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702 lines
26 KiB
Python
702 lines
26 KiB
Python
5 years ago
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# The following comment should be removed at some point in the future.
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# It's included for now because without it InstallCommand.run() has a
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# couple errors where we have to know req.name is str rather than
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# Optional[str] for the InstallRequirement req.
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# mypy: strict-optional=False
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# mypy: disallow-untyped-defs=False
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from __future__ import absolute_import
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import errno
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import logging
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import operator
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import os
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import shutil
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import site
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from optparse import SUPPRESS_HELP
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from pip._vendor import pkg_resources
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from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
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from pip._internal.cache import WheelCache
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from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
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from pip._internal.cli.cmdoptions import make_target_python
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from pip._internal.cli.req_command import RequirementCommand
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from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import ERROR, SUCCESS
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from pip._internal.exceptions import (
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CommandError,
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InstallationError,
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PreviousBuildDirError,
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)
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from pip._internal.locations import distutils_scheme
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from pip._internal.operations.check import check_install_conflicts
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from pip._internal.req import RequirementSet, install_given_reqs
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from pip._internal.req.req_tracker import get_requirement_tracker
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from pip._internal.utils.deprecation import deprecated
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from pip._internal.utils.distutils_args import parse_distutils_args
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from pip._internal.utils.filesystem import test_writable_dir
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from pip._internal.utils.misc import (
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ensure_dir,
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get_installed_version,
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protect_pip_from_modification_on_windows,
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write_output,
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)
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from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectory
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from pip._internal.utils.typing import MYPY_CHECK_RUNNING
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from pip._internal.utils.virtualenv import virtualenv_no_global
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from pip._internal.wheel_builder import build, should_build_for_install_command
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if MYPY_CHECK_RUNNING:
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from optparse import Values
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from typing import Any, Iterable, List, Optional
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from pip._internal.models.format_control import FormatControl
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from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
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from pip._internal.wheel_builder import BinaryAllowedPredicate
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logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
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def get_check_binary_allowed(format_control):
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# type: (FormatControl) -> BinaryAllowedPredicate
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def check_binary_allowed(req):
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# type: (InstallRequirement) -> bool
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if req.use_pep517:
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return True
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canonical_name = canonicalize_name(req.name)
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allowed_formats = format_control.get_allowed_formats(canonical_name)
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return "binary" in allowed_formats
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return check_binary_allowed
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class InstallCommand(RequirementCommand):
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"""
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Install packages from:
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- PyPI (and other indexes) using requirement specifiers.
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- VCS project urls.
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- Local project directories.
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- Local or remote source archives.
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pip also supports installing from "requirements files", which provide
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an easy way to specify a whole environment to be installed.
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"""
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usage = """
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%prog [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] ...
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%prog [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] ...
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%prog [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...
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%prog [options] [-e] <local project path> ...
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%prog [options] <archive url/path> ..."""
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def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
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super(InstallCommand, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
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cmd_opts = self.cmd_opts
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.requirements())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.constraints())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_deps())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.pre())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.editable())
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cmd_opts.add_option(
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'-t', '--target',
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dest='target_dir',
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metavar='dir',
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default=None,
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help='Install packages into <dir>. '
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'By default this will not replace existing files/folders in '
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'<dir>. Use --upgrade to replace existing packages in <dir> '
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'with new versions.'
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)
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cmdoptions.add_target_python_options(cmd_opts)
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cmd_opts.add_option(
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'--user',
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dest='use_user_site',
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action='store_true',
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help="Install to the Python user install directory for your "
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"platform. Typically ~/.local/, or %APPDATA%\\Python on "
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"Windows. (See the Python documentation for site.USER_BASE "
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"for full details.)")
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cmd_opts.add_option(
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'--no-user',
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dest='use_user_site',
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action='store_false',
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help=SUPPRESS_HELP)
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cmd_opts.add_option(
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'--root',
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dest='root_path',
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metavar='dir',
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default=None,
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help="Install everything relative to this alternate root "
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"directory.")
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cmd_opts.add_option(
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'--prefix',
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dest='prefix_path',
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metavar='dir',
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default=None,
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help="Installation prefix where lib, bin and other top-level "
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"folders are placed")
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.build_dir())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.src())
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cmd_opts.add_option(
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'-U', '--upgrade',
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dest='upgrade',
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action='store_true',
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help='Upgrade all specified packages to the newest available '
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'version. The handling of dependencies depends on the '
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'upgrade-strategy used.'
