ToS) are the legal agreements between a service provider and a person who wants to use that service. This means these Terms of service that form the entire agreement between You and the Company regarding the use of the service. This Terms of service agreement as been created with the help of <a class="text" href="https://app.termsfeed.com/download/free?agreement_type=TC&token=4687b8bf6d64d334e89197146ee96509">Terms of service Generator</a>.</li><br>
<li><strong>COUNTRY</strong> refers to: Netherlands</li>
<br>
<li><strong>COMPANY</strong> (referred to as either "the Company", "We", "Us" or "Our" in this Agreement) refers to Have You Read Your Contract?.</li><br>
<li><strong>DEVICE</strong> means any device that can access the service such as a computer, a cellphone or a digital tablet.</li>
<li><strong>COUNTRY</strong> refers to: Netherlands</li><br>
<br>
<li><strong>DEVICE</strong> means any device that can access the service such as a computer, a cellphone or a digital tablet.</li><br>
<li><strong>SERVICE</strong> refers to the Website.</li>
<li><strong>SERVICE</strong> refers to the Website.</li><br>
<br>
<li><strong>THIRD-PARTY SOCIAL MEDIA SERVICE</strong> means any services or content (including data, information, products or services) provided by a third-party that may be displayed, included or made available by the service.</li><br>
<li><strong>WEBSITE</strong> refers to Have You Read Your Contract?, accessible from www.haveyoureadyourcontract.com</li><br>
<li><strong>YOU</strong> means the individual accessing or using the service, or the company, or other legal entity on behalf of which such individual is accessing or using the service, as applicable.</li><br>
<li><strong>Terms of Service</strong> (also referred as "Terms") mean these Terms of service that form the entire agreement between You and the Company regarding the use of the service. This Terms of service agreement as been created with the help of Terms of service Generator.</li>
<br>
<li><strong>Third-party Social Media service </strong> means any services or content (including data, information, products or services) provided by a third-party that may be displayed, included or made available by the service.</li>
<br>
<li><strong>Website</strong> refers to Have You Read Your Contract?, accessible from www.haveyoureadyourcontract.com </li>
<br>
<li><strong>You</strong> means the individual accessing or using the service, or the company, or other legal entity on behalf of which such individual is accessing or using the service, as applicable. </li>
</ul>
<br><br><br>
<p class="reference-text"><a name="1"></a>[1] (Zelkowitz, 2003): <a class="reference-link" href="https://books.google.nl/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xqvv7yqtr2kC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=importance+of+knowledge+archiving&ots=9NU6J-zv88&sig=2pkfx30iXkDgFS4-wLsqT9iVs8Y#v=onepage&q=importance%20of%20knowledge%20archiving&f=false">Advances in Computers: Information Repositories edited by Marvin Zelkowitz</a></p>
<p class="reference-text"><a name="2"></a>[2] (Duus, 1998): The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea. University of California Press.</p>
<p class="reference-text"><a name="3"></a>[3] (Zelkowitz, 2003): <a class="reference-link" href="https://books.google.nl/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xqvv7yqtr2kC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=importance+of+knowledge+archiving&ots=9NU6J-zv88&sig=2pkfx30iXkDgFS4-wLsqT9iVs8Y#v=onepage&q=importance%20of%20knowledge%20archiving&f=false">Advances in Computers: Information Repositories edited by Marvin Zelkowitz</a></p>
<p class="reference-text"><a name="4"></a>[4] <a class="reference-link" href="https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/21/agree-to-disagree/">Article: Terms And Conditions Are The Biggest Lie Of Our Industry</a></p>
<br><br><br><br>
<h1>Important Aspects</h1>
<br>
<ul class="indent" style="padding-left: 30px;">
<strong>As a contract aspect</strong>
<li>Lots of treaties were sneakily made contract in colonial era to be lucrative, to get profit out of their colony. Same for ToS or privacy policies in digital corporate society where the big companies are dominating the power structures via making a contract to deceive users.</li>
<br>
<strong>As a linguistic aspect</strong>
<li><strong>Language as a colonial tool</strong>: Treaties in colonial times and Terms of Service in modern time both are to show a way to indoctrinate/manipulate the colonize subject by language.</li>
<li><strong>Polarity of calming language</strong>: Using their comfort language become a colonial language. Comforting language for the company that are using highly polarized terms sometimes obfuscates or conceal users' labour to deceive them.</li>
<li><strong>Language as a colonial waterway</strong>: Shiproute in colonial times are used to sail to exchange goods, extract sources, and import labours. Through Language as a colonial waterway, it became a medium by which to interface with the colonizer.</li>
<li><strong>Language as a colonial language</strong>:Using a language that you're porting into the colony in order to be able to extract the resources. (ex, Japanese forced Korean to speak Japanese) </li><br>
</ul>
</li>
<br><br>
<h1>Contents</h1><br>
<p>This archive presents the following ToS such as
<button id="button" class="button-faceapp" target="tosview">FaceApp</button>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<p>
This archive presents the following Terms of Services such as <div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">FaceApp</div><div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="faceapp.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Tiktok</div><div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="tictok.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
, TikTok, PokemonGo, Snaptchat, Netflix, Amazon, Aibo(Sony). We also provide some historical treaties made during one's colonial era, such as
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">PokemonGo</div><div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="pokemongo.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<button id="t_button" class="button-russia">Peace Treaty of Tartu, Estonia</button>
<div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="estonia.html"></iframe>
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Netflix</div><div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="netflix.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Facebook</div><div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="facebook.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Instagram</div><div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="instagram.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Amazon</div><div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="amazon.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Sony</div><div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="sony.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
. We also provide some historical treaties made during one's colonial era, such as
<div id="t_button" class="button-ht" target="tosview">Peace Treaty of Tartu</div>
<div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="estonia.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
, for you to interpret how the former might have had some similar characteristics to the latter.</p>
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Treaty of Paris</div><div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="paris.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">United Kingdom–Korea Treaty of 1883</div><div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="uk.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Hong Kong Letters Patent 1843</div><div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="hk.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Japan–Korea Agreement of 1905</div><div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="korea.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
. These are a comparative reading application to interpret making connections on how the complex documents are operating similar ways in colonialism.
</p>
<br><br><br>
<h1>our service</h1>
<br>
<ul>
<li>to contribute a platform of reading ToS. In doing so, it questions what does it mean to provide ToS in the digital corporate society.</li><br>
<li>to question the concept of digital colonialism by providing visualization of ToS language as a modern-colonial tool to deceive users.</li><br>
<li>to analyze ToS from major tech companies to investigate how particular terms are being used in the specific context of ToS. Because ToS platforms have different tones of voice, different words are being used. How does the platforms have modern-colonial aspects in ToS?</li><br>
<li>to examine what is modern-colonial language by taking a closer look on words within the realm of ToS. This provides categorization of modern-colonial language into digital colonial glossary.</li><br>
<li></li><br>
<li></li><br>
<li></li><br>
<li></li><br>
<li></li><br>
<li></li><br>
<li></li><br>
<li>is to provide a suggestive way of comparing reading application from neutral documents.</li><br>
<li>is to contribute a platform of reading ToS. In doing so, it questions what it means to provide ToS in the digital corporate society.</li><br>
<li>is to question the concept of digital colonialism by providing a tool to read languages of Terms of Service as a modern-colonial means to deceive users.</li><br>
<li>is to analyze ToS from major tech companies to investigate how particular terms are being used in the specific context of ToS. How does these platforms have modern-colonial aspects in ToS?</li><br>
<li>is to examine what is modern-colonial languages by taking a closer look on words within the realm of ToS. </li><br>
</ul>
<br><br>
<h1>Acknowledgement</h1>
<p>These are the Terms and Service governing the use of this Service and the agreement that operates between You and this website. These Terms of Service set out the rights and obligations of all users regarding the use of the Service. Your access to and use of the Service is conditioned on Your acceptance of and compliance with these Terms and Service. These Terms and Service apply to all visitors, users and others who access or use the Service. By accessing or using the Service You agree to be bound by these Terms and Service. If You disagree with any part of these Terms and Service then You may not access the Service. Your access to and use of the Service is also conditioned on Your acceptance of and compliance with the Privacy Policy of the Website. Our Privacy Policy describes Our policies and procedures on the collection, use and disclosure of Your personal information when You use the Application or the Website and tells You about Your privacy rights and how the law protects You. Please read Our Important Aspects of the Website carefully before using Our Service.</p>
<br><br>
<h1>Links to Other Websites</h1><br>
<p>Our service may contain links to reference websites or services that are not owned or controlled by the Website. The website has no control over, and assumes no responsibility for, the content, privacy policies, or practices of any third party web sites or services. You further acknowledge and agree that the website shall not be responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any such content, goods or services available on or through any such web sites or services. We strongly advise You to read the terms of service and privacy policies of any third-party web sites or services that You visit.</p>
<br>
<h2>Website References</h2><br>
<li style="list-style-type: upper-roman;" >
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://www.cnet.com/how-to/amazon-and-google-are-listening-to-your-voice-recordings-heres-what-we-know/">Amazon and Google are listening to your voice recordings. Here's what we know about that.</a>
</li>
<h2>Visual References</h2><br>
<strong>&lsqb;Terms of Services&#x5d;</strong>
<li></li>
<li></li>
<h1>Acknowledgement</h1>
<p>These are the Terms of service governing the use of this service and the agreement that operates between You and the Company. These Terms of service set out the rights and obligations of all users regarding the use of the service.</p>
<p>Your access to and use of the service is conditioned on Your acceptance of and compliance with these Terms of service. These Terms of service apply to all visitors, users and others who access or use the service.</p>
<p>By accessing or using the service You agree to be bound by these Terms of service. If You disagree with any part of these Terms of service then You may not access the service.</p>
<p>You represent that you are over the age of 18. The Company does not permit those under 18 to use the service.</p>
<p>Your access to and use of the service is also conditioned on Your acceptance of and compliance with the Privacy Policy of the Company. Our Privacy Policy describes Our policies and procedures on the collection, use and disclosure of Your personal information when You use the Application or the Website and tells You about Your privacy rights and how the law protects You. Please read Our Privacy Policy carefully before using Our service.</p>
@ -234,12 +437,15 @@
<h1>Links to Other Websites</h1>
<p>Our service may contain links to third-party web sites or services that are not owned or controlled by the Company.</p>
<p>The Company has no control over, and assumes no responsibility for, the content, privacy policies, or practices of any third party web sites or services. You further acknowledge and agree that the Company shall not be responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any such content, goods or services available on or through any such web sites or services.</p>
<p>We strongly advise You to read the terms of service and privacy policies of any third-party web sites or services that You visit.</p>
<h1>Termination</h1>
<br><br>
<h1>Termination</h1><br>
<p>We may terminate or suspend Your access immediately, without prior notice or liability, for any reason whatsoever, including without limitation if You breach these Terms of service.</p>
<p>Upon termination, Your right to use the service will cease immediately.</p>
@ -290,7 +496,7 @@
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript" src="modal.js"></script>
<script src="modal.js"></script>
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<div id="header">Have you read your working contract?</div>
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<a class="menu-title" >Table of Contents</a><br><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#start">1. Terms of Service</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#interpretationdefinition">2. INTERPRETATION & DEFINITIONS</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#interpretation">2-1. Interpretation</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#definitions">2-2. Definitions</a><div class="icon" >&#9660;</div><br>
<div class="submenu" style="display: none;">
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#hyryc">&#10551; HAVE YOU READ YOUR CONTRACT?</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#digitalcolonialsociety">&#10551; DIGITA COLONIAL SOCIETY</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#digitallabour">&#10551; DIGTAL LABOUR</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#textpublishingarchive">&#10551; DIGITAL TEXT PUBLISHING ARCHIVE</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#analysis">&#10551; WORD ANALYSIS</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#resemblance">&#10551; RESEMBLANCE OF TOS AND TREATIES</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#tos">&#10551; TERMS OF SERVICES</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#colonialtreaties">&#10551; COLONIAL TREATIES</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#obfuscation">&#10551; OBFUSCATION OF LANGUAGE</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#colonialism">&#10551; THE IDEA OF COLONIALISM</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#affilate">&#10551; AFFILATE</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#company">&#10551; COMPANY</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#country">&#10551; COUNTRY</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#device">&#10551; DEVICE</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#service">&#10551; SERVICE</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#third-party">&#10551; THIRD-PARTY SOCIAL MEDIA SERVICE</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#website">&#10551; WEBSITE</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#you">&#10551; YOU</a>