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)
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cmd_opts.add_option(
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'--upgrade-strategy',
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dest='upgrade_strategy',
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default='only-if-needed',
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choices=['only-if-needed', 'eager'],
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help='Determines how dependency upgrading should be handled '
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'[default: %default]. '
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'"eager" - dependencies are upgraded regardless of '
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'whether the currently installed version satisfies the '
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'requirements of the upgraded package(s). '
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'"only-if-needed" - are upgraded only when they do not '
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'satisfy the requirements of the upgraded package(s).'
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)
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cmd_opts.add_option(
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'--force-reinstall',
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dest='force_reinstall',
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action='store_true',
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help='Reinstall all packages even if they are already '
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'up-to-date.')
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cmd_opts.add_option(
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'-I', '--ignore-installed',
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dest='ignore_installed',
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action='store_true',
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help='Ignore the installed packages, overwriting them. '
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'This can break your system if the existing package '
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'is of a different version or was installed '
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'with a different package manager!'
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)
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.ignore_requires_python())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_build_isolation())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.use_pep517())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_use_pep517())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.install_options())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.global_options())
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cmd_opts.add_option(
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"--compile",
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action="store_true",
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dest="compile",
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default=True,
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help="Compile Python source files to bytecode",
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)
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cmd_opts.add_option(
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"--no-compile",
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action="store_false",
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dest="compile",
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help="Do not compile Python source files to bytecode",
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)
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cmd_opts.add_option(
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"--no-warn-script-location",
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action="store_false",
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dest="warn_script_location",
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default=True,
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help="Do not warn when installing scripts outside PATH",
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)
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cmd_opts.add_option(
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"--no-warn-conflicts",
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action="store_false",
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dest="warn_about_conflicts",
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default=True,
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help="Do not warn about broken dependencies",
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)
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_binary())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.only_binary())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.prefer_binary())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_clean())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.require_hashes())
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cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.progress_bar())
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index_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(
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cmdoptions.index_group,
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self.parser,
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)
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self.parser.insert_option_group(0, index_opts)
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self.parser.insert_option_group(0, cmd_opts)
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def run(self, options, args):
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# type: (Values, List[Any]) -> int
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cmdoptions.check_install_build_global(options)
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upgrade_strategy = "to-satisfy-only"
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if options.upgrade:
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upgrade_strategy = options.upgrade_strategy
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cmdoptions.check_dist_restriction(options, check_target=True)
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install_options = options.install_options or []
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options.use_user_site = decide_user_install(
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options.use_user_site,
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prefix_path=options.prefix_path,
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target_dir=options.target_dir,
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root_path=options.root_path,
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isolated_mode=options.isolated_mode,
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)
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target_temp_dir = None # type: Optional[TempDirectory]
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target_temp_dir_path = None # type: Optional[str]
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if options.target_dir:
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options.ignore_installed = True
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options.target_dir = os.path.abspath(options.target_dir)
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if (os.path.exists(options.target_dir) and not
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os.path.isdir(options.target_dir)):
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raise CommandError(
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"Target path exists but is not a directory, will not "
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"continue."
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)
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# Create a target directory for using with the target option
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target_temp_dir = TempDirectory(kind="target")
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target_temp_dir_path = target_temp_dir.path
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global_options = options.global_options or []
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session = self.get_default_session(options)
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target_python = make_target_python(options)
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finder = self._build_package_finder(
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options=options,
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session=session,
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target_python=target_python,
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ignore_requires_python=options.ignore_requires_python,
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)
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build_delete = (not (options.no_clean or options.build_dir))
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wheel_cache = WheelCache(options.cache_dir, options.format_control)
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with get_requirement_tracker() as req_tracker, TempDirectory(
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options.build_dir, delete=build_delete, kind="install"
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) as directory:
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requirement_set = RequirementSet(
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check_supported_wheels=not options.target_dir,
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)
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try:
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self.populate_requirement_set(
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requirement_set, args, options, finder, session,
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wheel_cache
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)
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warn_deprecated_install_options(
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requirement_set, options.install_options
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)
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preparer = self.make_requirement_preparer(
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temp_build_dir=directory,
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options=options,
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req_tracker=req_tracker,
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session=session,
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finder=finder,
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use_user_site=options.use_user_site,
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)
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resolver = self.make_resolver(
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preparer=preparer,
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finder=finder,
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options=options,
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wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
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use_user_site=options.use_user_site,
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ignore_installed=options.ignore_installed,
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ignore_requires_python=options.ignore_requires_python,
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force_reinstall=options.force_reinstall,
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upgrade_strategy=upgrade_strategy,
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use_pep517=options.use_pep517,
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)
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self.trace_basic_info(finder)
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resolver.resolve(requirement_set)
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try:
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pip_req = requirement_set.get_requirement("pip")
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except KeyError:
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modifying_pip = None
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else:
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# If we're not replacing an already installed pip,
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# we're not modifying it.