</div>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#importantaspects">3. IMPORTANT ASPECTS</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#aspects1">3-1. CONTRACT ASPECT</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#aspects2">3-2. LINGUISTIC ASPECT</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#contents">4. CONTENTS</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#ourservice">5. OUR SERVICE</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#acknowledgement">6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#dependencies">7. DEPENDENCIES</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#termination">8. TERMINATION</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#liability">9. LIABILITY</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#euusers">10. EU USERS</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#translation">11.TRANSLATION INTERPRETATION</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#links">12. LINKS REFERENCES</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#licence">13. LICENCE</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#changes">14. CHANGES</a><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" href="#contactus">15. CONTACT US</a><br>
</div>
<div class="index-menu-right">
<a class="menu-title" >List of Terms of Services</a><br><br>
<a class="menu-title-country" >Russia</a><br><br>
<a class="index-menu-single single-right" id="button-right">FaceApp</a>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="faceapp.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
<br><br>
<a class="menu-title-country" >China</a><br><br>
<a class="index-menu-single single-right" id="button-right">TikTok</a>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="tiktok.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
<br><br>
<a class="menu-title-country" >U.S.A.</a><br><br>
<a class="index-menu-single single-right" id="button-right">PokemonGo</a>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="pokemongo.html"></iframe>
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<br>
<a class="index-menu-single single-right" id="button-right">Snapchat</a>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="snapchat.html"></iframe>
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<a class="index-menu-single single-right" id="button-right">Netflix</a>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="netflix.html"></iframe>
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</div>
<br>
<a class="index-menu-single single-right" id="button-right">facebook</a>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="facebook.html"></iframe>
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<br>
<a class="index-menu-single single-right" id="button-right">instagram</a>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="instagram.html"></iframe>
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<br>
<a class="index-menu-single single-right" id="button-right">Amazon</a>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="amazon.html"></iframe>
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<br><br>
<a class="menu-title-country" >Japan</a><br><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" id="button-right">Sony</a><br>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="sony.html"></iframe>
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<br><br><br>
<a class="menu-title" >List of Colonial Treaties</a><br><br>
<a class="menu-title-country" >Russia</a><br><br>
<a class="index-menu-single single-right" id="t_button-right">Peace Treaty of Tartu, Estonia</a>
<div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="estonia.html"></iframe>
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</div>
<br><br>
<a class="menu-title-country" >China</a><br><br>
<a class="index-menu-single single-right" id="t_button-right">TicTok</a><br><br>
<a class="menu-title-country" >U.S.A.</a><br><br>
<a class="index-menu-single single-right" id="t_button-right">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a>
<div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="paris.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
<br><br>
<a class="menu-title-country" >U.K.</a><br><br>
<a class="index-menu-single single-right" id="t_button-right">United Kingdom–Korea Treaty of 1883</a>
<div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="uk.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<a class="index-menu-single single-right" id="t_button-right">Hong Kong Letters Patent 1843</a>
<div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="hk.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
<br><br>
<a class="menu-title-country" >Japan</a><br><br>
<a class="index-menu-single" id="t_button-right">Japan–Korea Agreement of 1905</a>
<div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="korea.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
<br><br>
</div>
<div class="tos">
<br><br>
<h1><a name="start"></a>Terms of Service</h1><br>
<p>Last updated: April 28, 2020</p>
<p>Please read these terms of service carefully before using Our service.</p><br><br><br><br>
<h1><a name="interpretationdefinition"></a>Interpretation and Definitions</h1><br>
<h2><a name="interpretation"></a>Interpretation</h2><br>
<p>The words of which the initial letter is capitalized have meanings defined under the following conditions.</p><br>
<p>The following definitions shall have the same meaning regardless of whether they appear in singular or in plural.</p>
<br><br>
<h2><a name="definitions"></a>Definitions</h2><br>
<p>For the purposes of these Terms of service:</p><br>
<ul>
<li><a name="hyryc"></a><strong>HAVE YOU READ YOUR CONTRACT?</strong> is a <a class="text" href="#textpublishingarchive">digital text archiving tool</a> that offers a comparative reading application in the modern-colonial contexts of <a class="text" href="#tos">'Terms of Service (ToS)'</a>. It allows users making unreadable legal documents readable by offering two types of objective texts such as Terms of Services and historical colonial treaties to experience how regulatory terms in neutral documents play in colonialism. This project opens up a discussion to suggest making the resemblance of <a class="text" href="#colonialtreaties">colonial treaties</a> in historical colonialism to the digital society by mapping out the whole architecture of language used in ToS compared with historical colonial treaties.</li>
<br><br>
<li><a name="digitalcolonialsociety"></a><strong>DIGITAL COLONIAL SOCIETY</strong>is a concept based on a <a class="text" href="#digitalsociety">digital society <span class="text-hover">that every aspect of lives is profoundly being affected by the domination of digital technology</span></a> where colonial heritages are omnipresent. As the Internet has become more prevalent in our lives, tech companies easily make use of users' online activities as monetizable commodities. This can be sold by <a class="text" href="#bigcorporations">big tech corporations <span class="text-hover">giving them direct power over political, economic and cultural domains of life</span></a>, users become digital workers of companies who use their <a class="text" href="#digitallabour">digital labour</a> freely to extract data through their online activities. This relationship between companies and users are inequitable, feels exploitative, and unfair. Interestingly, all of this shows similarities to the appropriating of human life, dispossessing natural resources, and dominating economics by indoctrinating and monopolizing manipulation in colonial times.