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modifying_pip = pip_req.satisfied_by is None
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protect_pip_from_modification_on_windows(
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modifying_pip=modifying_pip
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)
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check_binary_allowed = get_check_binary_allowed(
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finder.format_control
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)
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reqs_to_build = [
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r for r in requirement_set.requirements.values()
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if should_build_for_install_command(
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r, check_binary_allowed
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)
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]
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_, build_failures = build(
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reqs_to_build,
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wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
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build_options=[],
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global_options=[],
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)
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# If we're using PEP 517, we cannot do a direct install
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# so we fail here.
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# We don't care about failures building legacy
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# requirements, as we'll fall through to a direct
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# install for those.
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pep517_build_failures = [
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r for r in build_failures if r.use_pep517
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]
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if pep517_build_failures:
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raise InstallationError(
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"Could not build wheels for {} which use"
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" PEP 517 and cannot be installed directly".format(
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", ".join(r.name for r in pep517_build_failures)))
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to_install = resolver.get_installation_order(
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||
|
|
requirement_set
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# Consistency Checking of the package set we're installing.
|
||
|
|
should_warn_about_conflicts = (
|
||
|
|
not options.ignore_dependencies and
|
||
|
|
options.warn_about_conflicts
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
if should_warn_about_conflicts:
|
||
|
|
self._warn_about_conflicts(to_install)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# Don't warn about script install locations if
|
||
|
|
# --target has been specified
|
||
|
|
warn_script_location = options.warn_script_location
|
||
|
|
if options.target_dir:
|
||
|
|
warn_script_location = False
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
installed = install_given_reqs(
|
||
|
|
to_install,
|
||
|
|
install_options,
|
||
|
|
global_options,
|
||
|
|
root=options.root_path,
|
||
|
|
home=target_temp_dir_path,
|
||
|
|
prefix=options.prefix_path,
|
||
|
|
pycompile=options.compile,
|
||
|
|
warn_script_location=warn_script_location,
|
||
|
|
use_user_site=options.use_user_site,
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
lib_locations = get_lib_location_guesses(
|
||
|
|
user=options.use_user_site,
|
||
|
|
home=target_temp_dir_path,
|
||
|
|
root=options.root_path,
|
||
|
|
prefix=options.prefix_path,
|
||
|
|
isolated=options.isolated_mode,
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
working_set = pkg_resources.WorkingSet(lib_locations)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
installed.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('name'))
|
||
|
|
items = []
|
||
|
|
for result in installed:
|
||
|
|
item = result.name
|
||
|
|
try:
|
||
|
|
installed_version = get_installed_version(
|
||
|
|
result.name, working_set=working_set
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
if installed_version:
|
||
|
|
item += '-' + installed_version
|
||
|
|
except Exception:
|
||
|
|
pass
|
||
|
|
items.append(item)
|
||
|
|
installed_desc = ' '.join(items)
|
||
|
|
if installed_desc:
|
||
|
|
write_output(
|
||
|
|
'Successfully installed %s', installed_desc,
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
except EnvironmentError as error:
|
||
|
|
show_traceback = (self.verbosity >= 1)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
message = create_env_error_message(
|
||
|
|
error, show_traceback, options.use_user_site,
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
logger.error(message, exc_info=show_traceback)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
return ERROR
|
||
|
|
except PreviousBuildDirError:
|
||
|
|
options.no_clean = True
|
||
|
|
raise
|
||
|
|
finally:
|
||
|
|
# Clean up
|
||
|
|
if not options.no_clean:
|
||
|
|
requirement_set.cleanup_files()
|
||
|
|
wheel_cache.cleanup()