<br><br>
<ul class="indent">
<a class="text">(+)<span class="text-hover-top">Although it is clear that the modes, intensities, scales, and contexts of today's digital colonialism are distinctive from the historical colonialism, the underlying power structures remain the same (Couldry, 2019)</span></a> Of course, this doesn't mean that the transformation of colonialism has done fully identical. Unlike a historical colony that was bounded mostly by geographical locations, a digital colony has no physical borders. There are no geographical locations, there are only IP addresses, domain names, and user's data. Therefore, digital colonialism expands by exploiting more layers of human life itself through the use of technology<a id="reference-number" href="#1" class="text">[1]<span class="text-hover">(Couldry, 2019)</span></a>.</li>
</ul>
<br><br>
<li><a name="digitallabour"></a><strong>DIGITAL LABOUR</strong> is a concept that has become a crucial foundation of discussions within the realm of the political economy of the Internet (Burston, Dyer-Witheford and Hearn 2010; Fuchs and Dyer-Witheford 2013; Scholz 2012). During the development of Internet, people started making use of the Internet as a profitable space by strategically taking data from user’s <a class="text">online activities<span class="text-hover-top">These online activities can be defined as digital labour, such as simply browsing the Internet, being active in social networking sites, microblogs or content sharing sites related to leisure activities</span></a>. In this way, users automatically contribute to the profitability of companies in the digital space through non-reciprocally made consent by users who unwittingly clicked <a class="text" href="#tos">Terms of Services</a>. </li>
<br><br>
<li><a name="textpublishingarchive"></a><strong>DIGITAL TEXT PUBLISHING ARCHIVE</strong> means a digital (repository) infrastructure of text material that I desire to keep for a long-term preservation. It is evident that not much of digital material will survive<a id="reference-number" href="#3" class="text">[3]<span class="text-hover">(Zelkowitz, 2003): Advances in Computers: Information Repositories edited by Marvin Zelkowitz</span></a>. Archiving is important in digital age as a preservation tool because of perpetual changes in digital platform. This platform archives collections of related informations about my project including news articles, videos, books, tweets ... to proffer knowledges I gleaned from the web. The archive will contain different analyzations on the modern-colonial words and contexts. </li>
<br><br>
<li><a name="analysis"></a><strong>WORD ANALYSIS</strong> is very important because of the <a class="text" href="#obfuscation">obfuscation of language</a> in ToS. Usually ToS are made with polite and generic language to deceive users. By using these general terms, those big tech companies try to wash their hands of responsibility and disclaim their liability to back up themselves. Similarly to the language of ToS, the terminology in treaties are phrased in an equivocally circuitous manner that it's indirect.</li>
<br><br>
<li><a name="resemblance"></a><strong>Resemblance of Terms of Service and colonial treaties</strong>: I insist that we are subject to be oblivious to these details in ToS agreements, although we all know of their existence. Everywhere on website you consistently have to click 'agree' or 'yes' to use the service provided from companies. Seeing ToS as modern working contract is urgent because it is apparent that companies are deliberately "hiring" users to let them join the forcefully produced labour farm.
<br><br>
<li><a name="tos"></a><strong>TERMS OF SERVICE (TOS)</strong> is also known as 'Terms of Use' or 'Terms and Conditions', commonly abbreviated as 'ToS' are the legal agreements between a service provider and a person who wants to use that service. This means that Terms of service forms the entire agreement between You and the Company regarding the use of the service. Terms of Services are way too long that users don't read them and just click accept. This Terms of service agreement has been created with the help of <a class="text" href="https://app.termsfeed.com/download/free?agreement_type=TC&token=4687b8bf6d64d334e89197146ee96509" target="_blank">Terms of service Generator</a>.</li><br>
<ul class="indent">
<li>are written in a way that renders them functionally useless to most users with impenetrable legalese terms.</li>
<li>equivocate on the question of who you are selling the data or what they are sharing with.</li>
<li>obfuscate the meaning of the context.</li>
<li>are being as opaque as possible about their intentions.</li>
<li>are way too long that users don't read them and just click accept.</li>
<li>Mislead users on their true intentions.</li>
<li>The power of ToS is equvalent of the length of Terms of Service.</li>
</ul>
<br><br>
<li><a name="colonialtreaties"></a><strong>COLONIAL TREATIES</strong> are known as agreements, pacts and major contracts made between countries during colonial times. It was a formally concluded agreement between a colonizer and a colony, these treaties are a binding formal agreement that establishes obligations between two or more subjects. Most of the time, colonial treaties were coercively made by a colonizer. It was very common that colonial treaties were slanted in favour of the colonizer, and pushed to sign it without knowing that sovreignty or jurisdiction will be infringed. One of the example would be, <a class="text">a treaty of Ganghwa Island<span class="text-hover-img"><img src="img/ganghwa.jpg" ></span></a> made between Japanese and Korean. They used a term called 'Unequal treaty' to refer that the treaty had generally regarded as an unequal treaty coerced by Japan. This gave extraterritorial rights to Japanese citizens in Korea, and forced the Korean government to open 3 ports to Japan.<a id="reference-number" href="#2" class="text">[2]<span class="text-hover">(Duus, 1998):The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea. University of California Press</span></a>.</li><br>
<ul class="indent">
<li>are sometimes written in a way that renders them functionally useless.
<li>to most indigenous people with superior languages.</li>
<li>equivocate on how they will colonize the colony.</li>
<li>obfuscate the meaning of the context.</li>
<li>are being as opaque as possible about their intentions.</li>
<li>have unequal access to language in the side of the colonized.</li>
</ul>
<br><br>
<li><a name="obfuscation"></a><strong>OBFUSCATION OF LANGUAGE</strong>: <a class="text" href="#tos">Terms of Service</a> tends to obfuscate its meaning of contexts by having a way too long texts, so that users don't read them and just click accept. Usually, ToS are written in impenetrable legalise, intentionally vague and generic language that designed to make it impossible to deceive users. During colonial times, obfuscation of language was happening in colonial treaties as well<a id="reference-number" href="#4" class="text">[4]<span class="text-hover">Article: Terms And Conditions Are The Biggest Lie Of Our Industry</span></a>.</li>
<br><br>
<li><a name="colonialism"></a><strong>THE IDEA OF COLONIALISM</strong> seems to be an eternal loop that comes back throughout history. The colonial heritage is omnipresent in every part of our lives from education programs, languages, gender and sexuality, religion, fashion, food even in digital sphere too <a id="reference-number" href="#5" class="text" >[5]<span class="text-hover">DiVersions / DiVersions / DiVersies </span></a>. Therefore, it is essential not to ignore that digital colonialism is applicable to every countries regardless of the history.</li>
<br><br>
<li><a name="affilate"></a><strong>AFFILATE</strong> means an entity that controls, is controlled by or is under common control with a party, where "control" means ownership of 50% or more of the shares, equity interest or other securities entitled to vote for election of directors or other managing authority.</li>
<br>
<li><a name="company"></a><strong>COMPANY</strong> (referred to as either "the Company", "We", "Us" or "Our" in this Agreement) refers to Have You Read Your Contract?.</li>
<br>
<li><a name="country"></a><strong>COUNTRY</strong> refers to: Netherlands.</li>
<br>
<li><a name="device"></a><strong>DEVICE</strong> means any device that can access the service such as a computer, a cellphone or a digital tablet.</li>
<br>
<li><a name="service"></a><strong>SERVICE</strong> refers to the Website.</li>
<br>
<li><a name="third-party"></a><strong>THIRD-PARTY SOCIAL MEDIA SERVICE</strong> means any services or content (including data, information, products or services) provided by a third-party that may be displayed, included or made available by the service.</li>
<br>
<li><a name="website"></a><strong>WEBSITE</strong> refers to Have You Read Your Contract?, accessible from www.haveyoureadyourcontract.com </li>
<br>
<li><a name="you"></a><strong>YOU</strong> means the individual accessing or using the service, or the company, or other legal entity on behalf of which such individual is accessing or using the service, as applicable. </li>
</ul>
<br>
<p class="reference-text"><a name="1"></a>[1] Couldry, N. and Mejias, U.A. (2019) The costs of connection: how data is colonizing human life and appropriating it for capitalism. Culture and economic life. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.</p>
<p class="reference-text"><a name="2"></a>[2] (Duus, 1998): The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea. University of California Press.</p>
<p class="reference-text"><a name="3"></a>[3] (Zelkowitz, 2003): <a class="reference-link" href="https://books.google.nl/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xqvv7yqtr2kC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=importance+of+knowledge+archiving&ots=9NU6J-zv88&sig=2pkfx30iXkDgFS4-wLsqT9iVs8Y#v=onepage&q=importance%20of%20knowledge%20archiving&f=false" target="_blank">Advances in Computers: Information Repositories edited by Marvin Zelkowitz</a></p>
<p class="reference-text"><a name="4"></a>[4] <a class="reference-link" href="https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/21/agree-to-disagree/" target="_blank">Article: Terms And Conditions Are The Biggest Lie Of Our Industry</a></p>
<br><br><br><br>
<a name="importantaspects"></a><h1>Important Aspects</h1>
<br>
<a name="aspects1"></a><h2>As a contract aspect</h2><br>
<ul class="indent">
<li>Lots of treaties were sneakily made contract in colonial era to be lucrative, to get profit out of their colony. Same for ToS or privacy policies in digital corporate society where the big companies are dominating the power structures via making a contract to deceive users.</li>
</ul>
<br>
<a name="aspects2"></a><h2>As a linguistic aspect</h2><br>
<ul class="indent">
<li><strong>Language as a colonial tool</strong>: Treaties in colonial times and Terms of Service in modern time both are to show a way to indoctrinate/manipulate the colonize subject by language.</li>
<li><strong>Polarity of calming language</strong>: Using their comfort language become a colonial language. Comforting language for the company that are using highly polarized terms sometimes obfuscates or conceal users' labour to deceive them.</li>
<li><strong>Language as a colonial waterway</strong>: Shiproute in colonial times are used to sail to exchange goods, extract sources, and import labours. Through Language as a colonial waterway, it became a medium by which to interface with the colonizer.</li>
<li><strong>Language as a colonial language</strong>:Using a language that you're porting into the colony in order to be able to extract the resources. (ex, Japanese forced Korean to speak Japanese) </li><br>
</ul>
</li>
<br><br>
<a name="contents"></a><h1>Contents</h1><br>
<p>
This archive presents the following Terms of Services such as
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">FaceApp</div>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="faceapp.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Tiktok</div>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="tiktok.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">PokemonGo</div>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="pokemongo.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Snapchat</div>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="snapchat.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Netflix</div>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="netflix.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Facebook</div>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="facebook.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Instagram</div>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="instagram.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Amazon</div>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="amazon.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="tosview">Sony</div>
<div id="myModal" class="modal">
<div class="modal-content">
<span class="close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="tosview" name="tosview" src="sony.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
. We also provide some historical treaties made during one's colonial era, such as
<div id="t_button" class="button-ht" target="treatyview">Peace Treaty of Tartu</div>
<div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="estonia.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="treatyview">Treaty of Paris</div>
<div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="paris.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="treatyview">United Kingdom–Korea Treaty of 1883</div>
<div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="uk.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="treatyview">Hong Kong Letters Patent 1843</div>
<div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="hk.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
,
<div id="button" class="button-tos" target="treatyview">Japan–Korea Agreement of 1905</div>
<div id="t_myModal" class="t_modal">
<div class="t_modal-content">
<span class="t_close">&times;</span>
<iframe id="treatyview" name="treatyview" src="korea.html"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
. These are a comparative reading application to interpret making connections on how the complex documents are operating similar ways in colonialism.
</p>
<br><br><br>
<a name="ourservice"></a><h1>our service</h1><br>
<ul class="indent">
<li>is to provide a suggestive way of comparing reading application from neutral documents.</li>
<li>is to contribute a platform of reading ToS. In doing so, it questions what it means to provide ToS in the digital corporate society.</li>
<li>is to question the concept of digital colonialism by providing a tool to read languages of Terms of Service as a modern-colonial means to deceive users.</li>