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if options.target_dir:
|
||
|
|
self._handle_target_dir(
|
||
|
|
options.target_dir, target_temp_dir, options.upgrade
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
return SUCCESS
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def _handle_target_dir(self, target_dir, target_temp_dir, upgrade):
|
||
|
|
ensure_dir(target_dir)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# Checking both purelib and platlib directories for installed
|
||
|
|
# packages to be moved to target directory
|
||
|
|
lib_dir_list = []
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
with target_temp_dir:
|
||
|
|
# Checking both purelib and platlib directories for installed
|
||
|
|
# packages to be moved to target directory
|
||
|
|
scheme = distutils_scheme('', home=target_temp_dir.path)
|
||
|
|
purelib_dir = scheme['purelib']
|
||
|
|
platlib_dir = scheme['platlib']
|
||
|
|
data_dir = scheme['data']
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if os.path.exists(purelib_dir):
|
||
|
|
lib_dir_list.append(purelib_dir)
|
||
|
|
if os.path.exists(platlib_dir) and platlib_dir != purelib_dir:
|
||
|
|
lib_dir_list.append(platlib_dir)
|
||
|
|
if os.path.exists(data_dir):
|
||
|
|
lib_dir_list.append(data_dir)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
for lib_dir in lib_dir_list:
|
||
|
|
for item in os.listdir(lib_dir):
|
||
|
|
if lib_dir == data_dir:
|
||
|
|
ddir = os.path.join(data_dir, item)
|
||
|
|
if any(s.startswith(ddir) for s in lib_dir_list[:-1]):
|
||
|
|
continue
|
||
|
|
target_item_dir = os.path.join(target_dir, item)
|
||
|
|
if os.path.exists(target_item_dir):
|
||
|
|
if not upgrade:
|
||
|
|
logger.warning(
|
||
|
|
'Target directory %s already exists. Specify '
|
||
|
|
'--upgrade to force replacement.',
|
||
|
|
target_item_dir
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
continue
|
||
|
|
if os.path.islink(target_item_dir):
|
||
|
|
logger.warning(
|
||
|
|
'Target directory %s already exists and is '
|
||
|
|
'a link. Pip will not automatically replace '
|
||
|
|
'links, please remove if replacement is '
|
||
|
|
'desired.',
|
||
|
|
target_item_dir
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
continue
|
||
|
|
if os.path.isdir(target_item_dir):
|
||
|
|
shutil.rmtree(target_item_dir)
|
||
|
|
else:
|
||
|
|
os.remove(target_item_dir)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
shutil.move(
|
||
|
|
os.path.join(lib_dir, item),
|
||
|
|
target_item_dir
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def _warn_about_conflicts(self, to_install):
|
||
|
|
try:
|
||
|
|
package_set, _dep_info = check_install_conflicts(to_install)
|
||
|
|
except Exception:
|
||
|
|
logger.error("Error checking for conflicts.", exc_info=True)
|
||
|
|
return
|
||
|
|
missing, conflicting = _dep_info
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# NOTE: There is some duplication here from pip check
|
||
|
|
for project_name in missing:
|
||
|
|
version = package_set[project_name][0]
|
||
|
|
for dependency in missing[project_name]:
|
||
|
|
logger.critical(
|
||
|
|
"%s %s requires %s, which is not installed.",
|
||
|
|
project_name, version, dependency[1],
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
for project_name in conflicting:
|
||
|
|
version = package_set[project_name][0]
|
||
|
|
for dep_name, dep_version, req in conflicting[project_name]:
|
||
|
|
logger.critical(
|
||
|
|
"%s %s has requirement %s, but you'll have %s %s which is "
|
||
|
|
"incompatible.",
|
||
|
|
project_name, version, req, dep_name, dep_version,
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def get_lib_location_guesses(*args, **kwargs):
|
||
|
|
scheme = distutils_scheme('', *args, **kwargs)
|
||
|
|
return [scheme['purelib'], scheme['platlib']]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def site_packages_writable(**kwargs):
|
||
|
|
return all(
|
||
|
|
test_writable_dir(d) for d in set(get_lib_location_guesses(**kwargs))
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def decide_user_install(
|
||
|
|
use_user_site, # type: Optional[bool]
|
||
|
|
prefix_path=None, # type: Optional[str]
|
||
|
|
target_dir=None, # type: Optional[str]
|
||
|
|
root_path=None, # type: Optional[str]
|
||
|
|
isolated_mode=False, # type: bool
|
||
|
|
):
|
||
|
|
# type: (...) -> bool
|
||
|
|
"""Determine whether to do a user install based on the input options.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
If use_user_site is False, no additional checks are done.
|
||
|
|
If use_user_site is True, it is checked for compatibility with other
|
||
|
|
options.
|
||
|
|
If use_user_site is None, the default behaviour depends on the environment,
|
||
|
|
which is provided by the other arguments.
|
||
|
|
"""
|
||
|
|
# In some cases (config from tox), use_user_site can be set to an integer
|
||
|
|
# rather than a bool, which 'use_user_site is False' wouldn't catch.
|
||
|
|
if (use_user_site is not None) and (not use_user_site):
|
||
|
|
logger.debug("Non-user install by explicit request")
|
||
|
|
return False
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if use_user_site:
|
||
|
|
if prefix_path:
|
||
|
|
raise CommandError(
|
||
|
|
"Can not combine '--user' and '--prefix' as they imply "
|
||
|
|
"different installation locations"
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
if virtualenv_no_global():
|
||
|
|
raise InstallationError(
|
||
|
|
"Can not perform a '--user' install. User site-packages "
|
||
|
|
"are not visible in this virtualenv."