<li>is to analyze ToS from major tech companies to investigate how particular terms are being used in the specific context of ToS. How does these platforms have modern-colonial aspects in ToS?</li>
<li>is to examine what is modern-colonial languages by taking a closer look on words within the realm of ToS. </li>
</ul>
<br><br>
<a name="acknowledgement"></a><h1>Acknowledgement</h1><br>
<p>These are the Terms and Service governing the use of this Service and the agreement that operates between You and this website. These Terms of Service set out the rights and obligations of all users regarding the use of the Service. Your access to and use of the Service is conditioned on Your acceptance of and compliance with these Terms and Service. These Terms and Service apply to all visitors, users and others who access or use the Service. By accessing or using the Service You agree to be bound by these Terms and Service. If You disagree with any part of these Terms and Service then You may not access the Service. Your access to and use of the Service is also conditioned on Your acceptance of and compliance with the Privacy Policy of the Website. Our Privacy Policy describes Our policies and procedures on the collection, use and disclosure of Your personal information when You use the Application or the Website and tells You about Your privacy rights and how the law protects You. Please read Our Important Aspects of the Website carefully before using Our Service.</p>
<br><br>
<a name="dependencies"></a><h1>Dependencies</h1><br>
<ul class="indent">
<li><strong>Python</strong> is a computer language that is developed under an open source license, making it freely usable and distributable, even for commercial use. I used the Python library NLTK to create Part of Speech taggers in order to categorize words in the Terms of Service and the colonial treaties.</li>
<li><strong>NLTK</strong> is a leading platform to work with human language data. It provided this project for classification, tokenization and tagging words.</li>
<li><strong>POS Tagger</strong> is the process of classifying words into their parts of speech and labeling them accordingly in NLTK. It reads text in some language and assigns parts of speech to each word (and other token), such as noun, verb, adjective and more. An alphabetical list of part-of-speech tags used in this project are as followed:</li>
<br>
<li>TO: to</li>
<li>DT: Determiner</li>
<li>IN: Preposition or subordinating conjunction</li>
<li>WDT: Wh-determiner</li>
<li>WP: Wh-pronoun</li>
<li>MD: Modal</li>
<li>PRP: Personal pronoun</li>
<li>CC: Coordinating conjunction</li>
<li>NN: Noun, singular or mass</li>
<li>NNS: Noun, plural</li>
<li>NNPS: Proper noun, singular</li>
<li>NNPS: Proper noun, plural</li>
<li>VB: Verb, base form</li>
<li>VBD: Verb, past tens</li>
<li>VBG: Verb, gerund or present participle</li>
<li>VBN: Verb, past participle</li>
<li>VBP: Verb, non-3rd person singular present</li>
<li>VBZ: Verb, 3rd person singular present</li>
<li>VVD: verb, past tense</li>
<li>JJ: Adjective</li>
<li>JJR: Adjective, comparative</li>
<li>JJS: Adjective, superlative</li>
<li>RB: Adverb</li>
<li>RBR: Adverb, comparative</li>
<li>RBS: Adverb, superlative</li>
</ul>
<br><br>
<a name="termination"></a><h1>Termination</h1><br>
<p>We may terminate or suspend Your access immediately, without prior notice or liability, for any reason whatsoever, including without limitation if You breach these Terms of Service. Upon termination, Your right to use the service will cease immediately.</p>
<br><br>
<a name="liability"></a><h1>Limitation of Liability</h1><br>
<p>Notwithstanding any damages that You might incur, the entire liability of the Company and any of its suppliers under any provision of this Terms and Your exclusive remedy for all of the foregoing shall be limited to the amount actually paid by You through the service or 100 USD if You haven't purchased anything through the service.</p><br>
<p>To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, in no event shall the Company or its suppliers be liable for any special, incidental, indirect, or consequential damages whatsoever (including, but not limited to, damages for loss of profits, loss of data or other information, for business interruption, for personal injury, loss of privacy arising out of or in any way related to the use of or inability to use the service, third-party software and/or third-party hardware used with the service, or otherwise in connection with any provision of this Terms), even if the Company or any supplier has been advised of the possibility of such damages and even if the remedy fails of its essential purpose.</p><br>
<p>Some states do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties or limitation of liability for incidental or consequential damages, which means that some of the above limitations may not apply. In these states, each party's liability will be limited to the greatest extent permitted by law.</p>
<br><br>
<a name="euusers"></a><h1>For European Union (EU) Users</h1><br>
<p>If You are a European Union consumer, you will benefit from any mandatory provisions of the law of the country in which you are resident in.</p>
<br><br>
<a name="translation"></a><h1>Translation Interpretation</h1><br>
<p>These Terms of service may have been translated if We have made them available to You on our service. You agree that the original English text shall prevail in the case of a dispute.</p>
<br><br>
<a name="links"></a><h1>Links to Other Websites</h1><br>
<p>Our service may contain links to reference websites or services that are not owned or controlled by the Website. The website has no control over, and assumes no responsibility for, the content, privacy policies, or practices of any third party web sites or services. You further acknowledge and agree that the website shall not be responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any such content, goods or services available on or through any such web sites or services. We strongly advise You to read the terms of service and privacy policies of any third-party web sites or services that You visit.</p>
<br>
<h2>Website References</h2>
<li >
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://www.cnet.com/how-to/amazon-and-google-are-listening-to-your-voice-recordings-heres-what-we-know/" target="_blank">Amazon and Google are listening to your voice recordings. Here's what we know about that.</a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/faceapp-says-its-not-uploading-all-your-photos/" target="_blank">FaceApp says it's not uploading all your photos. </a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://www.cnet.com/how-to/amazon-and-google-are-listening-to-your-voice-recordings-heres-what-we-know/" target="_blank">FaceApp was a test. We didn't pass.</a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://fossbytes.com/tiktok-is-spyware-reddit-ceo-steve-huffman/" target="_blank">Don’t Install TikTok On Your Phone, It’s A Spyware: Reddit CEO.</a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://www.wired.com/story/faceapp-privacy-backlash-facebook/" target="_blank">Think FaceApp Is Scary? Wait Till You Hear About Facebook.</a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/yes-the-robot-dog-ate-your-privacy/" target="_blank">Yes, the robot dog ate your privacy.</a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/285823-most-website-terms-of-service-are-functionally-incomprehensible-to-americans" target="_blank">Most Website Terms of Service Are Functionally Incomprehensible to Americans.</a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=22998423" target="_blank">Disney claims anyone using a Twitter hashtag is agreeing to their terms of use.</a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/21/agree-to-disagree/" target="_blank">Terms And Conditions Are The Biggest Lie Of Our Industry.</a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/03/terms-of-service-online-contracts-fine-print" target="_blank">Click to agree with what? No one reads terms of service, studies confirm.</a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://www.npr.org/2014/09/01/345044359/why-do-we-blindly-sign-terms-of-service-agreements" target="_blank">Why Do We Blindly Sign Terms Of Service Agreements?</a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/tiktok-china-data-privacy-lawsuit-bytedance-a9230426.html
" target="_blank">Tiktok secretly loaded with chinese surveillance software, lawsuit claims.</a>
</li>
<br>
<h2>Visual References</h2>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eJAQ-4vijgQ/WoDQVcUDhgI/AAAAAAAAAVo/i3_EbJ1nGI87rawsV8-SJlyvdAtNapVPgCLcBGAs/s1600/Waters%2BIsgro%25CC%2580.jpg" target="_blank">Isgrò and Waters, problem erased.</a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="http://magazine.art21.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/holzer-028.jpg" target="_blank">Jenny Holzer</a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://posthumancomplicities.tumblr.com/image/157733257011" target="_blank">Zong! As told to the author by Setaey Adamu Boateng</a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://textarthistory.files.wordpress.com/2015/11/humtete2_750.jpg" target="_blank">Tom Phillips</a>
</li>
<li>
<a style="border-style: none;" href="https://africanlegends.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/british-treaty-in-nigeria_itsekiri-1884_0.jpg?w=500" target="_blank">Colonial Treaties in Africa: British Protection Treaty with the Itsekiri of Nigeria 1884</a>
</li>
<br></br>
<a name="licence"></a><h1>Licence</h1>
<p>Copyleft: This is a free work. You can copy, distribute, and modify it under the terms of the <a style="border-style: none;" href="http://artlibre.org/licence/lal/en/" target="_blank">Free Art License</a></p>
<br><br>
<a name="changes"></a><h1>Changes to These Terms of service</h1>
<p>We reserve the right, at Our sole discretion, to modify or replace these Terms at any time. If a revision is material We will make reasonable efforts to provide at least 30 days' notice prior to any new terms taking effect. What constitutes a material change will be determined at Our sole discretion. By continuing to access or use Our service after those revisions become effective, You agree to be bound by the revised terms. If You do not agree to the new terms, in whole or in part, please stop using the website and the service.</p>
<br><br>
<a name="contactus"></a><h1>Contact Us</h1>
<p>If you have any questions about these Terms of service, You can contact us:</p>
<ul class="indent">By email: haveyoureadyourcontract@gmail.com</ul>
</div>
</div>
<script src="modal.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

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@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
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font-family: Belgika;
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*/.legend .legendnoun { background-color: #00ffff; }
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website/modal.js
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@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
// index page
var modal = document.getElementById("myModal");
var btn = document.getElementById("button");
var btn_bar = document.getElementById("button-right");
var tos_iframe = document.getElementById("tosview");
// Get the <span> element that closes the modal
var span = document.getElementsByClassName("close")[0];
@ -8,21 +10,26 @@ var span = document.getElementsByClassName("close")[0];
btn.onclick = function() {
modal.style.display = "block";
}
//right bar list
btn_bar.onclick = function() {
modal.style.display = "block";
}
// When the user clicks on <span> (x), close the modal
span.onclick = function() {
modal.style.display = "none";
tos_iframe.src = tos_iframe.src;
}
// When the user clicks anywhere outside of the modal, close it
window.onclick = function(event) {
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modal.style.display = "none";
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// index page
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var t_btn = document.getElementById("t_button");
var t_btn_bar = document.getElementById("t_button-right");
var treaty_iframe = document.getElementById("treatyview");
// Get the <span> element that closes the modal
var t_span = document.getElementsByClassName("t_close")[0];
@ -30,13 +37,14 @@ var t_span = document.getElementsByClassName("t_close")[0];
t_btn.onclick = function() {
t_modal.style.display = "block";
}
//right bar list
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treaty_iframe.src = treaty_iframe.src;
}
// When the user clicks anywhere outside of the modal, close it
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@ -2,18 +2,20 @@ $(function(){
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$('.popup').show();
$('.popupclose').click(function(){
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$('html, body').css("position", "relative");
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10
1789.3
including
your
a
about
within
@ -29,7 +28,6 @@ without
all
an
and
are
as
at
be
@ -49,13 +47,18 @@ have
he
I
i
you
any
if
for
in
into
is
it
its
s
me
we
more
my
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@ -66,6 +69,7 @@ or
other
out
so
u.s.
some
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@ -56,14 +56,6 @@
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@ -95,12 +87,23 @@
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font-size: 7pt;
color: white;
letter-spacing: 0.5px;
.index-menu-single {
font-family: Belgika-8th;
font-size: 7pt;
color: white;
position: fixed;
float: left;
z-index: 994;
border-bottom: none;
text-decoration: none;
line-height: 2;
padding: 2px;
}
}
.index-menu-single:hover {
background-color: white;
color: red;
}
.index-menu-single {
font-family: Belgika-8th;
font-size: 7pt;
color: white;
.single-right {
line-height: 2;
}
border-bottom: none;
text-decoration: none;
line-height: 2;
padding: 2px;
}
#header {
background-color: black;
top: 0px;
width: 100%;
font-family: belgika-8th;
font-size: 12pt;
color: white;
text-align: center;
position: fixed;
padding: 10px;
z-index: 998;
.index-menu-single:hover {
background-color: white;
color: red;
}
}
#header h1 {
text-align: center;
.single-right {
line-height: 2;
}
}
#title-text {
font-family: Belgika-8th;
font-size: 30pt;
#header {
background-color: black;
top: 0px;
width: 100%;
font-family: belgika-8th;
font-size: 12pt;
color: white;
text-align: center;
position: fixed;
padding: 10px;
z-index: 997f;
}
}
h1, h2 {
font-family: Belgika;
font-size: 20pt;
#header h1 {
text-align: center;
}
.title {
font-family: Belgika;
font-size: 20pt;
}
}
.subtitle {
font-family: Belgika;
font-size: 15pt;
}
#title-text {
font-family: Belgika-8th;
font-size: 30pt;
}
a {
font-weight: bold;
color: black;
border-bottom: 2px dotted black;
text-decoration: none;
h1, h2 {
font-family: Belgika;
font-size: 20pt;
}
}
a:hover {
text-decoration: none;
}
.title {
font-family: Belgika;
font-size: 20pt;
.text {