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
logger.debug("User install by explicit request")
|
||
|
|
return True
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# If we are here, user installs have not been explicitly requested/avoided
|
||
|
|
assert use_user_site is None
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# user install incompatible with --prefix/--target
|
||
|
|
if prefix_path or target_dir:
|
||
|
|
logger.debug("Non-user install due to --prefix or --target option")
|
||
|
|
return False
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# If user installs are not enabled, choose a non-user install
|
||
|
|
if not site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
|
||
|
|
logger.debug("Non-user install because user site-packages disabled")
|
||
|
|
return False
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# If we have permission for a non-user install, do that,
|
||
|
|
# otherwise do a user install.
|
||
|
|
if site_packages_writable(root=root_path, isolated=isolated_mode):
|
||
|
|
logger.debug("Non-user install because site-packages writeable")
|
||
|
|
return False
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
logger.info("Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages "
|
||
|
|
"is not writeable")
|
||
|
|
return True
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def warn_deprecated_install_options(requirement_set, options):
|
||
|
|
# type: (RequirementSet, Optional[List[str]]) -> None
|
||
|
|
"""If any location-changing --install-option arguments were passed for
|
||
|
|
requirements or on the command-line, then show a deprecation warning.
|
||
|
|
"""
|
||
|
|
def format_options(option_names):
|
||
|
|
# type: (Iterable[str]) -> List[str]
|
||
|
|
return ["--{}".format(name.replace("_", "-")) for name in option_names]
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
requirements = (
|
||
|
|
requirement_set.unnamed_requirements +
|
||
|
|
list(requirement_set.requirements.values())
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
offenders = []
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
for requirement in requirements:
|
||
|
|
install_options = requirement.options.get("install_options", [])
|
||
|
|
location_options = parse_distutils_args(install_options)
|
||
|
|
if location_options:
|
||
|
|
offenders.append(
|
||
|
|
"{!r} from {}".format(
|
||
|
|
format_options(location_options.keys()), requirement
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if options:
|
||
|
|
location_options = parse_distutils_args(options)
|
||
|
|
if location_options:
|
||
|
|
offenders.append(
|
||
|
|
"{!r} from command line".format(
|
||
|
|
format_options(location_options.keys())
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if not offenders:
|
||
|
|
return
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
deprecated(
|
||
|
|
reason=(
|
||
|
|
"Location-changing options found in --install-option: {}. "
|
||
|
|
"This configuration may cause unexpected behavior and is "
|
||
|
|
"unsupported.".format(
|
||
|
|
"; ".join(offenders)
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
),
|
||
|
|
replacement=(
|
||
|
|
"using pip-level options like --user, --prefix, --root, and "
|
||
|
|
"--target"
|
||
|
|
),
|
||
|
|
gone_in="20.2",
|
||
|
|
issue=7309,
|
||
|
|
)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
def create_env_error_message(error, show_traceback, using_user_site):
|
||
|
|
"""Format an error message for an EnvironmentError
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
It may occur anytime during the execution of the install command.
|
||
|
|
"""
|
||
|
|
parts = []
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# Mention the error if we are not going to show a traceback
|
||
|
|
parts.append("Could not install packages due to an EnvironmentError")
|
||
|
|
if not show_traceback:
|
||
|
|
parts.append(": ")
|
||
|
|
parts.append(str(error))
|
||
|
|
else:
|
||
|
|
parts.append(".")
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# Spilt the error indication from a helper message (if any)
|
||
|
|
parts[-1] += "\n"
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
# Suggest useful actions to the user:
|
||
|
|
# (1) using user site-packages or (2) verifying the permissions
|
||
|
|
if error.errno == errno.EACCES:
|
||
|
|
user_option_part = "Consider using the `--user` option"
|
||
|
|
permissions_part = "Check the permissions"
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if not using_user_site:
|
||
|
|
parts.extend([
|
||
|
|
user_option_part, " or ",
|
||
|
|
permissions_part.lower(),
|
||
|
|
])
|
||
|
|
else:
|
||
|
|
parts.append(permissions_part)
|
||
|
|
parts.append(".\n")
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
return "".join(parts).strip() + "\n"
|