font-weight: bold;
position: relative;
display: inline-block;
border-bottom: 2px dotted black;
}
}
.subtitle {
font-family: Belgika;
font-size: 15pt;
.text .text-hover {
visibility: hidden;
width: 400px;
font-family: Belgika-8th;
font-size: 8pt;
}
padding: 10px;
background-color: red;
color: #fff;
text-align: center;
border-radius: 6px;
padding: 5px 0;
/* Position the tooltip */
position: absolute;
/* z-index: 1;
*/
top: -90px;
left: 110%;
z-index: 998;
}
a {
font-weight: bold;
color: black;
border-bottom: 2px dotted black;
text-decoration: none;
}
.text .text-hover-top {
visibility: hidden;
width: 600px;
font-family: Belgika-8th;
font-size: 8pt;
padding: 10px;
background-color: red;
color: #fff;
text-align: center;
border-radius: 6px;
padding: 5px 0;
a:hover {
text-decoration: none;
/* Position the tooltip */
position: absolute;
z-index: 1;
}
top: -120px;
left: 110%;
z-index: 998;
}
.text {
font-weight: bold;
position: relative;
display: inline-block;
border-bottom: 2px dotted black;
.text .text-hover-img {
visibility: hidden;
/* Position the tooltip */
position: absolute;
z-index: 1;
}
top: -400px;
left: 5%;
}
.text .text-hover {
visibility: hidden;
width: 400px;
font-family: Belgika-8th;
font-size: 8pt;
padding: 10px;
background-color: red;
color: #fff;
text-align: center;
border-radius: 6px;
padding: 5px 0;
/* Position the tooltip */
position: absolute;
/* z-index: 1;
*/
top: -90px;
left: 110%;
z-index: 998;
}
.text:hover {
color: red;
border-bottom: 2px dotted red;
}
.text .text-hover-top {
visibility: hidden;
width: 600px;
font-family: Belgika-8th;
font-size: 8pt;
padding: 10px;
background-color: red;
color: #fff;
text-align: center;
border-radius: 6px;
padding: 5px 0;
/* Position the tooltip */
position: absolute;
z-index: 1;
top: -120px;
left: 110%;
z-index: 998;
}
.text:hover .text-hover {
visibility: visible;
}
.text .text-hover-img {
visibility: hidden;
/* Position the tooltip */
position: absolute;
z-index: 1;
.text:hover .text-hover-top {
visibility: visible;
}
top: -400px;
left: 5%;
}
.text:hover .text-hover-img {
visibility: visible;
}
.text:hover {
color: red;
border-bottom: 2px dotted red;
}
.text:hover .text-hover {
visibility: visible;
}
#reference-number {
color: blue;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 11pt;
border: none;
.text:hover .text-hover-top {
visibility: visible;
}
.text:hover .text-hover-img {
visibility: visible;
}
}
.reference-text {
font-size: 9pt;
border: none;
}
#reference-number {
color: blue;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 11pt;
border: none;
.reference-link {
font-size: 9pt;
border-bottom: 2px dotted black;
}
}
.reference-link:hover {
color: red;
font-size: 9pt;
border-bottom: 2px dotted red;
}
.reference-text {
font-size: 9pt;
border: none;
}
.reference-link {
font-size: 9pt;
border-bottom: 2px dotted black;
}
.reference-link:hover {
color: red;
font-size: 9pt;
border-bottom: 2px dotted red;
}
@ -413,7 +432,7 @@
border: 1px solid #888;
float: left;
z-index: 998;
z-index: 999;
}
::-webkit-scrollbar {
@ -478,6 +497,7 @@
.close {
font-family: 'Anonymous Pro', monospace !important;
top: 0;
left: calc(46vw);
color: #aaaaaa;
@ -487,6 +507,7 @@
}
.t_close {
font-family: 'Anonymous Pro', monospace !important;
top: 0;
right: calc(1vw);
color: #aaaaaa;
@ -506,32 +527,19 @@
#button {
#button, #t_button {
border: none;
color: white;
padding: 15px 32px;
padding: 5px 15px;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
display: inline-block;
font-size: 12px;
margin: 4px 2px;
/*margin: 4px 2px;*/
cursor: pointer;
}
#t_button {
border: none;
color: white;
padding: 15px 32px;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
display: inline-block;
font-size: 12px;
margin: 4px 2px;
cursor: pointer;
}
.button-faceapp, .button-russia {
.button-tos, .button-ht {
background-color: black;
}

99
website/t_stopwords.txt
Unescape Escape View File

@ -93,4 +93,103 @@ would
|
—
,
.
-
'
’
(
)
"
“
”
faceApp
:
;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1789.3
including
a
about
within
without
all
an
and
as
at
be
but
by
can
are
our
where
how
do
from
get
had
has
have
he
I
i
you
any
if
for
in
into
is
it
its
s
me
more
my
not
of
on
one
or
other
out
so
some
such
than
that
the
their
them
then
there
these
they
this
those
to
up
was
were
what
when
which
who
whom
will
with
would
|
—
,
.

2228
website/tiktok.html
View File

File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long

2
website/tos_file/faceapp.txt
Unescape Escape View File

@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ Authority of Arbitrator. The arbitrator shall have exclusive authority to (a) de
Waiver of Jury Trial. YOU AND FACEAPP HEREBY WAIVE ANY CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY RIGHTS TO SUE IN COURT AND HAVE A TRIAL IN FRONT OF A JUDGE OR A JURY. You and FaceApp are instead electing that all disputes, claims or requests for relief shall be resolved by arbitration under this Arbitration Agreement, except as specified above. An arbitrator can award on an individual basis the same damages and relief as a court and must follow this Agreement as a court would. However, there is no judge or jury in arbitration, and court review of an arbitration award is subject to very limited. Review.
Waiver of Class or Other Non-Individualized Relief. ALL DISPUTES, CLAIMS AND REQUESTS FOR RELIEF WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THIS ARBITRATION AGREEMENT MUST BE ARBITRATED ON AN INDIVIDUAL BASIS AND NOT ON A CLASS OR COLLECTIVE BASIS. ONLY INDIVIDUAL RELIEF IS AVAILABLE, AND CLAIMS OF MORE THAN ONE USER CANNOT BE ARBITRATED OR CONSOLIDATED WITH THOSE OF ANY OTHER USER. If a decision is issued stating that applicable law precludes enforcement of any of this subsection’s limitations as to a given dispute, claim or request for relief, then such aspect must be severed from the arbitration and brought into the State or Federal Courts located in the State of California. All other disputes, claims, or requests for relief shall be arbitrated.
Waiver of class or other non-individualized relief. All disputes, claims and requests for relief within the scope of this arbitration agreement must be arbitrated on an individual basis and not on a class or collective basis. Only individual relief is available, and claims of more than one user cannot be arbitrated or consolidated with those of any other user. If a decision is issued stating that applicable law precludes enforcement of any of this subsection’s limitations as to a given dispute, claim or request for relief, then such aspect must be severed from the arbitration and brought into the state or federal courts located in the state of california. All other disputes, claims, or requests for relief shall be arbitrated.
30-Day Right to Opt-Out. You have the right to opt out of the provisions of this Arbitration Agreement by sending written notice of your decision to opt-out to: arbitration@faceapp.com, within 30 days after first becoming subject to this Arbitration Agreement. Your notice must include your name and address, your username (if any), the e-mail address you used to set up your account (if you have one), and an unequivocal statement that you want to opt out of this Arbitration Agreement. If you opt out of this Arbitration Agreement, all other parts of this Agreement will continue to apply to you. Opting out of this Arbitration Agreement has no effect on any other arbitration agreements that you may currently have, or may enter in the future, with us.

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